THE  CHICAGO  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES 


The  Mollusca  of  the  Chicago  Urea 


BY 


FRANK  COLLINS  BAKER 

CURATOR  OF  THE  CHICAGO  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES 


BULLETIN  No. 


OF 


THE  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEY 


PART  I,     THE  PELECYPODA 
Issued  September  i,  1898. 

PART  II,  THE  GASTROPODA 

Issued  April  25,   1902. 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL 


CHICAGO,  ILLINOIS,  November  26,  igoi. 
DEAR  SIR: 

By  direction  of  the  Board  of  Managers  of  The  Natural  History 
Survey  of  The  Chicago  Academy  of  Sciences,  I  herewith  submit  to  you 
for  publication,  as  Part  II  of  Bulletin  No.  Ill  of  the  Survey,  the  report  on 
The  Mollusca  of  the  Chicago  Area,  prepared  by  Frank  Collins  Baker, 
Curator  of  The  Chicago  Academy  of  Sciences,  to  be  issued  under  the  rules 
of  the  Academy  governing  such  matters. 

Respectfully, 

WILLIAM  K.  HIGLEY, 

THOMAS  C.  CHAMBERLIN,  Chairman. 

President  of  The  Chicago  Academy  of  Sciences. 


The   Board   of  Managers   of  the   Geological  and  Natural  History 
Survey  of  The  Chicago  Academy  of  Sciences: 

WILLIAM  K.  HIGLEY,  Chairman. 
CHARLES  S.  RADDIN,  Secretary. 
THOMAS  C.  CHAMBERLIN. 
GAYTON  A.  DOUGLASS. 
THOMAS  T.  JOHNSTON. 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE. 

B.  Class  Gastropoda 137 

Subclass  Anisopleura 138 

Superorder  Euthyneura 138 

Order  Pulmonata 138 

Suborder  Stylommatophora 139 

Monotremata 140 

Sigmurethra 140 

Superfamily  Holopoda , 140 

Family  Helicidae 140 

Superfamily  Agnatha 169 

Family  Testacellidse 169 

Superfamily  Agnathomorpha 171 

Family  Circinariidae 171 

Superfamily  Aulacopoda 174 

Family  Zonitidae '. .  174 

Family  Limacidas 193 

Family  Philomycidae 200 

Family  Endodontidae 203 

Heterurethra 216 

Superfamily  Elasmognatha 216 

Family  Succineidas 216 

Orthurethra 225 

Family  Pupidae 225 

Family  Cochlicopidae 245 

Family  Valloniidae 248 

Suborder  Basommatophora 253 

Superfamily  Gehydrophila 253 

Family  Auriculidae 253 

Superfamily  Hygrophila 256 

Family  Limnaeidte 257 

Family  Ancylidae 302 

Family  Physidse ." 307 

Superorder  Streptoneura 319 

Order  Ctenobrancbiata 319 

Suborder  Streptodonta 319 

Superfamily  Taanioglossa 319 

Family  Pleuroceridae 319 

Family  Amnicolidae 327 

Family  Valvatidae 346 

Family  Viviparidae 352 

XI.  Chicago  Bibliography 363 

XII.  Bibliography  of  Works  Referred  to  in  this  Publication 366 

XIII.  Glossary 381 

XIV.  Appendix 391 

Index...                                                                                              .  411 


B.  CLASS  GASTROPODA.t 

"Head  distinct,  usually  furnished  with  eyes  and  tentacles; 
body  mostly  protected  by  a  spiral  or  conical  univalve  shell; 
lower  surface  of  animal  developing  a  thickened,  expanded, 
creeping  disk  or  foot."* 


FIG.  13. 

Generative  apparatus  of  HELIX.  (Semi-diagrammatic,  after  Lan- 
kester.)  a,  ovotestis;  b,  hermaphrodite  duct;  c,  albuminiparous  gland; 
d,  spermatheca;  e,  uterine  portion  of  hermaphrodite  duct;  f,  f,  accessory 
glands  of  female  duct;  h,  dart  sac;  i,  vas  deferens;  k,  penis;  m,  flagel- 
lum;  n,  prostate  gland. 

The  radula,  which  is  a  characteristic  organ  of  this  class, 
has  been  described  on  pages  41,  42  and  43  of  Part  I. 

fSince  considerable  reference  is  made  in  the  following  pages  to  the  genitalia  (sexual 
organs),  the  annexed  cut  is  introduced  to  explain  the  names  of  the  different  parts  of  the 
system  of  a  hermaphroditic  gastropod  mollusk  (Fig.  13) . 

*Tryon,  S.  &  S.  Conch.,  Vol.  II,  p.  99. 


138  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

SUBCLASS  ANISOPLEURA. 

Gastropoda  in  which  the  head  and  feet  are  bilaterally  sym 
metrical,  but  the  visceral  dome  and  mantle-flap,  with  all  the 
containing  organs,  have  been  subjected  to  a  rotation,  bringing 
the  anus  from  its  posterior  position  to  a  point  above  the  right 
side  of  the  animal's  neck,  thus  causing  the  shell  to  incline  to 
the  right  side  of  the  animal.  As  a  result  of  this  torsion  the 
organs  of  one  side  become  atrophied. 

Superorder  Euthyneura. 

Gastropoda  anisopleura  in  which  the  nervous  loop  of  the 
viscera,  being  sunk  below  the  body-wall,  is  not  affected  by  the 
torsion  of  the  visceral  hump,  but  remains  straight. 

ORDER  PULMONATA. 

Gastropoda  with  a  well-developed  foot  and  (usually)  a 
large,  spiral  shell,  inoperculate  (Amphibola  excepted),  capable 
of  containing  the  entire  animal;  some  forms,  however,  are  with- 
out an  external  shell;  the  lungs  are  simple,  being  a  pouch  lined 
with  a  network  of  respiratory  vessels;  respiratory  orifice  small; 
sexes  united  in  the  same  individual,  but  reciprocal  union  neces- 
sary; the  genital  orifices  may  be  contiguous  or  distant.  The 
lingual  membrane  is  very  variable,  being  in  some  forms  short 
and  broad  and  in  others  long  and  narrow;  the  mouth  is  further 
armed  with  one  or  more  horny  jaws.  The  Pulmonata  are  prin- 
cipally terrestrial;  but  several  large  groups  are  aquatic,  inhab- 
iting fresh  water,  while  some  (Auriculidae)  live  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  the  sea  and  follow  the  ebb  and  flow  of  the  tide. 

The  pulmonates  are  typically  vegetable  feeders,  although 
some  few  genera  are  carnivorous  (Circinnaria,  Glandina).  They 
thrive  best  in  warm,  humid  localities,  and  in  desert  countries 
are  stunted  in  size  and  few  in  number. 

The  life  history  of  a  pulmonate  gastropod  is  as  follows:  In 
May  or  June  they  lay  their  eggs,  to  the  number  of  forty  or 
more,  in  a  moist  locality,  sheltered  from  the  sun's  rays,  under 
old  leaves  or  by  the  side  of  logs  or  stones.  After  about  twenty 
or  thirty  days  the  young  mollusk  appears.  It  takes  two  or 
three  years  for  a  snail  to  reach  maturity.  In  October  or  No- 
vember the  snail  ceases  to  become  active  and  prepares  to  hiber- 
nate. This  it  does  by  secreting  a  membrane  and  placing  it 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  139 

over  the  aperture.  The  formation  of  this  membrane  (epi- 
phragm)  is  as  follows:  "The  animal  being  withdrawn  into  the 
shell,  the  collar  is  brought  to  a  level  with  the  aperture,  and  a 
quantity  of  mucus  is  poured  out  from  it  and  covers  it.  A  small 
quantity  of  air  is  then  emitted  from  the  respiratory  foramen, 
which  detaches  the  mucus  from  the  surface  of  the  collar,  and 
projects  it  in  a  convex  form,  like  a  bubble.  At  the  same  mo- 
ment, the  animal  retreats  farther  into  the  shell,  leaving  a  vacuum 
between  itself  and  the  membrane,  which  is  consequently  pressed 
back  by  the  external  air  to  a  level  with  the  aperture,  or  even 
farther,  so  as  to  form  a  concave  surface,  where,  having  become 
desiccated  and  hard,  it  remains  fixed.  These  operations  are 
nearly  simultaneous  and  occupy  but  an  instant.  As  the  weather 
becomes  colder  the  animal  retires  farther  into  the  shell  and 
makes  another  septum,  and  so  on,  until  there  are  sometimes  as 
many  as  six  of  these  partitions."* 

During  hibernation  the  heart  almost  ceases  to  beat,  and  all 
the  functions  of  the  body  cease,  the  animal  becoming  torpid, 
to  be  awakened  only  when  the  warm  days  of  April  or  May  ap- 
proach. The  reason  for  hibernation  is  seemingly  only  to  enable 
the  organism  to  withstand  the  cold  climate,  and  to  exist  during 
a  period  when  the  food  supply  is  cut  off.  When  kept  in  con- 
finement they  do  not  generally  hibernate,  but  live  during  the 
winter  as  in  the  summer. 

The  comparative  speed  of  snails  while  in  motion  does  not 
seem  to  have  been  studied  to  any  great  extent.  As  a  matter 
of  curiosity  the  writer  timed  a  few  species,  with  the  result  as 
tabulated  below: 

Limnaea  palustris  ........................  2  inches  in    45  seconds. 


"        caperata  

2      " 

"     50 

"        cubensis    

2      " 

"    50 

"        reflexa      

2      " 

"    35 

Physa  heterostropha    

2     " 

"    30 

Vivipara  contectoides  

2     " 

"  120 

Polygyra  profunda    

2     " 

"    55 

"         albolabris  

2     " 

"    60 

"         monodon    

2     " 

"  120 

"         thyroides    

2     " 

"    60 

Circinnaria  concava  

2     " 

"    90 

SUBORDER  STYLOMMATOPHORA 

Tentacles  four  in  number,  the  superior  retractile,  with  eyes 


*\V.  G.  Binney,   "A  Manual   of   American   Land  Shells,  p.  IO-H."     Bull.  U.  S.  Nat. 
Museum,  No.  28, 1885. 


140  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

at  their  tips,  and  the  inferior  very  short;  animal  generally  ter- 
restrial. 

Monotremata. 

Common  or  contiguous  external  male  and  female  orifice 
(Binney). 

Sigmurethra. 

Ureter  abruptly  reflexed  from  the  apex  of  the  kidney, 
passing  to  the  posterior  end  of  the  lung-cavity,  where  an  open 
groove  or  closed  tube  continues  across  to  the  last  fold  of  the 
intestine,  which  it  follows  forward  to  the  mantle-edge  (Pilsbry). 

Superfamily  Holopoda. 

Animal  without  pedal  grooves;  jaw  always  present,  dis- 
inct;  none  of  the  teeth  of  the  aculeate  type  (Pilsbry). 

FAMILY  HELICIDM. 

"Foot-edges  without  pedal  grooves;  no  tail  gland.  Mar- 
ginal teeth  with  wide,  short,  squarish  basal-plates  and  one  or 
several  cusps,  the  outer  cusp  never  elevated  on  middle  cusp. 
Shell  usually  with  expanded  or  reflexed  lip."* 

Subfamily  Polygyrinae. 

"Genitalia  simple;  vas  deferens  inserted  directly  on  the 
well-developed,  long  penis,  which  has  no  epiphallus  or  flagel- 
lum;  no  dart  sack  or  mucus  glands;  no  diverticulum  on  sper- 
matheca  duct;  eggs  small  and  numerous.  Jaw  solid,  ribbed  or 
smooth;  marginal  teeth  with  more  than  one  cusp.  Shell  with 
lip  thickened  within,  expanded  or  reflexed,  the  embryonic 
whorls  not  distinctly  differentiated.'^ 

GENUS  POLYQYRA  (Say)  Pilsbry. 

Polygyra  SAY,  Nich.  Encycl.,  3d  Am.  ed.,  Vol.  IV,  p.  7,  1818. 
Stenotrema  RAFINESQUE,  Amer.  Mon.  Mag.  and  Crit.  Rev.,  Vol.  IV, 

p.  107,  1818.     (Stenostoma.) 
Triodopsis  RAFINESQUE,  1.  c.,  p.  107,  1818. 
Mesodon  RAFINESQUE  Enumeration,  etc.,  p.  3,  1831. 
Neohelix  V.  IHERING,  1892. 
Polygyra  PILSBRY,  Proc.  Phil.  Acad.,  1889,  p.  193;  Guide  to  Study  of 

Helices,  p.  68, 1894. 


*Pilsbry,  Guide  to  Study  of  Helicis,  p.  XXVIII,  XXXII,  XXXIII,  etc. 
fPilsbry,  Guide  to  Helices,    p.  XXXII. 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY   SURVEY.  141 

"Shell:  Helicoid,  varying  from  globose  or  depressed-glo- 
bose to  lens-shaped  or  planorboid,  the  periphery  carinated  or 
rounded;  umbilicus  either  open  or  closed.  Surface  striated  or 
hirsute;  corneus,  yellow  or  brown,  generally  unicolored,  but 
sometimes  with  many  bands,  the  most  constant  being  supra-periph- 
eral the  others  when  present  being  wholly  indefinite  in  number 
and  position.  Lip  well  reflexed;  aperture  typically  obstructed  by 
the  teeth, — one  parietal,  two  upon  the  lip;  but  any  or  all  teeth  often 
wanting" 

"Animal:  (Fig.  14).  Externally  as  in  Helix,  the  mantle 
subcentral,  foot  rather  long  and  narrow,  not  distinctly  tripartite 
beloiv,  and  without  longitudinal  grooves  above  the  lateral  mar- 
gins, although  a  sort  of  foot-margin  is  produced  by  the  tessel- 
lated granulation  of  the  edge.  Surface  rather  coarsely  irregu- 


FIG.  14. 
Animal  of  POLYGYRA.    (After  Binney.) 

larly  granulated,  the  granulation  finer  posteriorly;  back  with 
a  pair  of  indistinct  grooves  extending  from  mantle  to  facial 
area;  sides  of  foot,  and  sides  and  top  of  tail  without  any  distinct  ob- 
lique or  longitudinal  lines,  irregularly  granulated;  tail  rounded 
above,  obtuse  behind.  Mantle  edges  reflexed  to  correspond 
with  the  lip  of  the  shell,  its  edge  even;  shell  lappets  none; 
body-lappets  small,  the  right  one  long,  giving  off  a  short  as- 
cending branch  behind  the  lung-pore;  left  lappet  very  small, 
short." 

1 '  Genitalia :  Completely  lacking  accessory  otgans;  retractor  and 
vas  deferens  inserted  at  the  apex  of  the  penis.  Spermatheca 
oval  or  oblong,  situated  upon  a  short  simple  duct.  The  penis  is 
divided  internally  into  two  parts;  (l)  a  lower,  invertible  por- 
tion, the  inner  surface  of  which  shows  few  or  many  longitudi- 
nal folds,  which  are  smooth  and  may  be  either  weak  or  strong 
and  acute;  and  (2)  an  upper  portion  the  cavity  of  which  has 
finely  corrugated  walls  and  is  partly  filled  by  one  or  two  fleshy 
pillars  adherent  along  the  sides."*  (Fig.  15.) 

*Pilsbry,  Guide  to  Helices,  pp.  69  and  70;  see  also  Proc.  Phil.  Acad.  1892,  p.  400. 


142  v      THE    CHICAGO   ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

For  jaw  and  radula  see  the  various  species  described.f 

Distribution:  North  America  (exclusive  of  some  parts  of 
the  southwestern  U.  S.),  Cuba,  Bahamas  and  Bermuda."  (Pils- 
bry.) 


FIG.  15. 

Genitalia  of  POLYGYRA.  (P.  ANDREWS:,  after  Binney,  Bull.  Mus. 
Comp.  Zool.,  Vol.  XI,  No.  8,  pi.  iii,  Fig.  E.)  ag,  albuminiparous  gland;  e, 
duct  from  testicle;  gb,  genital  bladder;  o, ovary;  ov,  oviduct;  or,  orifice;  pr, 
prostate  gland;  ps,  penis;  r,  retractor  muscle;  t,  testicle;  vd,  vas  deferens. 

KEY   TO   SPECIES   OF    POLYGYRA. 

A.  Aperture  without  heavily  developed  teeth. 

a.  Shell  encircled  by  color  lines. 

1.  Perforate profunda 

2.  Imperforate , multilineata 

b.  Shell  plain  horn-colored. 
*Shell  large. 

1.  Perforate,  a  small  denticle  on  the  parietal  wall thyroides 

2.  Imperforate,  globose,  parietal  wall  toothed,  aperture 

widely  lunate exoleta 

3.  Imperforate,  depressed  globose,  tooth  generally  lack- 

ing, aperture  narrowly  lunate albolabris 

**Shell  small,  less  than  half  size  of  (*). 

1.  Perforate , clausa 

2.  Imperforate pennsylvanica 

fFor  a  general  consideration  of  the  jaws  and  radulse  of  pulmonate  mullusks,  see  an  ex- 
cellent paper  by  W.  G.  Binney  in  Proc.  Phil.  Acad.,  1875,  pp.  140-243. 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  143 

B.  Aperture  with  well-developed  teeth. 

a.  Parietal  wall  with  one,  peristome  with  two  teeth. 

1.  Perforate. 
*Spire  depressed,  parietal  tooth  depressed,  curved, 

thin tridentata 

**Spire  rather  elevated,  parietal  tooth  elevated,  almost 

straight,  thick fraudulenta 

2.  Imperforate inflecta 

b.  A  single  large  tooth  on  the  parietal  wall. 

1.  Imperforate;  peristome  notched  and  continuous  with 

parietal  tooth hirsuta 

2.  Perforate  to  imperforate;  peristome  simple,  not  contin- 

uous with  parietal  tooth monodon 

SECTION  TRIODOPSIS  Rafinesque. 

"Shell:  Varying  from  depressed  to  globose-conoidal,  um- 
bilicate  or  imperforate;  surface  generally  striated;  whorls  five 
to  six,,  the  last  wider,  more  or  less  deflexed  in  front.  Aperture 
lunate,  typically  obstructed  by  three  teeth,  two  on  the  lip,  one 
on  the  parietal  wall;  but  any  or  all  of  the  teeth  often  absent." 
(Pilsbry,  1.  c.,  p.  74-) 

51.     Polygyra  inflecta  Say,  pi.  xxx,  fig.  5. 

Helix  inflecta  SAY.    Journ.,  Phil.  Acad.,  Vol.  II,  p.  153, 1821. 

Helix  clausa  FERUSSAC.  Tab.  Syst.,  p.  38,  No.  104;  Hist.,  pi.  xlix,  fig.  2. 

Shell:  Depressed,  solid,  imperforate;  surface  covered  with 
coarse  striae,  the  spaces  between  the  striae  being  twice  or  three 
times  the  width  of  the  striae,  and  the  shell  with  numerous  hair- 
like  projections  scattered  over  the  surface;  apical  whorls 
minutely  striate;  periphery  subangulated;  sutures  impressed; 
whorls  five,  convex,  rather  closely  coiled,  the  last  whorl  consid- 
erably constricted  behind  the  reflected  peristome,  so  that  the 
edge  of  the  reflected  lip  is  on  a  level  with  the  body-whorl; 
spire  very  much  depressed,  slightly  convex;  aperture  con- 
tracted, armed  with  three  teeth;  the  tooth  on  the  outer  lip  is 
tubercular  and  situated  just  below  the  periphery,  a  little  deep- 
seated;  the  tooth  on  the  basal  lip  is  also  tubercular,  and  placed 
at  about  the  center,  not  deep-seated;  the  points  of  both  teeth 
point  inward,  and  there  is  a  marked  circular  sinus  between 
them;  the  parietal  tooth  is  long,  white,  narrow,  curved,  elevated, 
begins  at  about  the  center  of  the  parietal  wall,  and  extends  in 
an  oblique  direction  until  it  meets  the  reflected  peristome  and 
the  umbilical  region;  peristome  thick,  white,  reflected;  umbili- 
cus closed,  but  the  region  indented;  base  of  shell  flat-convex. 
Greater  diameter  11.00;  lesser,  10.00;  height,  6.00  mill.  (8446). 


144  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

Animal:  As  usual  in  the  genus;  generally  dark  bluish  or 
slate  colored,  but  blackish  on  the  head  and  eye-peduncles, 
which  are  long  and  slender;  foot  long  and  narrow,  broadly 
rounded  before  and  acutely  pointed  behind. 

Jaw:  Of  the  usual  form,  rather  thick  and  broad  with  four 
teen  heavy  ribs. 

Radula  formula  Y+i+i+l+V1  (22-1-22);  teeth  of  the 
same  type  as  tridentata,  but  the  inner  cusps  of  the  marginal 
teeth  are  all  simple.  Occasionally  a  stray  tooth  will  have  a 
bifid  inner  cusp,  as  the  twentieth  in  one  membrane  and  the 
twenty-first  and  twenty-third  in  another  (vide  Binney  for  the 
last). 

Genitalia:  "Generally  resembling  those  of  tridentata,  but 
distinguished  by  the  genital  bladder,  which  is  small,  globular, 
on  a  duct  of  equal  width  throughout  its  course,  not  swelling  as 
it  approaches  the  vagina."  (W.  G.  Binney.) 

Distribution:  Pennsylvania  west  of  the  Alleghany  Moun- 
tains, west  to  Illinois,  south  to  Sea  Islands  of  Georgia,  Ala- 
bama, Mississippi  and  Indian  Territory.  (Pilsbry.)  Michigan. 
(Walker.) 

Geological  distribution:     Pleistocene;  Loess. 

Habitat:     Similar  to  that  of  P.  tridentata. 

Remarks:  This  species  is  at  once  distinguished  by  its  ap- 
erture and  closed  umbilicus.  It  seems  to  be  the  rarest  of  our 
Helices,  and  it  may  be  that  the  two  specimens  collected  by 
Professor  Higley  at  Miller's,  Ind.,  were  introduced  from  some 
point  in  Michigan.  It  has  not  yet  been  found  in  any  other 
locality. 

52.    Polygyra  tridentata  Say,  pi.  xxx.,  fig.  6. 

Helix  tridentata  SAY,  Nich.  Encyl.,  pi.  ii.,  fig.  1,  1817,  1819. 

Triodopsis  lunula  RAFINESQUE,  Enumer.,  p.  3. 

Polygyra  tridentata  juxtigens  PILSBRY,  Proc.  Phil.  Acad.,  p.  20,  1894 

(Variety.) 
Polygyra  tridentata  edentilabris  PILSBRY,  The   Nautilus,   Vol.  VII. 

p.  140,  1894.  (Variety.) 
Polygyra  tridentata  complanata  PILSBRY,  1.  c.,  Vol.  XII.,  p.  22,  1898. 

(Variety.) 
Polygyra  tridentata  bidentata  BAKER,  Trans.  Acad.   Sci.,  St.  Louis, 

Vol.  VIII.,  p.  85,  1898.    (Variety.) 
Polygyra  tridentata  unidentata  BAKER,  1.  c.,  p.  85,  1898.     (Variety.) 

Shell:  Depressed-globose,  rather  solid,  umbilicated;  sur- 
face covered  with  very  heavy  raised  oblique  striae,  the  apical 
whorls  smooth;  color,  horn,  inclining  to  reddish;  periphery 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  145 

rounded;  sutures  impressed;  whorls,  five  and  one-half,  convex, 
closely  coiled,  the  last  deflected  above  the  aperture  and  con- 
stricted behind  the  peristome;  spire  depressed,  a  little  convex; 
aperture  lunate,  lobed  by  the  teeth  on  the  peristome;  the  tooth 
on  the  upper  part  of  the  outer  lip  is  broad  and  low,  placed 
squarely  on  the  peripheral  portion  of  the  lip;  the  one  on  the 
basal  portion  of  the  lip  is  small  and  tubercular;  the  parietal 
.tooth  is  of  good  size,  elevated,  narrow,  oblique,  and  extends 
from  the  upper  part  of  the  parietal  wall  almost  to  the  basal  ter- 
mination of  the  peristome;  the  parietal  tooth  is  directed  to  a 
point  between  the  two  teetJi  on  the  outer  lip;  peristome  reflected, 


FIG.  16. 
Apertures  of  POLYGYRA.    (After  Pilsbry.)    A,  TRIDENTATA  Say;   B, 

FRAUDULENTA.      Pilsbry. 

white,  thickened,  sometimes  grooved;  umbilicus  widely  open, 
exhibiting  all  the  volutions;  base  of  shell  convex  (Fig.  16,  A). 
Greater  diam.,  15.00;  lesser,  13.00;  height, 7.00;  umbilicus,  2.75  mill.  (8447.) 

Animal:  As  usual  in  the  genus;  color  yellowish-white  on 
foot,  darker  on  sides  of  body  and  neck,  and  jet  black  on  eye- 
peduncles  and  tentacles;  mantle  collar  yellowish;  the  foot  is 
not  very  long  and  is  rather  wide,  and  the  lateral  expansions 
are  very  pronounced;  posteriorly  it  terminates  rather  acutely 
and  anteriorly  it  is  truncated;  the  animal  appears  much  too 
small  for  the  shell.  The  foot  measures  about  20  mill,  in  length 
and  about  4  mill,  in  width  when  the  animal  is  in  motion.  Heart 
pulsations  regular,  eighty-five  to  ninety  per  minute.  When  the 
animal  was  partly  retracted  within  its  shell  the  heart  beat  thirty- 
three  to  fifty-five  times  per  minute. 

Jaw:  Arched,  low,  wide,  ends  blunt;  anterior  surface 
with  eleven  ribs  which  denticulate  both  margins. 

Radula  formula:  V  +  V+t+V  +  V  (25~ 1~ 25)-  Central 
tooth  with  a  rather  wide  base  of  attachment,  the  lower  outer 
corners  expanded  and  the  lower  margin  excavated;  reflection 
tricuspid,  the  center  cusp  long,  reaching  to  the  lower  border 


146  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

of  the  base  of  attachment,  the  side  cusps  short;  lateral  teeth 
similar  to  the  central  tooth,  but  bifid,  the  inner  cusp  long  and 
wide;  marginal  teeth  at  first  resembling  laterals,  but  the  inner 
cusp  soon  lengthens,  becomes  bifid,  and  assumes  the  usual 
form  of  marginal. 

Genitalia:     "The  penis  sac  is  long,  cylindrical,  receiving 

•  the  vas  deferens  and  retractor  muscle  at  its  summit;  genital 

bladder  small,   globular,   with   a  long   duct,  which   is    narrow 

above  but  below  its  middle  gradually  enlarges  to  greater  than 

the  width  of  the  bladder."     (W.  G.  Binney.) 

Distribution:     Southern  New  York  to  Michigan,  Canada  to 
North  Carolina,  Alabama  and  Kentucky.     (Pilsbry.) 

Geological  distribution:     Pleistocene;  Loess. 

Habitat:    In  open  woodlands  in  the  vicinity  of  water,  under 
and  about  logs,  and  debris  of  various  kinds. 

Remarks:  A  species  distinguished  from  inflecta  by  its  open 
umbilicus  and  larger  size.  It  is  quite  rare,  and  has  thus  far 
been  found  only  in  the  southern  region,  and  the  specimens  are 
rather  small.  The  shell  is  carried  at  a  slight  angle  during  pro- 
gression, which  is  rather  slow. 
53.  Polygyra  fraudulenta  Pilsbry,  pi.  xxx,  fig.  7. 

Helix  fallax  W.  G.  BINNEY.  (non  Say.)  Man.  Amer.  Land  Shells,  p.  292. 
Polygyra  fraudulenta  PILSBRY,  Proc.  Phil.  Acad.  Sci.,  p.  20, 1894. 

Shell:  Differing  from  tridentata  in  having  "a  compact  shell 
of  a  reddish-brown  color  (varying  to  white  in  some  localities); 
the  spire  is  low-convex,  composed  of  six  closely  coiled  whorls, 
the  last  being  notably  deflexed  in  front  and  strongly  con- 
stricted behind  the  lip.  The  aperture  is  strongly  "dished"  or 
basin-shaped;  the  outer  lip  bears  a  broad  tongue-shaped  in- 
flected tooth,  situated  at  the  position  of  the  periphery  of  the 
shell.  The  middle  part  of  the  basal  lip  bears  a  small  squarish 
tubercle,  which  is  often  laterally  compressed.  The  parietal 
wall  bears  an  elevated  oblique  blade  which  is  typically  almost 
straight  and  never  much  curved."  (Pilsbry.)  (Fig.  16,  B.) 
Greater  diatn.,  15.00;  lesser,  13.50;  height,  8.50;  umbilicus,  3.50  mill.  (8448.) 
"  15.00;  "  13.00;  "  8.50;  "  3.50  "  (8455.) 

Animal:     As  in  tridentata,  but  generally  a  little  darker. 

Jaw:     As  usual,  with  twelve- ribs.     Binney  gives  fourteen 
ribs. 

Radula  formula:*     y  -f-f  +  Y  +i+V+l  +  ¥  (27— 1—27). 

*This  radula  is  from  a  Southern  Illinois  specimen.    See  The  Nautilus,  Vol.  XL,  p,  30, 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY. 


147 


The  teeth  are  like  those  of  tridentata,  excepting  that  there  are 
eleven  perfect  laterals,  and  all  the  inner  cusps  are  simple  until 
the  seventeenth  marginal,  which  is  bifid.  Binney  (Manual, 
p.  292)  gives  40-1-40  teeth  with  twelve  perfect  laterals.  The 
writer  is  certain  that  his  count  was  correct,  as  the  teeth  were 
recounted  several  times,  always  with  the  same  result.  The 
membranes  were  perfect  (Fig.  17). 


FIG.  17. 

Radula  of  POLYGYRA  FRAUDULENTA  Pilsbry.  (Original.)  c,  cen- 
tral tooth;  1,  first  lateral;  10,  outer  lateral;  13,  first  marginal;  16,  20,  mid- 
dle and  outer  marginals. 

Genitalia:  Similar  to  that  of  tridentata,  but  "the  duct  of 
the  genital  bladder  is  of  equal  size  throughout  its  length — an 
unimportant,  even  if  a  constant  difference."  (Binney.) 

Distribution:  Ontario,  Canada,  to  Michigan  and  Illinois, 
south  to  Georgia.  (Pilsbry.) 

Geological  distribution :     Pleistocene;  Loess. 

Habitat:  Same  as  tridentata,  and  frequently  associated 
with  that  species. 

Remarks:  This  species  has  long  been  known  under  the 
name  "fallax  Say,"  but  Professor  Pilsbry  has  shown  (1.  c.,  p.  21), 
that  this  is  not  the  true  fallax  of  Say,  that  species  being  the 
introferens  of  Bland.  It  is  easily  distinguished  from  tridentata 
by  its  elevated  spire  and  strongly  armed  aperture,  and  is  more 
common  than  that  species.  The  animal  is  very  timid  in  cap- 


148  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

tivity,  taking  a  long  time  to  come  from  its  shell,  even  when 
immersed  in  water  for  a  considerable  time.  When  extended  it 
will  retract  at  the  slightest  jar.  It  does  not  readily  crawl  about, 
as  do  many  of  the  smaller  species  of  Polygyra,  but  rests 
half  extended  from  its  shell,  twists  its  head  about,  raises  its 
body  high  in  the  air,  and  constantly  feels  about  with  its  eye- 
peduncles  and  tentacles.  This  species  is  found  in  the  southern 
and  western  regions. 

My  friend,  Mr.  George  H.  Clapp  of  Pittsburg,  Pennsylva- 
nia, has  questioned  the  propriety  of  changing  this  well-known 
name  and  has  offered  very  weighty  reasons  for  the  rejection  of 
fraudulenta.  With  a  view  to  prove  or  disprove  the  validity  of 
the  change  I  hunted  up  all  the  references  to  this  species  in 
American  works  (Tryon,  the  two  Binney's,  Pilsbry,  etc.),  and  also 
carefully  read  the  original  descriptions  of  Say.  After  a  care- 
ful perusal  of  these,  and  a  comparison  of  numerous  specimens, 
I  am  of  the  opinion  that  the  change  is  valid,  although  Say's 
description  is  rather  ambiguous.  I  believe  the  curved  parietal 
tooth  refers  to  introferens  rather  than  to  fallax.  It  is  my  opin- 
ion that  Say  had  before  him  specimens  of  both  fallax  and  intro- 
ferens, and  that  he  intended  his  type  to  be  the  %ntrofertns-\Sk& 
shell.  It  may  be  remarked,  however,  that  the  truth  of  the 
matter  is  that  without  the  actual  type,  which  is  not  now  in  ex- 
istence, nothing  can  be  definitely  settled  concerning  what  Say 
really  meant  by  his  description,  as  it  will  fit  pretty  well  both 
fallax  and  introferens. 

54.    Polygyra  profunda  Say,  pi.  xxix,  figs.  8,  10,  11. 

Helix  profunda  SAY,  Journ.  Phil.  Acad.,  Vol.  II.,  p.  160,  1821. 

Helix  richardi  FERUSSAC,  Tab.  Syst.,  p.  43;  Hist.,  pi.  Ixx  (three  lower 
figures). 

Helix  biilbina  DESHAYES,  in  Ferussac  Hist.,  Vol.  I,  p.  108,  pi.  lxxxv> 
figs.  14-18.  (Junior?) 

Polygyra  profunda  alba  WALKER.  Terr.  Moll.  Mich.,  p.  12, 1899  (va- 
riety). 

Shell:  Depressed,  rather  solid,  widely  umbilicated;  sur- 
face covered  with  numerous  coarse,  oblique,  rib-like  growth 
lines  which  are  crossed  by  numerous  very  fine  spiral  lines; 
nucleus  without  markings;  periphery  rounded;  sutures  deeply 
impressed;  color  yellowish  horn,  with  one  well-defined  brown 
band  above  the  periphery,  and  one  wide  or  two  narrow  fainter 
bands  below  the  periphery;  the  shell  may  also  be  uniform  horn- 
color,  brown,  albino,  or  there  may  be  a  peripheral  wide  band 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  149 

and  five  or  six  narrow  bands  below  and  one  or  two  above  the 

peripheral  band;  whorls  six,  convex,  rapidly  increasing  in  size; 

aperture  very   nearly    circular;   somewhat  contracted    by  the 

reflected  peristome,  and  showing  the  bands  of  color  through 

the  shell;  peristome  reflected,  very  thick,   white  or  pinkish, 

with  an  obtuse  tooth  on  the  base;  terminations  deflected  toward 

each  other  and  connected,  in  some  specimens,  by  a  thin  callus; 

the  reflection  near  the  columella  partly  covers  the  umbilicus; 

umbilicus  profound  and  wide,  showing  all  the  volutions  to  the 

apex,  which  may  be  easily  perforated;  base  of  shell  convex. 

Greater  diam.,  29.00;  lesser,  25.00;  height,  15.50;  umbilicus, 5.00  mill.  (10118.) 

"      30.00;       "      25.50;       "       15.50;  "         5.00     "      (7731.) 

"       26.00;       "      21.50;        "       15.50;          "         5.00     "       (7730.) 

"      31.50;      •'      25.50;       "       14.50;          "         6.00    "       (7729.) 

Animal:  With  a  long  and  narrow  body;  color  light  brown, 
darker  on  eye-peduncles  and  head,  uppersurface  of  foot  flecked 
with  white;  foot  thick,  long,  narrow,  acutely  pointed  behind; 
eye-peduncles  long  and  slender,  cylindrical,  the  black  eyes  on 
prominences  at  the  tip;  tentacles  short,  cylindrical,  blunt;  re- 
spiratory orifice  large,  on  the  right  side  under  the  peristome. 
The  heart  is  plainly  seen  just  below  the  largest  brown  band  and 
about  5  mill,  from  the  aperture.  An  examination  of  the  pulsa- 
tions of  a  dozen  individuals  gave  the  following  data:  70  (3  spec- 
imens), 65  (4  specimens),  62  (3  specimens),  58  (i  specimen), 
56  (i  specimen).  The  heart  beat  much  slower  when  the  shell 
was  held  tightly  in  the  hand,  and  much  faster  (70)  when  the 
animal  was  extended  and  crawling  over  the  hand.  Length  of 
foot  41.00  mill.,  width  lo.oo  mill.  Another  specimen  gave  57 
by  II  mill. 

Jaw:     Strongly  arched,  ends  squarely  truncated;  ten  stout 


FIG.  18. 
Jaw  of  POLYGYRA  PROFUNDA  Say.    (Original.) 

ribs  on  anterior  surface  which  denticulate  both  margins  of  jaw 
(Fig.  18). 

Radula  formula:  V  +  V+i+V  +  V  or  \8  +  V+i+¥  +  ¥ 
(40—1—40);  central  tooth  with  a  squarish  base  of  attachment, 
much  expanded  on  the  lower  outer  edges;  reflected  portion 


150 


THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 


with  three  cusps,  of  which  the  central  one  is  very  long  and  the 
side  cusps  are  (generally)  subbbsolete,  the  cutting  points  well 
developed;  lateral  teeth  similar  to  the  central  tooth,  but  with 
side  cusps  distinct;  marginal  teeth  with  a  small  base  somewhat 
quadrangular  in  shape,  and  with  irregularly  shaped  cusps,  the 
inner  being  several  times  longer  and  broader  than  the  outer 
cusp;  both  have  well  developed  cutting  points.  The  transition 


FIG.  19. 

Radula  of  POLYGYRA  PROFUNDA  Say.  (Original.)  c,  central  tooth; 
1,  first  lateral;  18,  intermediate  lateral;  22,  27,  28,  32,  marginal  teeth. 

from  lateral  to  marginal  teeth  is  very  gradual,  and  it  is  diffi- 
cult to  determine  just  where  one  set  ends  and  the  other  begins 
(Fig.  19).  Several  teeth  in  one  membrane  examined  (37-1-37) 
had  the  inner  cusp  bifid  (27-32  in  figure).  Mr.  Binney  says: 
"but  the  change  from  laterals  to  marginals  is  very  gradual, 
being  made  without  splitting  of  the  inner  cutting  point,  which 
is  simple  on  the  extreme  marginals  even."* 

This  membrane  was  undoubtedly  a  pathological  specimen. 
There  are  over  120  rows  of  teeth. 

Gcnitalia:  "The  penis  sac  is  not  very  stout,  long,  receiv- 
ing the  retractor  muscle  at  about  the  middle  of  its  length,  and 
tapering  very  gradually  towards  its  summit  into  the  vas  defer- 
ens;  genital  bladder  large,  globose-oval,  on  a  long,  narrow 
duct."  (W.  G.  Binney.) 

Distribution:  Western  New  York  to  Minnesota,  south  to 
Virginia  and  Mississippi. 

Geological  distribution:.    Pleistocene;  Loess. 

Habitat:  Found  in  large  numbers  in  woodlands  where 
there  is  moisture,  under  dead  underbrush  and  old  logs. 

*Manual  Amer.  Land  Shells,  p.  318. 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  151 

Remarks:  Profunda  closely  resembles  multilineata  Say  when 
both  are  young,  being  umbilicated  and  with  numerous  spiral 
color  lines.  In  multilineata  the  band  just  above  the  periphery 
is  narrow,  while  in  profunda  it  .is  very  wide.  When  adult  the 
former  is  imperforate  while  the  latter  is  widely  iimbilicated.  This 
is  one  of  our  most  abundant  mollusks,  and  is  the  finest  and 
largest  of  the  Helices  in  this  region.  It  is  very  bold  in  captiv- 
ity, allowing  its  captor  to  pick  it  up  without  retracting  into  its 
shell.  If  the  term  could  be  applied  to  mollusks,  I  should  say 
that  it  was  of  an  inquisitive  turn  of  mind,  for  it  investigates 
everything  within  reach.  A  single  specimen  (PI.  xxix,  Fig.  8) 
was  found  at  Wolf  Lake  by  Prof.  W.  K.  Higley,  in  1888,  which 
is  very  curiously  distorted;  the  superior  part  of  the  peristome, 
near  the  body-whorl,  is  very  much  bulged,  and  the  lip  at 
this  point  projects  in  a  tooth-like  manner;  the  periphery,  from 
the  aperture  to  a  point  half  way  around  the  last  whorl,  is  con- 
cave, or  grooved.  The  animal  must  have  suffered  some  injury, 
probably  from  the  pressure  of  some  foreign  object.  This  is, 
next  to  Pyramidula  alternata,  our  most  common  species,  and  is 
found  everywhere.  It  may  be  collected  in  the  Bowmanville 
woods  by  hundreds,  about  old  moss-covered  logs,  and  particu- 
larly about  old  camp-fires  where  there  is  some  charred  wood 
It  varies  greatly  in  coloration,  from  light  colored  to  very  dark 
with  a  wide  band. 
54a.  Polygyra  profunda  alba  Walker. 

Polygyra  profunda  alba  WALKER,  Terr.  Moll.  Mich.,  p.  12,  1899. 

The  variety  differs  from  the  type  in  being  pale  horn  colored 
without  bands.  Variety  alba  is  not  common  in  this  region,  and 
has  been  found  only  at  Joliet  and  Bowmanville. 

55.     Polygyra  albolabris  Say,  pi.  xxix,  fig.  6. 

Helix  albolabris  SAY,  Nich.  Encyl.,  Am.  ed.,  pi.  i,  fig.  1,  1817. 

Helix  major  BINNEY,  Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  Vol.  I,  p.  473,  pi.  xii, 

1837.     (Variety.) 
Helix  rufa  DE  KAY,  N.  Y.  Moll.,  p.  44,  pi.  iii,  fig.  30,  1843.    (Vide 

W.  G.  Binney.) 
Polygyra  alboJabris  maritima  PILSBRY,  The  Nautilus,  Vol.  V,  p.  142, 

1892.     (Variety.) 

Helix  transversemis  LEACH,  Mss.,  The  Nautilus,  Vol.  XI,  p.  94, 1898. 
Polygyra  albolabris  minor  STERK.I,  Land  &  Fr.,  W.  Moll.,  Tuscar. 

Co.,  Ohio,  p.  2.     (Variety.) 
Polygyra  albolabris  alleni  WETHERBY,  The  Nautilus,  Vol.  XI,  p.  94, 

1898.*     (Variety.) 

*The    original  reference  to  this  variety  has  not  been  found  in  any  work  to  which  the 
author  has  access.    This  is  also  true  of  P.  ihyroides  pulchella  ckll. 


152  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

Shell:  Depressed  globose,  rather  solid,  imperforate;  sur- 
face covered  with  numerous  fine,  oblique  striae  which  are  obso- 
lete on  the  apical  whorls,  and  the  whorls  are  encircled  by  very 
numerous  fine,  wavy,  spiral  lines,  which  give  the  surface  a  lat- 
ticed aspect  under  the  glass;  color  yellowish-brown,  sometimes 
darker,  without  bands;  periphery  rounded;  sutures  much  im- 
pressed; whorls  five  to  six,  rounded,  regularly  increasing;  spire 
but  little  elevated;  aperture  lunate,  contracted  by  the  peristome; 
peristome  widely  reflected,  white,  flattened,  with  sometimes  a 
small  callosity  near  the  columella,  which  is  nearly  straight; 
umbilicus  covered  in  the  adult  shell  by  the  reflection  of  the 
peristome,  which  forms  a  spreading  callus;  base  of  shell  convex. 

Greater  diameter,  32.00;  lesser,  26.00;  height,  19.00  mill.    (7972.) 
30.00;       "       24.50;       "        18.00     "       (8091.) 

Animal:  With  a  long  foot  which  is  wide  and  spreading  at 
the  base,  and  slopes  up  to  meet  the  rounded  body  and  neck; 
posterior  extremity  of  foot  flattened  and  spreading,  acutely 
pointed,  and  rising  to  meet  a  central  dorsal  keel.  Color  yel- 
lowish-brown, with  a  dark  stripe  extending  down  the  center  of 
the  neck  and  head  to  the  shell;  tentacles  and  eye-peduncles 
almost  black;  sometimes  darker  along  sides  of  body;  the 
animal  is  sometimes  whitish  or  cream-colored,  and  may  be 
almost  black.  Eye-peduncles  very  long,  bearing  the  black 
eyes;  tentacles  short  and  cylindrical,  tubercles  on  the  back  very 
prominent  and  arranged  longitudinally.  The  foot  of  a  large 
specimen  measured  60  mill,  in  length  and  14  mill,  in  width,  and 
the  eye-peduncles  measured  13  mill,  in  length.  The  heart 
pulsations  areas  follows:  50-56-61  (adult);  69  (half-grown); 
106  (very  young);  48  (animal  dormant). 

Radula  formula :  y  +  V  +  ¥  +1+  ¥  +  ¥  +  V  ( 44  - 1  -  44 ) 
(sometimes  45  —  1—45).  Central  tooth  with  a  long  and  narrow 
base  of  attachment,  the  lower  outer  corners  expanded  and  the 
base  excavated;  reflection  reaching  below  the  margin  of  the 
base  of  attachment,  with  the  cusps  similar  to  those  of  tridentata, 
but  narrower;  lateral  teeth  similar  to  central;  marginal  teeth 
at  first  like  lateral  teeth,  but  soon  (28)  the  inner  cusp  becomes 
bifid,  the  cusp  becomes  wider  (30  —  35)  and  extends  far  below 
the  base  of  attachment.  Thirty-eight  is  a  marginal  of  abnormal 
form;  one  row  had  all  of  the  thirty-eighth  teeth  of  this  form 
{Fig.  20).  There  are  over  120  rows  of  teeth. 

Jaw :     Similar  to  that  of  thyroides,  but  very  arcuate  and  with 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY   SURVEY.  153 

ten  ribs  of  somewhat  unequal  size.     The  ends  of  the  jaw  are 
smooth  on  their  anterior  surface. 

Genitalia:  "The  penis  sac  is  stout, rather  short,  cylindrical, 
with  a  median  prepuce;  it  receives  the  vas  deferens  at  its  sum- 
mit; the  retractor  muscle  is  inserted  on  the  vas  deferens  near 
its  junction  with  the  penis  sac;  the  genital  bladder  is  long, 
stout,  blunt  at  its  summit;  its  duct  is  very  narrow  at  its  entrance 
into  the  bladder  for  a  short  portion  of  its  course,  then  becomes 
suddenly  expanded  into  very  much  the  shape  and  still  greater 
size  of  the  bladder."*  This  peculiar  arrangement  of  the  geni- 
tal bladder  and  duct  distinguishes  albolabris  from  all  related 
species. 

O  ,O 


FIG.  20. 

Radula  of  POLYGYRA  ALBOLABRIS  Say.  (Original.)  c,  central  tooth; 
1,  first  lateral;  12,  twelfth  lateral;  24,28,  first  marginals;  30,35,  outer  mar- 
ginals; 38,  abnormal  marginal. 

Distribution ;  Canada,  Eastern  and  Central  United  States. 

Geological  distribution:     Pleistocene;  Loess. 

Habitat:  Found  under  and  about  old  logs  in  open  wood- 
lands, and  in  wet  weather  crawling  over  the  vegetation. 

Remarks:  Distinguished  by  its  large  size,  imperf orate 
base,  and  white  lip.  This  is  our  largest  and  handsomest  snail, 
and  is  found  only  in  the  southern  and  western  regions.  The 
animal  is  slow  in  movement,  but  not  at  all  timid,  readily  allow- 
ing itself  to  be  handled  without  withdrawing  into  its  shell. 
When  crawling  up  the  side  of  a  glass  jar  the  shell  is  so  heavy 
that  it  hangs  almost  to  the  extremity  of  the  foot.  The  eye- 
peduncles  are  pointed  straight  ahead  during  locomotion,  the 
shell  is  carried  almost  flat,  and  the  tentacles  are  directed 
straight  downwards.  When  eating,  the  head  is  drawn  partly 

*W.  G.  Binney,  Man.  Amer.  Land  Shells,  p.  300. 


154  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

in  and  the  tentacles  are  laid  back  and  half  contracted.  The 
writer  timed  a  large  specimen  of  this  species  and  found  that  it 
progressed  24  inches  in  14  minutes. 

55  a.    Polygyra  albolabris  dentata  Tryon. 

Mesodon  dentata  TRYON,  Man.  of  Conch.,  Vol.  III.,  p.  150. 

Differs  from  albolabris  in  possessing  a  tooth  on  the  parie- 
tal wall.  The  variety  is  rare,  but  is  found  associated  with  the 
type  in  all  localities. 

56.     Polygyra  exoleta  Binney,  pi.  xxix,  fig.  5. 

Helix  exoleta  BINNEY,  Terr.  Moll.  U.  S.,  Vol.  II,  p.  131,  pi.  x. 
Helix  zaleta  BINNEY,  Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  Vol.  I,  p.  492,  pi.  xx. 

Shell:  Globose,  solid,  imperforate:  surface  shining, 
marked  by  numerous  fine,  oblique  growth  lines,  which  are 
faintly  marked  on  the  apical  whorl;  the  growth  lines  are 
crossed  by  very  fine  spiral  lines  as  in  albolabris ;  color  yellow- 
ish, sometimes  dark  horn;  periphery  rounded;  sutures  well  im- 
pressed; whorls  five  to  six,  globose,  the  last  ventricose,  rather 
closely  coiled;  spire  a  little  elevated,  convex;  aperture  roundly 
lunate,  contracted  by  the  body-whorl,  the  base  of  the  aperture 
forming  an  angle  with  the  base  of  that  portion  of  the  body- 
whorl  contracting  the  aperture;  peristome  broadly  reflected 
white,  sometimes  a  trifle  grooved,  with  a  small  callosity  near 
the  base,  terminations  separated  and  connected  by  a  thin  cal- 
lus; parietal  wall  armed  with  a  long,  narrow  tooth  or  denticle 
about  midway  between  the  terminations  of  the  peristome; 
umbilicus  covered  (in  the  adult  shell)  by  the  white  reflection  of 
the  peristome;  base  of  shell  rounded. 

Greater  diameter,  24.00;  lesser,  21.50;  height,  16.50  mill.  (7973.) 
27.00;  "  22.00;  "  19.00  "  (7973.) 
28.00;  "  23.00;  "  20.00  "  (8092.) 

Animal:  Resembling  albolabris  in  general  form.  Coloi 
dirty  white  or  yellowish-white,  darker  above;  eye-peduncles 
jet  black,  a  light  zone  surrounding  the  eyes;  tentacles  yellow- 
ish-white at  base  and  black  at  tip;  mantle  yellowish-white;  the 
animal  may  also  be  brownish  or  blackish. 

Heart  situated  near  the  upper  junction  of  peristome  with 
body-whorl:  pulsations  quite  regular,  seventy-five  to  seventy- 
seven  per  minute. 

Jaw:  Of  usual  form,  rather  narrow,  arcuate,  attenuated 
at  the  ends;  thirteen  ribs  present. 

Radula  formula:     ^  +  f +  *  +  i  +  f +|+^(6o-i  -60); 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY. 


155 


central  tooth  long  and  rather  narrow,  base  of  attachment  exca- 
vated on  the  lower  border;  reflection  long  and  narrow,  unicuspid, 
but  there  are  side  bulgings  representing  the  side  cusps;  first  six 
lateral  teeth  similar  to  central  tooth,  but  wider;  next  seven  teeth 
with  a  small  outer  wide  cusp;  the  fourteenth  tooth  has  a  bulging 
on  the  lower  part  of  the  inner  cusp;  from  this  point  the  teeth 
become  narrower  to  the  forty-second  tooth,  when  they  widen 
and  develop  an  inner  small  cusp  and  two  outer  side  cusps;  the 
marginals  are  very  variable,  and  the  outer  side  cusps  may  or 
may  not  be  developed;  the  forty-first  tooth  was  very  peculiar 
on  a  membrane  having  but  47-1-47  teeth  (some  of  the  mar- 
ginals probably  torn  away),  and  this  tooth  was  found  on  all  the 


FIG.  21. 

Radula  of  POLYGYRA  EXOLETA  Binney.  (Original.)  c,  central  tooth 
1,  first  lateral;  7,  lateral  tooth,  showing  appearance  of  outer  cusp;  14, 
marginal  tooth;  23, 32,  intermediate  marginal  teeth;  41,  42,  45,  outer  mar- 
ginal teeth. 

rows  of  teeth  and  on  both  sides  of  the  membrane.  The  outer 
cusp  of  the  lateral  teeth  is  very  variable.  Binney  found 
eleven  perfect  laterals,  but  remarked  that  the  eighth  tooth 
showed  some  modification  (Fig.  21). 

Genitalia:  "The  penis  sac  is  very  stout,  long,  cylindrical, 
receiving  the  retractor  muscle  and  vas  deferens  at  its  summit; 
genital  bladder  subconical,  on  a  short,  small  duct;  the  vas  def- 
erens is  convoluted  as  it  leaves  the  prostate."  These  organs 
are  specifically  distinct  from  those  of  albolabris,  and  serve  as  a 
sure  method  of  distinguishing  the  two  species. 

Distribution:  Western  New  York  west  to  Iowa,  Michigan 
south  to  Alabama  and  Georgia. 

Geological  distribution:  Pleistocene  of  central  United  States; 
Loess. 

Habitat:     Same  as  that  of  albolabris. 


156  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

Remarks:  The  present  species  very  closely  resembles 
albolabris,  but  differs  in  its  smaller,  more  globose  shell,  the 
almost  universal  presence  of  the  tooth  on  the  parietal  wall  and 
the  less  contracted  and  rounded  aperture.  The  two  species 
are  almost  always  found  associated  together.  The  shell  is  car- 
ried sightly  tilted  over  the  back  during  locomotion.  This  spe- 
cies is  found  only  in  the  southern  and  western  regions. 

57.    Polygyra  thyroides  Say,  pi.  xxix,  figs.  2,  7. 

Helix  thyroides  SAY,  Nich.  Encycl.,  Am.  ed.,    1817,  1818,  1819;  Jour. 

Phil.  Acad.,  Vol.  I,  p.  123,  1817. 
Helix  bucculenta  GOULD,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  40, 1848. 

(Variety.) 
Polygyra  thyroides  pitlchella  CK.LL.    The  Nautilus,  Vol.  XI,  p.  95,  1898. 

(Variety.) 
Polygyra  thyroides  sanctisiinonis  Pilsbry,  The  Nautilus,  Vol.  XV.  p.  8, 

1901.    (Variety.) 

Shell:  Depressed,  thin,  umbilicated;  surface  covered  with 
numerous  crowded,  oblique  lines  of  growth  which  are  crossed 
by  very  fine  spiral  lines;  the  nuclear  whorl  is  almost  smooth; 
color  light  yellowish,  brownish,  horn  color  or  russet,  sometimes 
inclined  to  pinkish;  peripheryrounded;  sutures  well  impressed; 
whorls  five,  depressed-globose,  rapidly  increasing  in  size;  spire 
somewhat  elevated;  aperture  lunate,  spreading,  contracted  by 
the  peristome:  peristome  widely  reflected,  thin,  grooved,  white, 
terminations  connected  by  a  thin  callus;  parietal  wall  with  a 
more  or  less  well  developed,  white  tooth,  which  is  longer  than 
wide,  placed  obliquely  to  the  plane  of  the  aperture;  columella 
flexuous;  umbilicus  open,  partly  covered  by  the  reflected  peri- 
stome; base  of  shell  rounded. 

Greater  diameter,  28.00;  lesser,  23.00;  height,  18.00  mill.  (9920.) 
28.00;  "  22.00;  "  16.00  "  (8404.) 
26.00;  "  21.25;  "  17.00  "  (10668.) 
24.50;  "  21.00;  "  16.50  "  (7733.) 
21.50;  "  18.00;  "  15.00  "  (8374.) 

Animal:  Grayish  or  yellowish-white,  darker  on  the  head 
and  eye-peduncles,  dirty  white  on  base  of  foot;  eye-peduncles 
long,  tapering,  thin,  eyes  black;  foot  long  and  narrow,  the 
length  of  a  good-sized  individual  being  43  and  the  width  5  mm.; 
the  posterior  extremity  of  the  foot  terminates  in  an  acute  an- 
gle; the  heart  is  situated  near  the  junction  of  the  upper  part  of 
the  peristome  with  the  body-whorl;  the  pulsations  are  irregular 
and  number  from  seventy  to  seventy-three  when  the  animal 
is  drawn  into  its  shell,  but  become  regular  and  number  eighty- 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY. 


157 


two  when  the  animal  is  extended      One  specimen  gave  eighty- 
eight  beats  in  a  minute. 

Jaw:     Very  long  and   narrow,  slightly  arcuate, "the    ends 
knob-shaped;  the  anterior  and  posterior  surfaces  are  armed 


FIG.  22. 
Jaw  of  POLYGYRA  THYROIDES  Say.    (Original.) 

with  thirteen  stout  ribs  which  denticulate  both  dorsal  and  ven- 
tral margins  (Fig.  22). 

Radula:  With  58-1-58  teeth;  central  tooth  with  a  long  and 
narrow  base  of  attachment,  laterally  expanded  at  the  lower 
outer  corners;  reflection  as  long  as  base,  unicuspid,  the  cusp 
being  long  and  narrow;  lateral  teeth  similar  to  centrals  but 
asymmetrical  (eleven  perfect  laterals);  marginal  teeth  at  first 
similar  to  laterals,  but  soon  the  cusp  elongates,  an  outer  side 


FIG.  23. 

Radula  of  POLYGYRA  THYROIDES  Say.  (Original.)  c,  central  tooth; 
1,  first  lateral;  13,  second  marginal;  27,  sixteenth  marginal;  42,  45, '.thirty- 
first  and  thirty-fourth  marginals,  49,  thirty-eighth  marginal. 

cusp  is  developed,  the  larger  cusp  becomes  bifid,  and  toward 
the  end  of  the  membrane  the  marginals  become  short  and  wide 
and  two  outer  side  cusps  appear.  All  of  the  cusps  are  pro- 
vided with  very  long  and  stout  cutting  points'(Fig.  23). 


158  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

Genitalia:  "The  penis  sac  is  short,  stout,  cylindrical,  re- 
ceiving the  vas  deferens  and  retractor  muscle  at  its  summit; 
the  genital  bladder  is  small,  elongated,  bluntly  tapering  at  its 
apex,  on  a  short,  narrow  duct;  the  oviduct  is  greatly  convo- 
luted." (W.  G.  Binney,  1.  c.) 

Distribution:  Canada  to  Minnesota,  south  to  St.  Simons 
Islands,  Georgia,  and  Texas.  (Pilsbry.) 

Geological  distribution:     Pleistocene;  Loess. 

Habitat:  Found  under  rotten  logs  and  pieces  of  wood  in 
forests  where  there  is  more  or  less  moisture,  particularly  near 
the  edge  of  the  woods.  On  rainy  days  or  just  after  a  rain,  it 
may  be  seen  crawling  over  the  ground,  on  tree  trunks,  etc. 

Remarks:  Thyroides  is  distinguished  from  all  others  of  the 
group  by  its  open  umbilicus,  thin,  spreading  peristome  and 
wide  aperture.  The  parietal  tooth  is  frequently  wanting,  and 
a  variety  of  the  bucculenta  form  is  imperf orate.  In  habits  the 
animal  varies,  some  specimens  being  shy  in  captivity  and  re- 
quiring a  great  amount  of  persuasion  to  induce  them  to  crawl 
over  the  hand  or  on  a  table;  other  individuals  are  bold  and 
will  readily  crawl  over  the  extended  hand,  and  will  even  allow 
themselves  to  be  picked  up  by  the  shell  without  withdrawing 
into  it.  It  is  found  in  all  parts  of  the  area. 

58.     Polygyra  clausa  Say,  pi.  xxix,  fig.  4. 

Helix  clausa  SAY,  Journ.  Phil.  Acad.,  Vol.  II,  p.  154,  1821. 

Helix  ingallsiana  SHUTTLEWORTH,  Fischer's  Notitiae,  Vol.  II,  pi.  iii, 
fig.  5. 

Shell:  Semi-globose,  varying  from  thin  to  rather  solid, 
umbilicated;  surface  with  very  numerous  crowded,  oblique, 
rib-like  lines  of  growth,  crossed  by  numerous  fine  spiral  lines; 
the  nuclear  whorl  is  smooth;  color  yellowish  to  greenish-horn; 
periphery  broadly  rounded,  sutures  deeply  impressed;  whorls 
five  to  five  and  one-half,  rounded,  convex,  rather  closely  and 
regularly  increasing,  the  last  a  little  spreading;  spire  varying 
from  somewhat  depressed  to  elevated  and  sub-conical;  aperture 
diagonally  lunate,  expanded  above,  narrowed  below,  the  colu- 
mella  a  trifle  dilated;  peristome  contracted  behind  the  narrowly 
reflected  portion,  which  is  white  and  rounded  in  old  specimens; 
the  terminations  widely  separated  and  connected  by  a  very  thin 
callus;  umbilicus  of  good  size,  partly  covered  by  the  reflected 
columellar  portion  of  the  peristome;  base  of  shell  rounded. 

Greater  diameter,  17.00;  lesser,  15.00;  height,  10.50;  mill.  (11910.) 
18.00;        "      15.00;         "      12.00;      "    (12406.) 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY   SURVEY.  159 

Animal:  Blackish  above  and  on  head  and  eye-peduncles, 
yellowish-white  on  base  and  foot;  foot  long  and  narrow,  32 
mill,  long  and  4  mill,  wide  (11910);  eye-peduncles  long  and 
slender,  tapering;  heart  situated  on  direct  line  drawn  from  the 
umbilicus'  to  the  upper  termination  of  the  peristome,  beats 
eighty-eight  per  minute  regular. 

Jaw.     Similar  to  that  of  thyroides,  with  ten  ribs. 

Radula  formula:  3r2  +  lii_|_i_+  V+¥  (43-1-43);  similar 
to  that  of  P.  thyroides,  but  without  side  cusps  on  any  of  the 
teeth. 

Genitalia:  "The  penis  sac  is  the  conspicuous  feature  of  the 
system;  it  is  longer  than  the  oviduct  and  almost  as  stout,  of 
about  equal  size  throughout;  it  has  the  entrance  of  the  vas 
deferensand  the  retractor  muscle  at  its  blunt  apex.  The  geni- 
tal bladder  is  small,  lengthened  oval,  with  a  long,  slender  duct. 
The  prostate  is  narrow,  stout,  prominent,  cord-like.  The  vas 
deferens  is  large.  The  other  organs  present  no  peculiar  fea- 
tures." (W.  G.  Binney.) 

Distribution:  .Western  Pennsylvania  to  Minnesota,  south 
to  Wyandotte,  Kan.,  Jackson  County,  Alabama,  and  Sea  Is- 
lands of  Georgia.  (Pilsbry.) 

Geological  distribution:     Pleistocene;  Loess. 

Habitat:  Found  in  moist  woods  under  logs  and  debris  of 
all  kinds. 

Remarks:  Unless  care  is  taken  this  species  will  be  con- 
founded with  small  forms  of  thyroides.  Indeed,  it  has  much 
the  aspect  of  the  form  known  as  bucculenta.  The  aperture  in 
clausa  is  always  larger  (in  comparison  to  its  size)  and  rounder 
than  in  thyroides,  and  the  shell  is  always  more  globose  and  there 
is  never  a  tooth  on  the  parietal  wall.  The  animal  is  very  rapid 
in  movement,  is  most  inquisitive,  and  very  readily  crawls  over 
the  hand.  It  is  a  most  uniform  species,  showing  almost  no  va- 
riation. The  specimens  from  Joliet  are  unusually  large  and 
fine.  The  species  is  not  very  common,  except  in  the  region 
around  Joliet,  and  it  is  confined  to  the  southern  and  western 
regions. 

59.     Polygyra  pennsylvanica  Green,  pi.  xxix,  fig.  3. 

Helix  Pennsylvanica  GREEN.  Contr.  to  Macl.  Lye.,  Nos.  1,  8,  1827. 

Shell:  Obtusely  conical,  elevated,  imperforate;  surface 
sculpture  as  in  clausa;  color  light  yellowish,  straw  or  dark  horn ; 
nuclear  whorls  smooth;  periphery  rounded;  sutures  well  im- 


160 


THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 


pressed;  whorls  five  and  one-half  to  six,  rounded,  convex, 
rather  closely  coiled;  spire  elevated,  obtusely  conical;  aperture 
forming  a  triangle,  with  rounded  base,  contracted  behind  the 
peristome,  which  is  thickened,  roundly  reflected,  white,  with  a 
small  callosity  near  the  umbilical  region;  the  upper  part  of  the 
peristome  is  more  reflected  than  the  rest,  so  that  in  a  front  view 
of  the  aperture  this  part  presents  a  thin  edge  instead  of  a  broad 
curved  surface;  terminations  widely  separated,  connected  by  a 
very  thin  callus;  umbilicus  closed  but  the  region  indented;  base 
flatly  rounded. 

Greater  diameter,  18.50;  lesser,  15.50;  height,  12.00  mill.  (12395.) 
17.00;       "      15.00;        "      13.00      "     (12395.) 


FIG.  24. 

Radula  of  POLYGYRA  PENNSYLVANIA  Green.  (Original.)  c,  cen- 
tral tooth;  1,  first  lateral;  9,  second  marginal;  16,  18,  ninth  and  eleventh 
marginals;  25,  eighteenth  marginal;  J,  jaw. 

Animal:  With  a  long  and  narrow  foot,  27.50  mill,  long 
and  4  mill,  wide;  color  blackish  or  lead  color  on  head,  neck 
and  eye-peduncles  lighter  on  base  of  foot;  heart  situated  near 
junction  of  peristome  with  body- wall;  pulsations  regular, 
eighty-five  per  minute. 

Jaw:  Arched,  ends  squarely  truncated;  anterior  surface 
armed  with  eleven  wide,  heavy  ribs  which  denticulate  the  upper 
and  lower  margins.  The  jaw  is  of  the  same  width  throughout 
its  length  (Fig.  24,  J). 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  161 

Radula  formula:  f+V5 -H+y+i  +  V+i  (28-  I  -28);  cen- 
tral tooth  with  a  base  of  attachment  a  little  longer  than  wide, 
the  lower  outer  corners  expanded;  reflection  long  and  wide, 
reaching  almost  to  the  lower  edge  of  the  base  of  attachment, 
with  a  large  and  well-developed  central  cusp  and  subobsolete 
side  cusps;  lateral  teeth  similar  to  central  tooth,  the  outer  lower 
angle  of  the  base  of  attachment  expanded,  the  side  cusps  rep- 
resented by  bulgings;  marginal  teeth  variable,  at  first  with  a 
long  and  narrow  spear-shaped  inner  cusp  and  a  small  outer 
cusp;  the  inner  cusp  soon  becomes  bifid  (16-18),  and  finally 
the  tooth  becomes  wider  than  long  and  with  four  sharp  cusps; 
all  of  the  teeth  have  well-developed  cutting  points  (Fig.  24); 
there  are  about  120  rows  of  teeth.  Binney  gives  40-1-40 
and  Morse  39-1-39  teeth.  The  membranes  examined  were  per- 
fect. 

Genitalia:  "The  penis  sac  is  long  and  slender,  with  the  vas 
deferens  and  retractor  muscle  entering  its  apex  and  its  orifice 
entering  the  vagina  near  its  base.  The  genital  bladder  is  long, 
stout,  cylindrical,  with  a  median  contraction;  its  duct  is  hardly 
distinct  from  it,  with  an  entrance  opposite  that  of  the  penis  sac. 
The  prostate  is  very  large."  (W.  G.  Binney.) 

Distribution:  Western  Pennsylvania  to  Virginia,  Illinois 
and  Tennessee. 

Geological  distribution:     Pleistocene;  Loess. 

Habitat:     Same  as  that  of  clausa. 

Remarks:  This  species  is  at  once  distinguished  irom  clausa, 
the  only  species  with  which  it  is  likely  to  be  confounded,  by  its 
imperforate  umbilicus,  its  triangular  aperture,  and  its  elevated, 
subconical  spire.  In  confinement  the  animal  is  rather  slow 
and  careful  in  its  movements.  The  shell  is  carried  well  balanced, 
a  trifle  back  of  the  center  of  the  animal,  and  lies  almost  flat. 
A  variety  occurs  with  a  dark  shell  and  purple  lip.  The  species 
does  not  seem  to  be  very  common,  and  those  found  by  the 
writer  have  been  solitary  in  habit.  It  is  confined  to  the  southern 
and  western  regions. 

60.     Polygyra  multilineata  Say,  pi.  xxx,  fig.  2. 

Helix  multilineatus  SAY,  Journ.  Phil.  Acad.,  Vol.  II,  p.  150,  1821. 

Shell:  Globosely  depressed,  rather  fragile,  imperforate; 
surface  sculpture  as  in  profunda;  nuclear  whorls  smooth;  color 
yellowish-horn  or  russet,  with  from  fourteen  to  twenty  reddish- 
brown  bands  of  variable  width;  periphery  rounded;  sutures 


162  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

very  deeply  impressed;  whorls  five  to  six,  rounded,  regularly 
increasing  in  size,  the  last  ventricose;  spire  depressed,  convex; 
aperture  broadly  lunate,  slightly  contracted  by  the  peristome; 
peristome  thin,  reflected,  not  much  expanded;  the  upper  por- 
tion near  the  body  whorl  is  not  expanded,  but  is  a  direct  con- 
tinuation of  the  last  whorl,  separated  by  a  constriction;  the 
peristome  is  sometimes  grooved;  terminations  widely  sepa- 
rated, connected  by  a  thin  callus;  umbilicus  closed  by  the  re- 
flection of  the  peristome  near  the  columella,  the  region  indented ; 
base  of  shell  flatly  convex. 

Greater  diameter,  25.00;  lesser,  21.00;  height,  15.00  mill.  (7714.) 
21.00;        "      17.00;        "      13.00     "     (7715!) 

Animal:  Similar  in  form  \.Q profunda;  color  blackish  all  over, 
but  the  protuberances  are  lighter  colored;  the  foot  is  very 
long  and  narrow,  and  the  eye-peduncles  long  and  tapering. 
Heart  pulsations  twenty-seven  to  thirty-four  per  minute;  four 
specimens  examined  gave  27,  28,  31,  34  per  minute.  The  animal 
is  very  slow  and  rather  timid. 

Jaw:  As  usual,  slightly  arcuated,  with  ten  ribs  of  good  size 
which  denticulate  both  margins;  the  ends  are  almost  square. 
The  jaw  resembles  that  of  Polygyra  pennsylvanica. 

Radula  formula:  ^TF+ V +i+ V +-*VV  (42-1-42);  the 
teeth  resemble  those  of  Polygyra  profunda,  excepting  that  all 
after  the  twenty-fourth  tooth  and  all  beyond  have  the  inner 
cutting  point  bifid.  Some  membranes  have  the  formula 
-&Vr-¥+i+V+-^A-  (40  —  1—40),  there  being  but  sixteen  per- 
fect laterals.  One  apparently  perfect  membrane  had  130  rows 
of  teeth. 

Genitalia:  "Penis  sac  long,  stout,  with  a  very  highly  devel- 
oped prepuce  on  the  greater  part  of  its  course,  then  tapering 
to  its  summit,  where  it  receives  the  vas  deferens  and  retractor 
muscle;  genital  bladder  long,  subcylindrical,  its  duct  but 
slightly  smaller,  short,  swollen  at  its  entrance  into  the  vagina; 
oviduct  greatly  convoluted."  (W.  G.  Binney.) 

Distribution:  Western  New  York  to  Minnesota  and  Iowa, 
south  to  Kentucky,  Kansas  and  Virginia. 

Geological  distribution :     Pleistocene;  Loess. 

Habitat:  Marshy  woodlands  and  meadows  in  the  vicinity 
of  streams. 

Remarks:  This  species  may  usually  be  distinguished  by 
its  imperforate  shell  and  numerous  spiral  color-bands.  The 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  163 

young  are  difficult  to  distinguish  from  profunda ;  the  bands, 
however,  are  more  numerous  in  the  present  species  than  in  pro- 
funda (see  the  latter  species  for  additional  remarks).  This  is 
not  a  common  mollusk  and  is  limited  in  distribution  to  the 
southern  and  western  regions.  It  frequents  marshy  woodlands 
and  loves  to  be  where  there  is  plenty  of  water,  moisture  seem- 
ing to  be  a  necessity  to  its  existence.  It  is  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  of  the  larger  Helices.  At  Joliet  it  ranges  in  color 
from  almost  pure  white,  without  bands,  through  various  shades 
of  horn  to  dark  purplish  or  blackish,  with  bands;  the  latter 
exhibit  every  variety  of  width  and  number. 

60a.     Polygyra  multilineata  alba  Witter. 

Helix  multilineata  var.  alba  WITTER,  Journ.  of  Conch.,  Vol.  I,  p.  384, 

1878. 
6ob.     Polygyra  multilineata  rubra  Witter. 

Helix  multilineata  var.  rubra,  WITTER,  1.  c.,  p.  384,  1878. 
The  varieties  alba  and  rubra  are  found  somewhat  sparingly 
at  Joliet.     The   first  has  a  perfectly  plain  horn-colored  shell 
and  the  latter  a  plain  reddish  or  chestnut-colored  shell,  which 
is  very  beautiful. 

SECTION  STENOTREMA  Rafmesque. 
Shell:  "Small,  compact,  imperforate  or  umbilicate;  sub- 
globose,  globose-depressed  or  lens-shaped  the  periphery  vary- 
ing from  rounded  to  acutely  keeled;  surface  dull,  smooth ,  gener- 
ally hairy.  Whorls  5-6,  closely  revolving,  the  last  suddenly  de- 
flexed  in  front.  Aperture  basal,  narrow,  obstructed  by  an  oblique 
blade-like  parietal  tooth  parallel  to  the  reflexed  basal  lip,  the  latter 
often  notched  in  the  middle.  Last  whorl  generally  having  in 
its  last  fourth  a  short  transverse  partition  on  the  axis."  "Gen- 
ital system  having  the  penis  notably  longer  than  the  recep- 
taculum  semmis  and  its  duct,  the  latter  quite  short."  (Pilsbry, 
1.  c.,  p.  77.) 

61.     Polygyra  hirsuta  Say,  pi.  xxix,  fig.  9. 

Helix  hirsuta  SAY,  Journ.  Phil.  Acad.,  Vol.  I,  p.  17,  1817. 

Helix  ? porcina  SAY,  Long's  Exped.,  Vol.  II,  p.  257,  pi.  xv,  fig.  2,  1824. 
(Young.) 

Helix  fraterna  WOOD,  Index,  Suppl.,  p.  21,  pi.  viii,  fig.  16,  1828. 

Helix  sinuata  GMELIN  (teste  Pfeiffer). 

Helix  isognomostomos  GMELIN  (teste  Pfeiffer). 

Polygyra  hirsuta  altispira  PILSBRY,  The  Nautilus,  Vol.  VII,  p.  141, 
1894.  (Variety.) 

Polygyra  hirsuta pilula  PILSBRY,  Proc.  Phil.  Acad.,  p.  132, 1900.  (Va- 
riety.) 

Polygyra  hirsuta  uncifera  PILSBRY,  1.  c.,  p.  453,  1900.     (Variety.) 


164  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

Shell:  Subglobose,  rather  solid,  imperforate;  surtace  cov- 
ered with  numerous  short,  stiff  hairs,  beneath  which  may  be 
seen  fine  growth  lines;  nuclear  whorl  without  hairs;  color  red- 
dish-brown or  chestnut;  periphery  subangulated;  sutures  very 
deeply  impressed;  whorls  five,  rounded,  slowly  and  regularly 
increasing,  the  last  deflected  near  the  aperture  and  constricted 
behind  the  peristome;  spire  a  little  elevated,  convex;  aperture 
nearly  closed  by  the  thickened  peristome  and  parietal  tooth; 
parietal  tooth  long  and  narrow,  elevated,  extending  from  the 
center  of  the  base  of  the  shell  into  the  aperture  near  the  upper 
part;  peristome  narrow,  thickened,  reflected  against  the  whorl 
with  a  small,  well-marked  notch  near  the  center  of  the  base 
of  the  aperture;  umbilicus  covered  and  the  region  indented; 
base  of  shell  convex;  within  the  base  of  the  shell,  situated  be- 


FIG.  25. 

Jaw  and  radula  of  POLYGYRA  HIRSUTA  Say.  (Original.)  c,  central 
tooth;  1,  first  lateral;  12,  intermediate  tooth;  16,  20,  marginal  teeth;  J,  jaw. 

yond  the  line  of  sight,  is  a  transverse  tubercle,  which  starts 
from  the  apex;  this  cannot  be  seen  without  breaking  the  whorls. 
Greater  diameter,  7.75;  lesser,  7.00;  height,  5.00  mill.   (8451.) 
8.30;      "     ,  7.75;       "       5.00    "     (10438.) 
9.00;       "       8.00;       "       5.00    "     (12399.) 

Animal:  With  a  long,  narrow  foot,  truncated  before, 
pointed  behind;  head  distinct,  blackish  or  slate  color,  as  well 
as  the  tentacles  and  eye-peduncles;  tentacles  short,  blunt;  eye- 
peduncles  long,  thick,  cylindrical,  -the  eyes  on  enlargements 
at  their  tips;  the  foot  and  a  part  of  the  body  is  semi-transpa- 
rent; foot  13  mill,  long  and  2  mill.  wide.  Heart  situated  to 
the  left  of  the  center  of  the  parietal  tooth,  pulsations  regular, 
eighty  per  minute. 

Jaw:  Similar  to  Polygyra  monodon,  but  with  eight  stout 
ribs  (Fig.  25,  J). 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  165 


Radula  formula:  ^+£+^+£+7  +f  +  ^(25-  I  -25); 
central  tooth  with  a  base  of  attachment  a  trifle  longer  than  wide, 
the  outer  lower  corners  expanded;  reflection  tricuspid,  the 
central  cusp  very  long,  reaching  to  the  margin  of  the  base  of 
attachment,  side  cusps  very  small;  lateral  teeth  similar  to  cen- 
tral tooth,  bicuspid,  the  inner  cusp  very  long,  the  outer  very 
short.  The  marginal  teeth  begin  at  the  eleventh  tooth  and  may 
be  known  by  the  splitting  of  the  inner  cusp;  from  the  sixteenth 
tooth  the  outer  cusp  is  split  and  the  whole  tooth  becomes 
wider  (Fig.  25). 

Genitalia:  "Penis  sac  long,  cylindrical,  blunt  above,  where 
it  receives  retractor  muscle  'and  vas  deferens;  genital  blad- 
der narrow,  elongate-ovate,  on  a  short,  narrow  duct;  the  con- 
volution in  the  epididymis  commences  near  the  testicle."  (W. 
G.  Binney.) 

Distribution:     Canada,  Eastern  and  Interior  regions  of  the 
United  States,  Yaqui  River,  Guaymas,  Mexico. 
Geological  distribution  :     Pleistocene;  Loess. 
Habitat:     Found  in  damp  places  under  fallen  logs,  in  rot- 
ten wood,  under  stones,  etc. 

Remarks:  A  species  at  once  distinguished  by  its  con- 
tracted aperture,  notched  peristome  and  heavy  parietal  tooth. 
It  is  one  of  our  most  abundant  Helices,  and  in  some  localities 
is  the  predominating  species.  In  its  movements  hirsuta  resem- 
bles P.  monodon.  At  Bowmanville  it  may  be  collected  very 
abundantly  in  the  woods  just  west  of  Lincoln  Avenue.  The 
species  is  widely  distributed,  being  found  in  all  the  regions  of 
the  area. 
62.  Polygyra  monodon  Rackett,  pi.  xxx,  fig.  4. 

Helix  monodon  RACKETT,  Linn.  Trans.,  Vol.  XIII,  p.  42,  pi.  v,  fig.  2, 

1822. 
Helix  convexa  CHEMNITZ,  part  (excl.  syn.  et  tab.  LXVI,  figs.  24,  27), 

pi.  x,  figs.  17,  18. 

Helix  leaii  WARD  MSS.  teste  Binney. 

Helix  cincta  LEWIS,  Proc.  Phil.  Acad.,  p.  162,  1874.    (Variety.) 
Polygyra  monodon  alica  PILSBRY,  The  Nautilus,  Vol.  XI,  p.  105,  1898. 

(Variety.) 
Polygyra  monodon  albida  WALKER,  Terr.  Moll.    Mich.,    p.  15,    1899. 

(Variety.) 
Polygyra  monodon  friersoni  PILSBRY,  The  Nautilus,  Vol.  XIII,  p.  36, 

1899.     (Variety.) 

Polygvra  monodon  imperforata  PILSBRY,  Proc.  Phil.  Acad.,  p.  455,  1900. 
(Variety.) 


166  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

Shell:  Subglobose,  solid,  umbilicate  or  imperforate;  sur 
face  covered  with  very  fine,  oblique  growth  lines  which  are  so 
minute  as  to  be  scarcely  visible  even  when  viewed  with  a  pow- 
erful glass;  the  surface  is  also  set  with  short  hairs  scattered 
over  the  whorls;  nuclear  whorls  smooth;  periphery  rounded; 
sutures  well  impressed;  color  yellowish  to  reddish  horn; 
whorls  five  to  five  and  one-half  closely  coiled,  flatly  rounded, 
the  last  gibbous  on  the  last  half  and  constricted  behind  the 
peristome;  spire  somewhat  elevated  in  some  specimens,  but  flat 
in  others,  convex;  aperture  narrowly  lunate,  no  teeth  or  notches 
on  the  peristome;  parietal  wall  with  a  long,  narrow,  more  or  less 
elevated  tooth,  which  begins  near  the  center  of  the  parietal  wall 
and  extends  generally  to  the  umbilical  region  in  a  line  parallel 
with  the  basal  reflection  of  the  peristome;  peristome  white, 
thick,  reflected,  umbilicus  widely  open,  or  wholly  imperforate; 


FIG.  26. 
Jaw  of  POLYGYRA  MONODON  Rackett.     (Original.) 

the  region  strongly  depressed;  base  of  shell  rounded,  with   a 

transverse  internal  tubercle. 

Greater  diameter,  8.50;  lesser,  8.00;  height,  4.50  mill.  (8454.) 
9.00;  "  8.25;  "  5.25  "  (8453.) 
8.50;  "  7.75;  "  5.00  "  (9128.) 

Animal:  With  a  long,  narrow  foot  truncated  before,  pointed 
behind;  head  distinct;  tentacles  short,  cylindrical,  thick;  eye- 
peduncles  long,  thick,  not  much  tapering,  the  black  eyes  situ- 
ated on  large  swellings  at  the  tips;  color  brownish-yellow,  al- 
most black  on  head,  neck,  tentacles,  and  eye-peduncles,  lighter 
on  the  foot;  respiratory  orifice  not  large.  Heart  situated  be- 
tween the  tooth  on  the  parietal  wall  and  the  junction  of  the 
upper  part  of  the  peristome  with  the  body-wall.  Pulsations 
regular,  seventy-one  to  seventy-six  per  minute.  Length  of 
foot  II,  width  2  mill. 

Jaw:  Arched,  ends  blunt,  rounded;  anterior  surface  with 
seven  stout  ribs  which  denticulate  both  margins  (Fig.  26). 

Radula   formula:    f+Y+  V  +  i  +  V  +  Y+f (24-1  -24); 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  167 

central  tooth  as  in  var  .fraterna  ;  lateral  teeth  similar  to  those  in 
\&r.  fraterna,  the  inner  cusp  becoming  elongated  toward  the 
tenth  tooth;  marginal  teeth  similar  to  those  of  var '.  fraterna,  but 
the  last  three  teeth  with  three  outer  cusps  and  two  inner  cusps, 
the  second  from  the  left  being  much  the  larger.  There  are 
about  loo  rows  of  teeth. 

Genitalia:     See  var •.  fraterna. 

Distribution:  Ohio  and  Michigan  to  Minnesota,  south  to 
Nashville,  Tenn.,  and  Neosho  County,  Kan.  (Pilsbry.) 

Geological  distribution:  Pleistocene  of  the  Mississippi  Val- 
ley; Loess. 

Habitat:  Found  under  dead  logs  and  chips  in  most  locali- 
ties. Associated  with  Ga strodonta  arborea,  Vitrea  electrina,  Pyra- 
midula  striatella,  etc. 

Remarks:  This  species  is  distinguished  from  all  others 
found  in  the  area  by  its  white,  entire  peristome,  large  parietal 
tooth  and  its  (generally)  open  umbilicus.  In  a  recent  paper 
(Proc.  Phil.  Acad.,  1900,  p.  454),  Mr.  Pilsbry  has  rearranged 
the  nomenclature  of  this  species,  making  the  shell  formerly 
known  as  "lean  Ward"  the  typical  Monodon,  the  forms  hereto- 
fore known  under  that  name  becoming  variety  fraterna.  Mon- 
odon  is  one  of  our  most  common  species  and  is  generally  found 
in  little  colonies  of  from  six  to  a  dozen  or  fifteen  individuals. 
It  has  been  collected  in  the  southern  and  western  regions  only, 
but  will  no  doubt  be  found  in  the  northern. 
62  a.  Polygyra  monodon  fraterna  Say,  pi.  xxx,  fig.  3. 

Helix  fraterna  SAY,  Long's  Exped.,  Vol.  II,  p.  257,  pi.  xv,  fig.  3,  1824 

Shell:  Differing  from  Monodon  in  being  larger,  more  hir- 
sute, in  having  the  umbilicus  frequently  partly  closed  or  wholly 
imperforate  and  in  being  less  convex  than  the  type. 

Greater  diameter,  11.50;  lesser,  10.50;  height,  7.50  mill.  (9964.) 
11.00;  "  10.00;  "  7.00  "  (9964.) 
10.00;  "  9.00;  "  7.00  "  (8449.) 

Animal:  With  a  long,  narrow  and  cylindrical  foot,  trun- 
cated before  and  pointed  behind;  color  yellowish-white  on 
foot  and  sides  of  body,  darker  on  head,  tentacles,  eye-pedun- 
cles and  top  of  head;  eye-peduncles  very  long,  cylindrical; 
tentacles  short,  blunt;  foot  22  mill,  long,  5.50  mill.  wide.  Heart 
pulsations  regular,  one  hundred  per  minute.  The  pustules  on 
the  body  stand  out  very  prominently. 

Jaw :     As  in  Monodon  with  seven  ribs. 

Radula    formula :     >£  +  \  +  Y-  +i  +¥+i+ V  (3 1  - I  -  3 1 )  J 


168  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY   OF    SCIENCES. 

central  tooth  with  a  base  of  attachment  longer  than  wide,  the 
base  excavated  and  thelower  outer  corners  much  expanded;  re- 
flection tricuspid,  the  central  cusp  long  and  wide,  very  nearly 
reaching  the  lower  margin  of  the  base  of  attachment,  side 
cusps  very  short;  lateral  teeth  similar  to  the  central  tooth,  but 
bicuspid,  the  inner  cusp  much  the  larger;  marginals  Variable, 
at  first  similar  to  laterals,  but  soon  the  inner  cusp  (twenty)  be- 
comes bifid,  changes  into  a  perfect  cusp  (twenty-three  trifid), 
and  finally  the  reflection  becomes  very  narrow  and  with  three 
cusps,  of  which  the  central  one  is  the  largest  (Fig.  27).  There 
are  about  100  rows  of  teeth.  fJinney  gives  21—1-21  and  Morse 
28-1-28  teeth. 

Genitalia;  "The  characteristic  feature  of  the  genitalia  is 
the  penis  sac.  It  is  unproportionally  long,  club-shaped,  and 
greatly  enlarged  above,  where  it  receives  both  vas  deferens 
and  retractor  muscle.  The  genital  bladder  is  small,  elongate- 


FIG.  27. 

Radula'of  POLYGYRA  MONODON  FRATERNA  Say.  (Original.)  c,  central 
tooth;  11,  first  marginal  tooth;  16,  17,20,  intermediate  marginal  teeth;  23, 
27,  29,  outer  marginal  teeth. 

oval,  on  a  short,  delicate  duct.  The  epididymis  is  convoluted 
in  its  whole  length."  (W.  G.  Binney.) 

Distribution:  Canada  to  Minnesota,  south  to  North  Caro- 
lina and  San  Antonio,  Tex.  (Pilsbry.) 

Geological  distribution:  Pleistocene  of  the  Mississippi  Val- 
ley; Loess. 

Habitat:  Found  sparingly  under  pieces  of  bark,  chips,  logs, 
etc.,  in  open  patches  of  woodland  or  in  meadows.  The  variety 
in  this  area  does  not  congregate  together  but  is  found  either 
singly  or  with  one  or  two  companions.  Associated  sometimes 
with  P.  thyroides  and  Pyramidula  alternata. 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  169 

Remarks:  The  variety  (which  was  formerly  known  as  typ- 
ical monodon)  may  be  distinguished  from  the  typical  form  by 
its  larger  shell,  more  hirsute  surface  and  generally  less  widely 
open  umbilicus.  It  is  very  abundant  in  the  Big  Woods  west  of 
Evanston,  where  it  attains  a  large  size  and  great  perfection. 
It  is  rather  widely  distributed  but  has  not  yet  been  found  in 
the  southern  region.  The  forms  having  an  imperforate  um- 
bilicus are  rare  and  have  only  been  found  in  the  western  re- 
gion. 

Superfamily  Agnatha. 

Mouth  without  jaw;  radula  with  numerous  sharp,  aculeate 
or  fang-shaped  teeth,  the  center  tooth  wanting  or  rudimen- 
tary; neck  generally  elongated  and  furrowed  along  the  back; 
cerebral  ganglia  separated,  connected  by  a  rather  long  com- 
missure. 

FAMILY  TESTACELLID.E. 

"Animal  slug-like,  bearing  a  small  ear-shaped  shell  near 
the  posterior  extremity  of  the  body.  No  jaw.  Lingual  teeth 
long  and  narrow,  sharp-pointed,  in  oblique  series."* 

GENUS  TESTACELLA  Cuvier. 

"Animal:  Limaciform,  subcylindrical,  tapering  anteri- 
orly; tentacles  simple;  mantle  small,  posterior,  quite  near  the 
tail,  covered  with  a  small  external  shell;  no  longitudinal  fur- 
rows above  the  margin  of  the  foot,  and  no  caudal  mucus  pore; 
no  distinct  locomotive  disk;  external  respiratory  and  anal  ori- 
fice at  the  posterior  right  edge  of  the  mantle  under  the  peris- 
tome  of  the  shell;  combined  generative  orifice  behind  and  be- 
low the  right  eye-peduncle." 

"Shell:  External,  rudimentary,  imperforate,  ear-shaped, 
with  a  subspiral,  posterior  nucleus."  (Tryon.) 

Distribution:  Europe,  Canary  Islands,  United  States  (in- 
troduced). 

63.    Testacella  haliotoidea  Fer./pl.  xxxi,  fig.  24. 

Testacella   haliotoidea  FER.,  Hist.  Nat.  Des.  Moll.,  pi.  viii,  Figs.  5-9, 

1820. 

Shell:  Small,  ear-shaped,  partly  spiral;  apex  small,  sub- 
spiral,  posterior;  columella  broad,  flat,  excavated;  surface 

*Tryon,S.  and  S.  Conch.,  Vol.  3,  p.  n. 


170  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

roughened  by  growth  lines;  interior  white  and  pearly,  exterio 

chestnut  brown. 

Length,  7.00;  breadth,  4.50;  aperture,  length,  6.00;  breadth,  3.50  mill.  (16652.) 

Animal:  Limaciform,  broad  and  rounded  at  the  posterior 
end,  tapering  toward  the  anterior  end;  eye-peduncles  cylin- 
drical, rather  long,  the  eyes  at  their  tips;  tentacles  simple, 
short;  mantle  placed  near  the  posterior  end,  very  small;  sur- 
face of  body  roughened  by  small  folds  and  furrows;  no  pedal 
grooves  present;  color  brownish  on  back  and  sides  of  body, 
light  yellowish  on  base  and  sides  of  foot. 

Jaw:     Wanting. 

Radula:  20-0-20;  central  tooth  rudimentary  or  wanting; 
lateral  teeth  long  and  narrow,  with  a  barbed  point  and  a  swell- 


FIG.  28. 
Lateral  tooth  of  TESTACELLA  HALIOTOIDEA  Fer.    (Original.) 

ing  on  the  center  of  the  posterior  side.  There  are  about  50 
rows  of  teeth  (Fig.  28). 

Distribution:  Southern  Europe;  Great  Britain  and  Amer- 
ica (introduced);  Canary  Islands.- 

Geological  distribution:     Unknown. 

Habitat:  So  far  as  known  this  species  has  only  been  found 
in  this  country  in  greenhouses,  where  it  has  been  introduced 
on  plants. 

Remarks:  Testacella  is  one  of  the  few  truly  predaceous 
pulmonates.  It  is  nocturnal  in  habit  and  feeds  upon  worms, 
other  mollusks  and  even  upon  its  own  species.  It  will  pursue 
an  earthworm  through  its  many  subterranean  burrows  or  gal- 
leries with  a  persistency  that  recalls  the  ferocity  of  the  tiger. 
During  the  day  the  animal  buries  itself  deep  in  the  ground, 
and  in  winter  it  forms  a  cyst  or  cocoon  by  the  exudation  of 
mucus.  It  is  common  in  Southern  Europe  and  has  been  intro- 
duced into  Great  Britain,  where  it  has  multiplied  very  rapidly. 
At  the  present  time  it  is  known  in  this  country  in  the  green- 
houses at  Nova  Scotia,  at  Roxborough,  Philadelphia,  Penn.,  and 
one  specimen  has  been  found  in  the  greenhouses  at  Lincoln 
Park,  Chicago.  It  will  probably  be  found  in  the  greenhouses 
of  other  cities. 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  171 

Superfamily  Agnathomorpha. 

Mouth  provided  with  jaw;  radula  with  aculeate  teeth; 
mouth  frequently  developing  finger-like  appendages;  cerebral 
ganglia  concentrated,  in  close  contact. 

FAMILY  CIRCINARIIDyE. 

"Foot-edges  with  no. trace  of  pedal  grooves;  no  tail  gland; 
sole  undivided.  Side  teeth  unicuspid,  thorn  shaped,  with  nar- 
row basal-plates.  Shell  with  simple  lip  and  without  opaque 
markings."* 

GENUS  CIRCINARIA    (Bsck,  1837).     Pilsbry. 

Macrocyclis  Beck,  of  Authors. 

Selenites  Fischer,  1878  (nou  Hope).     Haplotrema  Anc. 

"Shell:  Thin,  widely  umbilicated,  depressed,  striate  or 
wrinkled,  color  uniform;  whorls  4^-5,  the  last  broad,  de- 
pressed, moderately  deflexed  in  front;  aperture  obliquely 
ovate;  peristome  somewhat  thickened  or  expanded,  the  mar- 
gins approximating,  the  basal  shortly  reflexed." 

"Animal:  Heliciform;  mantle  posterior,  covered  with  a 
shell;  eye-peduncles  long,  slender;  foot  narrow,  twice  as  long 
as  the  diameter  of  the  shell,  tail  pointed,  scarcely  reaching 
behind  the  shell;  respiratory  and  anal  orifices  on  the  right  ot 
the  mantle,  under  the  peristome  of  the  shell;  generative  orifice 
behind  the  right  eye-peduncle;  no  distinct  locomotive  disk  or 
caudal  mucus  pore.  Carnivorous." 

"Jaw:  Crescentic,  ends  sharply  pointed,  anterior  surface 
striated;  cutting  margin  smooth,  with  a  median  projection."** 

Radula:  With  numerous  rows  of  teeth  arranged  en  chev- 
ron. For  detail  of  the  radula  see  concavus. 

"Genitalia:  The  epididymis  is  extremely  long  and  very 
large,  forming  the  peculiar  feature  of  the  system.  The  geni- 
tal bladder  is  oval,  with  a  long  duct,  which  is  very  much  broader 
at  the  end  nearer  the  vagina.  The  penis  sac  is  long,  gradually 
tapering  at  its  apex,  where  it  receives  the  vas  deferens.  Upon 
the  side  of  the  vagina,  about  the  middle  of  its  length,  is  a  wart- 
like  protuberance,  which  may  be  a  dart-sac  or  a  vaginal  pros- 
tate."** 

Distribution:     North  America. 


"Pilsbry,  Guide  to  Helices,  p.  XXVIII. 

**\V.  G.  Binney,  Man.  Amer.  Land  Shells,  pp.  79  and  83. 


172  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES 

64.    Circinaria  concava  Say,  pi.  xxviii,  fig.  4. 

Helix]foncava  SAY,  Journ.  Phil.  Acad.,  Vol.  II,  p.  159,  1821. 

Helix  planorboides  FERUSSAC,  Hist.  Nat.  Des.  Moll.,  pi.  Ixxxii,  fig.  4. 

Helix  dissident  DESHAYES,  in  FERUSSAC,  Hist.  Nat.  Des.  Moll.,  Vol.  I, 

p.  97,  pi.  Ixxxiv,  figs.  1,  2. 

Shell:  Depressed,  rounded,  almost  flat  on  the  upper  sur- 
face; color  light  yellowish-horn,  with  a  tinge  of  greenish;  sur- 
face shining,  covered  with  numerous  crowded,  raised  lines  of 
growth;  whorls  five,  rounded  below,  flat  above,  the  outer  whorl 
somewhat  spreading  as  it  approaches  the  aperture;  spire  flat 
or  only  slightly  convex;  sutures  very  deeply  excavated  as  they 
approach  the  aperture;  aperture  rounded-oblique,  flattened 
above  by  a  deflection  of  the  peristome;  the  aperture  is  fre- 
quently tinged  with  brownish;  peristome  flattened  and  de- 
flected above  its  junction  with  the  last  whorl,  the  portion  near 
the  columella  subreflected;  columella  with  a  rather  thin  callus, 
which  connects  the  two  extremes  of  the  peristome;  umbilicus 
wide,  deep,  spreading,  showing  all  the  volutions  to  the  apex; 
base  of  shell  rounded. 
Greater  diameter,  15.00;  lesser,  12.50;  height,  6.50;  umbilicus,  5.00  mill. 

(10094.) 
Greater  diameter,  14.00;    lesser,  12.00;  height,  6.50;  umbilicus,  4.50  mill. 

(7766.) 

Animal:     (Fig.  29.)     With  a  narrow  body;  anterior  portion 
much  in  advance  of  shell;  color  blackish,  mottled  with  light 


FIG.  29. 
Animal  of  CIRCINARIA  CONCAVA  Say.    (After  Binney.) 

horn;  eye-peduncles  long,  cylindrical,  bluish,  eyes  at  tip,  on 
rounded  protuberances;  tentacles  comparatively  long  and  slen- 
der, cylindrical;  foot  obtusely  rounded  behind,  blunt  before; 
creeping  disk  long  and  rather  broad;  head  prominent;  respira- 
tory orifice  on  right  side  just  beneath  a  point  where  the  per- 
istome meets  the  body  of  the  last  whorl;  contractions  of  foot 
strongly  marked  when  viewed  through  a  glass;  base  of  animal 
dirty  white;  collar  reddish-orange.  Length  of  foot  14.25  mill., 
with  4.00  mill. 

The  heart  is  situated  5  mill,  from  the  edge  of  the  aper- 
ture, and  is  very  plainly  seen  through  the  transparent  shell, 


THE  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEY.  173 

especially  if  it  be  moistened.  The  pulsations  are  very  regular, 
but  vary  in  number,  being  more  numerous  when  the  animal  is 
extended,  as  during  locomotion,  and  few  when  the  animal  is 
contracted.  From  twenty  experiments  the  following  data  are 
taken,  ranging  from  the  smallest  to  the  highest  number:  50, 
56,  72,  75,  78,  82.  Temperature  greatly  affects  the  heart,  cold 
causing  it  to  apparently  cease,  while  heat  accelerates  its  action. 

Jaw:  Crescent-shaped,  with  bluntly  rounded  ends;  con- 
cave margin  smooth,  supporting  a  median  projection;  striated 
on  its  anterior  face  (Fig.  30,  B). 

Radula  formula:  V+f+^+f+V  (25  — I  — 25)  in  32  rows; 
central  tooth  small,  triangular,  with  a  rather  large  base  of  at- 
tachment which  is  much  expanded  on  the  outer  lower  corners; 
the  apex  of  the  triangle  is  truncated  and  incurved,  the  cut- 


FIG.  30. 

A,  teeth,  and  B,  jaw  of  CIRCINARIA  CONCAVA  Say.  (Original.)  c, 
central  tooth;  1,  first  lateral;  6,  sixth  lateral.  19,  thirteenth  marginal;  24, 
nineteenth  marginal. 

ting  point  long  and  well-developed,  with  subobsolete  side 
cusps;  lateral  teeth  with  as  ole-shaped  base  of  attachment,  the 
lower  lateral  expansions  angular;  cusps  long  and  slender,  cut- 
ting points  long  and  narrow,  with  subobsolete  side  points; 
marginals  (all  after  the  first  six)  long  and  aculeate,  base  of 
attachment  sole-like  with  long  and  narrow  cusps  and  cutting 
points  (Fig.  30,  A).  Binney  gives  20-1-20  and  23-1-23  teeth. 

Distribution:  Maine  west  to  Minnesota  and  Iowa,  Canada 
south  to  Georgia  and  Mississippi. 

Geological  distribution:     Pleistocene;  Loess. 

Habitat:  Found  buried  in  the  soil  under  dead  and  decaying 
logs,  fallen  underbrush  and  rubbish.  It  prefers  a  forest  that  is 


174  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

cool  and  damp,  and  affording  shade  from  the  sun's  rays.  The 
banks  of  rivers  are  good  localities. 

Remarks:  This  species  is  so  distinct  that  it  cannot  be  con- 
founded with  any  other.  It  is  rather  shy  in  captivity  and 
quickly  retracts  within  its  shell  when  disturbed.  It  is  not  a 
common  species  with  us,  and  has  thus  far  been  found  in  but 
few  localities.  Those  in  this  area  do  not  seem  to  congregate 
together  in  large  numbers,  as  do  many  of  our  snails,  but  are 
found  either  singly  or  only  two  or  three  together.  It  is  a  per- 
fect cannibal,  and  will  very  quickly  "clean  out"  a  snailery  of 
half  a  dozen  or  more  common  Helices.  Thrusting  out  its  long 
body  it  crawls  into  the  shells  of  its  victims,  and  no  matter  how 
far  the  latter  may  contract  within  their  shells,  it  is  of  no  avail 
against  the  carnivorous  appetite  of  'Circinaria.  It  may  well  be 
termed  the  tiger  of  the  Molluscan  kingdom.  It  preys  upon  its 
own  as  well  as  upon  other  species,  thus  being  in  truth  a  canni- 
bal. Thus  far  it  has  only  been  found  in  the  northern  and 
western  regions.  Concava  has  been  found  at  Bowmanville 
under  "starting"  bark  at  a  height  of  four  feet  from  the  ground. 
The  animal  is  very  nervous  in  progression,  constantly  extend- 
ing and  retracting  its  eye-peduncles,  the  shell  swaying  from 
side  to  side  with  a  wabbly  motion. 

On  May  18,  1897,  two  individuals  were  seen  in  copulation; 
the  coitus  lasting  over  ten  hours  (from  8  o'clock  a.  m.  until  6 
o'clock  p.  m.);  the  eye-peduncles  were  almost  drawn  into  the 
head,  and  the  foot  was  contracted  to  form  a  long  oval;  the 
heart  beat  very  slowly,  nineteen  pulsations  being  counted  per 
minute  (about  eighty  being  normal)  and  the  beats  were  very 
long. 

Superfamily  Aulacopoda. 

"Animal  with  well-developed  pedal  grooves.  Shell  sharp- 
lipped."  (Pilsbry.) 

FAMILY   ZONITID.E. 

"Marginal  teeth  with  narrow,  elongated  basal-plates,  and 
either  unicuspid  and  thorn-shaped  by  suppression  of  side  cusps, 
or  bicuspid  by  elevation  of  outer  on  middle  cusp.  Tail  gland 
often  present,  and  sole  frequently  tripartite."* 

*Pilsbry,  Guide  to  Helices,  p.  XXVIII. 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY   SURVEY, 


175 


Subfamily  Zonitinas. 
GENUS  OMPHALINA  Rafinesque. 

Omphalina  Rafinesque,  Enum.,  etc.,  p.  3,  1831. 
Mesomphix  (in  part)  BECK,  Index  Moll.,  p.  7,  1838. 

"Shell  rather  large  and  solid  but  thin,  umbilicated,  smooth 
below,  lacking  teeth  or  folds  within;  the  lip  simple  and  sharp." 

"Foot  double  grooved  above  its  margin,  the  grooves  meet- 
ing above  the  tail  in  a  mucus  pore;  sole  tripartite;  dorsal  sur- 
face from  head  to  mantle  entirely  lacking  longitudinal  grooves." 

"Genital  system  lacking  dart  sac  and  other  accessory 
gland.  In  0.  fuliginosa  the  penis  (P.),  is  a  rather  short  stout 


FIG.  31. 

Genitalia  of  OMPHALINA  FULIGINOSA  Griffith.  (After  Pilsbry,  Proc. 
Phil.  Acad.  Sci.,  18£4,  pi.  i,  Fig.  5.)  P,  penis;  agl,  albumen  gland;  ovd, 
oviduct;  rp,  retractor  muscle  of  penis;  sp,  spermatheca;  spd,  duct  of 
same;  vag,  vagina;  vd,  vas  deferens. 

sac,  with  the  retractor  muscle  (rp.)  inserted  at  its  apex,  and 
attached  distally  to  the  floor  of  the  lung.  Internally  the  distal 
half  of  the  cavity  of  the  penis  is  densely,  finely  and  rather 
sharply  granulated;  the  opening  of  the  vas  deferens  is  near  the 
apex  of  the  cavity,  and  is  not  provided  with  a  papilla.  The 
lower  portion  of  the  vas  deferens  (vd.)  is  enormously  swollen; 
and  for  a  short  distance  from  its  insertion  it  is  firmly  bound  to 
the  penis  itself." 

"The  vagina  (vag.)  is  curiously  swollen  near  the  base.     The 


176  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

spermatheca  (sp.)  is  large,  subglobular,  and  together  with  its 
rather  long  duct,  is  bound  firmly  to  the  oviduct.  The  albumen 
gland  (a.  gl.)  is  uncommonly  large"*  (Fig.  31). 

Jaw  and  Radula:     See  0.  fuliginosa. 

Distribution:     North  America. 

65  Omphalina  fuliginosa  Griffith,  pi.  xxviii,  fig.  15. 

Helix  fuliginom  GRIFFITH  in  Letters;  BINNEY,  Terr.  Moll.,  Vol.  II, 

p.  222,  pi.  xxxi,  1851. 
Helix  capillacea  PFEIFFER,  Symbolae,  Vol.  II,  p.  24,  not  FER.,  teste 

PER. 

Omphalina  cuprea  RAFINESQUE,  Enum.,  etc.,  p.  3. 
Omphalina  fuliginosa  polita  Pilsbry,  The  Nautilus,  Vol.  XI,  p.  129; 

Vol.  XII,  p.  86,  1898.    (Variety.^ 

Shell:  Depressed  above,  globose  below,  thin,  umbilicated; 
surface  shining,  covered  with  very  fine  lines  of  growth,  which 
seem  to  disappear  on  the  apical  whorls;  color  greenish-horn  or 
chestnut;  periphery  rounded;  sutures  little  impressed,  but 
well  marked;  whorls  six  and  one-half,  rounded,  rapidly  increas- 
ing, the  last  very  large  and  expanding;  spire  almost  flat;  aper- 


FIG.  32. 
Animal  of  OMPHALINA  FULIGINOSA  Griffith.    (After  Binney.) 

ture  large,  oblique,  lunately  ovate,  frequently  showing  irides- 
cence within;  peristome  simple,  very  thin  and  brittle,  a  thin 
testaceous  deposit  within;  columella  slightly  reflected,  termi- 
nations of  the  aperture  approaching,  often  connected  t>y  a 
light,  testaceous  deposit;  umbilicus  narrow,  deep;  base  of  shell 
globose. 

Greater  diameter,  16.00;  lesser,  14.00;  height,  10.50;  umbilicus  diame- 
ter, 175  mill.  (7732.) 

Animal:  (Fig.  32).  With  a  long,  narrow  foot,  broad  be- 
fore and  obtusely  pointed  behind;  color  black;  head,  neck  and 
eye-peduncles  very  dark;  eye-peduncles  of  medium  length, 
widely  separated,  tapering,  with  the  eyes  placed  at  their  ex- 
tremity; under  part  of  foot  whitish  or  grayish,  the  locomotive 
portion  separated  from  the  upper  part  by  several  scarcely  dis- 
tinguishable furrows;  pedal  grooves  extending  along  the  sides 

*Pilsbry,  Proc.  Phil.  Acad.,  1894,  p.  14. 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  177 

of  the  foot  from  the  head  to  the  posterior  extremity,  the  two 
ends  meeting  above  the  tail  where  a  rounded  and  prominent 
mucus  gland  is  formed.  This  gland  has  the  power  of  closing 
and  expanding. 

Jaw:  "Very  arcuate,  of  almost  uniform  breadth,  ends 
blunt;  anterior  surface  with  transverse  striae;  concave  margin 
simple,  with  a  well  developed,  blunt,  median  projection."  ( W. 
G.  Binney.) 

Radula:  "Lingual  membrane  very  broad,  composed  of  87 
rows  of  129  (64-1-64)  long,  slender  teeth  each;  centrals  tri- 
cuspid;  laterals  4,  bicuspid,  in  a  straight,  transverse  row;  mar- 
ginals aculeate,  in  a  somewhat  crescentic  row.  Another  mem- 
brane had  57-1-57  teeth."  (W.  G.  Binney.) 

Genitalia:     See  under  Omphalina. 

Distribution:  Southern  Canada  south  to  Florida,  west  to 
Michigan  and  Arkansas. 

Geological  distribution:     Pleistocene;  Loess. 

Habitat:     In  moist,  somewhat  open  woodlands. 

Remarks:  A  species  easily  distinguished  by  its  large  size 
and  glossy  surface.  The  only  locality  from  which  authentic 
specimens  have  been  obtained  is  near  Maywood,  in  1892.  Dur- 
ing the  last  three  years  the  writer  has  carefully  searched  all 
about  that  region  but  without  securing  a  single  specimen.  It 
is,  therefore,  a  doubtful  species  for  this  region. 

GENUS  VITREA  Fitzinger. 

Vitrea  FITZINGER,  Syst.  Verzeich,  p.  99, 1833. 

Hyalinia  AGASSIZ,  in  CHARPENTIER,  Nouv.  Mem.  Soc.  Helv.,  Vol.  I, 

p.  13, 1837. 

Hyalina  of  BINNEY,  TRYON,  and  other  authors. 
Polita  HELD,  Isis,  p.  916,  1837. 
Glyphyalinia  MARTENS,  Biol.  Cent.  Amer.  Moll.,  p.  117, 1892. 


FIG.  33. 
Animal  of  VITREA  CELLARIA  Muller.    (After  Binney.) 

Shell:  Small,  thin,  glassy,  shining,  heliciform;  spire  gen- 
erally depressed;  aperture  rounded  or  lunate;  peristome  very 
thin,  acute. 

Animal:  With  no  accessory  organs  upon  the  genital  sys- 
tem; dart  sac  not  present;  other  characters  as  in  Omphalina 
(Fig- 33)- 


178  THE    CHICAGO   ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

Distribution:     Europe  and  America. 

KEY  TO  SPECIES  OF  VITREA. 

A.  Shell  large,  exceeding  10  mill,  in  diameter;  widely  umbili- 

cated;  aperture  much  expanded draparnaldi 

B.  Shell  small,  less  than  10  mill,  in  diameter. 

a.  Shell  umbilicated hammonis 

b.  Shell  imperforate,  but  indented  about  the  umbilical  re- 

gion   indentata 

66.     Vitrea  draparnaldi  Beck,  pi.  xxviii,  fig.  5. 

Helix  draparnaldi  RECK,  Index  Moll.,  p.  6,.  1837. 

Shell:  Of  good  size,  depressed,  thin,  but  solid  when  adult, 
pellucid,  umbilicated;surfacesmooth,  polished,  shining,  marked 
by  numerous  very  fine,  oblique  lines  of  growth;  color  greenish- 
horn,  sometimes  lighter;  periphery  rounded;  sutures  very  de  eply 
impressed;  whorls  five  to  fiveand  one-half,rounded,  convex  very 
regularly  increasing,  the  upper  surface  flatly  convex;  aperture 
a  little  oblique,  transverse,  not  dilated,  the  transverse  diameter 
much  longer  than  the  height;  peristome  simple,  thickened,  ter- 
minations widely  separated;  umbilicus  round,  broad,  deep,  ex- 
hibiting a  few  of  the  volutions;  base  of  shell  rounded,  thick- 
ened within  by  a  deposit  of  bluish-white  testaceous  matter. 
Greater  diam.,  15.50;  lesser,  13.00;  height,  8.00;  umbilicus  diam.,  2.75  mill. 

(10108.) 

Greater  diam.,   7.00;  lesser,  5.75;  height,  3.00;  umbilicus  diam.,  1.50  mill. 
(10148.) 

Animal:  With  a  long,  narrow  foot,  long  and  slender  eye- 
peduncles,  and  short  tentacles;  color  slaty-blue,  indigo-blue  or 
blackish  above,  darker  on  head,  eye-peduncles  and  neck;  collar 
greenish;  animal  much  lighter  beneath;  a  locomotive  disk  pres- 
ent and  pedal  grooves  meeting  above  the  tail,  much  as  de- 
scribed in  V.fuliginosa.  Heart  situated  as  in  Zonitoidesarboreus, 
pulsations  regular,  numbering  as  follows:  46,  51,  52,  57,  61,  71, 
84.  In  some  specimens  the  beats  were  quite  irregular  and 
may  be  represented  by  the  following  diagram  (Fig  34)  in  which 
the  dash  represents  the  interval  between  each  heart-beat: 


FIG.  34. 
Diagram  showing  heart-beats  of  VITREA  DRAPARNALDI  Beck. 

The  smallest  number  of  beats  is  when  the  animal  is  con- 
tracted, and  the  largest  when  extended.  Length  of  foot  25.50 
mill.,  width  3.00  when  fully  extended. 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY. 


179 


Jaw:  Arched,  ends  bluntly  rounded;  dorsal  margin 
rounded,  ventral  margin  with  a  sharp  median  projection;  ante- 
rior surface  striated  (Fig.  35,  J). 

Radula  formula:  V+i+l+i+l+l+V  (14-1-14);  cen- 
tral tooth  very  long  and  narrow,  lower  outer  corners  of  base 
of  attachment  expanded  and  the  lower  border  with  a  central 
projection;  reflected  portion  tricuspid,  the  central  cusp  rather 
long  and  narrow,  the  side  cusps  almost  obsolete,  the  central 


Teeth  and  jaw  of  VITREA  DRAPARNALDI  Beck.  (Original.)  c,  cen- 
tral tooth;  2,  second  lateral;  3,  third  lateral;  4,  first  marginal;  10,  seventh 
marginal;  J,  jaw. 

cusp  only  having  a  cutting  point;  laterals  similar  to  central  but 
wider,  tricuspid,  the  central  cusp  short  and  wide,  the  inner  cusp 
the  same  and  the  outer  cusp,  small,  placed  higher  up  on  the 
reflection,  only  the  central  and  inner  cusp  having  cutting 
points;  the  outer  cusp  of  the  second  lateral  is  placed  higher  up 
than  on  the  first  lateral,  and  on  the  third  lateral  has  disap- 
peared; marginal  teeth  of  the  pure  aculeate  form  (Fig.  35). 
There  are  about  40  rows  of  teeth. 

Distribution:  Europe,  America  and  Australia  (introduced). 
Found  in  the  United  States  in  the  greenhouses  at  Seattle, 
Washington,  Oakland  and  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  Chicago,  111. 

Geological  distribution :     Pleistocene. 

Habitat:  In  greenhouses  on  plants,  but  more  generally 
under  or  about  old  boards  in  damp  places. 

Remarks:  This  species  is  somewhat  new  to  the  snail  fauna 
of  the  United  States,  and  has  been  found  only  in  California, 


180  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

Washington  and  Chicago.  It  is  the  largest  species  of  the  genus 
found  in  the  United  States,  and  may  be  known  by  its  flat  form, 
very  transverse  aperture,  deep  umbilicus  and  indented  umbili- 
cal region.  It  has  been  found  somewhat  plentifully  in  the 
greenhouses  at  Lincoln  Park,  Chicago,  but  is  particularly  large 
and  fine  in  the  greenhouses  at  Washington  Park,  where  it  is 
found  beneath  old  boards  under  the  flower  pot  shelves.  Speci- 
mens have  been  found  here  measuring  over  half  an  inch  in  di- 
ameter. It  has  not  been  found  outside  of  the  greenhouses.* 


FIG.  36. 

Comparative  figures  of  VITREA  and  ZONITOIDES.  (After  Morse, 
Amer.  Nat.,  Vol.  1,  Nos.  8  and  10.)  Enlarged.  1,  ZONITOIDES  ARBOREUS 
Say;  2,  VITREA  HAMMONIS  Strom;  3,  VITREA  INDENTATA  Say;  4,  ZON- 
ITOIDES MINUSCULUS  Binney. 

67.     Vitrea  Hammonis  Strom,  pi.  xxviii,  fig.  10. 

Helix  hammonis  STROM,  Act.  Nedross.,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  435,  pi.  vi.,  fig.  16, 

1795. 

Helix  radiatula  ALDER,  Cat.  North  and  Durh.,  p.  12,  No.  50,  1848. 
Helix  virtdula  MENKE,  Syn.  Meth.,  ed.  2,  p.  127. 
Helix  striatiila  GRAY,  non  Linne,  nee  Muller;  undescribed. 
Helix  nitidosa  FERUSSAC;  undescribed. 
Helix  electrina  GOULD,  Inv.  Mass.,  p.  183,  fig.  Ill,  1841. 
Helix pura  PFEIFFER,  Binney,  non  Alder. 
Helix  virtdula  PFEIFFER,  <?.r/arte,  1848,'non  1881;  Binney  apud  Pfeif- 

fer,  non  Menke. 

Helix  hammonis  WESTERLUND,  Morch,  Pfeiffer,  1881.| 
Hyalina pellucida  LEHNERT,  Science  Record,  June,  1884,  p.  141. 

Shell:  Small,  depressed,  thin,  umbilicated ;  surface  shining, 
the  lines  of  growth  well  marked,  impressed,  more  or  less  equi- 

*Mr.  W.  W.  Calkins  has  reported  the  finding  of  Zonites  alliarius  Muller  in  Chicago 
greenhouses,  but  thus  far  the  record  has  not  been  substantiated.  All  of  the  specimens 
have  been  draparnaldi. 

tFrom  Ball,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1885,  p.  269. 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  181 

distant;  color  brownish-horn,  transparent;  periphery  rounded; 
sutures  well  impressed;  whorls  four,  rapidly  enlarging,  the  last 
half  of  the  last  whorl  very  rapidly  enlarging  as  it  approaches 
the  aperture;  spire  flat  or  a  trifle  convex;  aperture  large,  trans- 
versely rounded,  somewhat  expanded;  peristome  simple,  with 
thickened  edge;  umbilicus  small,  round,  deep,  showing  several 
of. the  volutions,  the  umbilical  region  strongly  concave;  base 
of  shell  convex  (See  Fig.  36). 

Greater diam.,4.25;  lesser,  3.75;  ht.,2.50;  umbilicus  diam.,  0.50  mill.  (10103.) 
"      4.00;      "      3.50;    "    2.25;          "  "      0.50    "      (10104.) 

"      3.75;      "      3.00;    "    2.00;          "  "      0.50    "      (10652.) 

"      4.50;      "      4.00;    "    2.50;          "  "      0.75    "      (12290.) 

Animal:  With  a  long,  narrow,  transparent  foot,  with  pedal 
grooves  as  in  arboreus,  head,  neck  and  upper  part  of  animal 
black  or  blackish,  lighter  on  the  side  of  the  foot;  the  other 
characters  as  in  arboreus.  Heart  situated  as  in  the  previous 
species;  pulsations  regular  and  rapid,  95  per  minute  when  con- 
tracted and  1 30  when  extended.  Length  of  foot  6.00,  width 
i.oo  mill.  (Shell  4.25  mill,  greater  diameter.) 

Jaw:     Strongly  arched,  wide,  roundly  pointed  at  the  ends, 


FIG.  37. 
Jaw  of  VITREA  HAMMONIS  Strom.     (After  Morse.) 

which  are  a  little  upturned;  concave  margin  with  a  good  sized, 
rounded  median  projection,  and  two  or  three  smaller  projec- 
tions on  either  side  (Fig.  37). 

Radula  formula:  Y+f+i+f+¥  (27-1-27);  teeth  of 
the  same  general  type  as  those  of  Zonitoides  arboreus ;  central 
narrow,  tricuspid;  laterals  of  same  type,  but  bifid;  marginals 
aculeate.  There  are  about  55  rows  of  teeth. 

Distribution:  North  America,  Europe,  Asia.  In  North 
America  from  British  America  and  Northern  United  States 
south  to  South  Carolina  and  Colorado. 

Geological  distribution :     Pleistocene;  Loess. 

Habitat:  Same  as  Zonitoides  arboreus  and  usually  asso- 
ciated with  that  species. 

Remarks:  This  species  is  very  closely  related  to  Zonitoides 
arboreus  but  may  be  distinguished  by  its  darker  color,  the  more 
rapid  enlargement  of  the  last  whorl  and  its  different  shape 


182  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

when  viewed  from  the  aperture.  As  in  Z.  arboreus  the  head 
and  neck  are  carried  far  in  advance  of  the  shell,  when  in  mo- 
tion. This  is  also  a  common  species,  although  not  as  numer- 
ous in  individuals  as  Z.'arboreus.  It  seems  to  occupy  about  the 
same  localities  as  that  species. 

SECTION  GLYPHYALINIA  Martens,  1892. 

68.     Vitrea  indentata  Say,  pi.  xxviii,  fig.  11. 

Helix  indentata  SAY,  Journ.  Phil.  Acad.,  Vol.  II,  p.  372,  1822. 
Hyalinia  subrupicola  DALL,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  and  Geogr.  Surv.  of  Terr., 

Vol.  Ill,  p.  163,  1879. 
Zonites  indentatus  var.  untbilicatus  SINGLEY,  British  Naturalist,  April, 

1893,  p.  81. 

Shell:  Small,  depressed,  thin,  pellucid,  subperforated,  fre- 
quently almost  imperforate;  surface  shining,  polished,  covered 
with  strong,  impressed  striae  which  are  equidistant,  the  spaces 
on  the  last  whorl  being  much  wider  than  the  striae;  color,  yel- 
lowish or  dark  horn;  periphery  rounded;  sutures  impressed; 
whorls  four  and  one-half,  rapidly  increasing, the  outer  whorl  rap- 


FIG.  38. 
Jaw  of  VITREA  INDENTATA  Say.    (Original.) 

idly  enlarging  as  it  approaches  the  aperture;  spire  flat,  a  little 
convex;  aperture  large,  transversely  oval;  peristome  simple, 
thin,  acute,  the  lower  portion  extending  clear  to  the  umbilicus; 
umbilicus  not  perforated,  but  the  region  is  strongly  indented; 
base  of  shell  convex  ( Fig.  36).* 

Greater  diameter,  5.00;  lesser,  4.50;  height,  2.50  mill.    (10221.) 
5.00;      "       4.50;        "       2.75    "        (10222.) 

Animal:  Similar  to  Z.  arboreus  and  V.  hammonis;  black- 
ish above,  lighter  below  and  on  the  sides;  foot  9  mill,  long, 
2  mill,  wide,  shell  5  mill.,  greater  diameter.  Heart  as  in  the 
other  species  of  the  genus,  pulsations  regular,  160-162  beats 
per  minute.  When  the  animal  is  emerging  from  the  shell  the 
heart  almost  stops  beating. 

Jaw :  Long,  narrow,  somewhat  bow-shaped,  ends  bluntly 
pointed;  upper  margin  rounded,  lower  margin  with  a  broad, 
median  projection  (Fig.  38). 

*These  figures  are  introduced  to  enable  the  student  to  perceive  the  differences  between 
these  minute  shells. 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY   SURVEY.  183 

Radula  formula:  V +f  +  i  +  -f  +  ¥(39— !  ~39);  teeth  of 
the  same  type  as  others  of  the  genus;  central  tooth  longer  than 
wide,  the  base  of  attachment  with  widely  expanded  lower  outer 
corners,  tricuspid,  the  central  cusp  very  long  and  reaching 
much  below  the  edge  of  the  base  of  attachment,  side  cusps 
small;  lateral  teeth  similar  to  central,  bicuspid;  marginals  acu- 
leate, the  first  one  or  two  modified.  There  are  about  the  same 
number  of  rows  as  in  hammonis. 

Distribution:  Canada  to  Texas;  Dakota  to  Maine  and 
Florida;  "Lower  California  and  states  of  Jalisco  and  Morelos, 
Mexico."  (Pilsbry.)  Manitoba  ( Hanham). 

Geological  distribiition:     Pleistocene;  Loess. 

Habitat:     Same  as  arboreus  and  hammonis. 

Remarks:  This  species  may  be  distinguished  from  the  last 
by  its  subperforate  umbilicus  and  peculiar  equidistant  im- 
pressed striae.  The  two  species,  though  resembling  each  other 
when  casually  viewed,  are  readily  separated  when  the  charac- 
ters are  once  understood.  The  animal  is  very  rapid  and 
more  bold  than  the  other  species.  Indentata  is  as  widely  dis- 
tributed as  the  last  species,  but  is  not  nearly  as  common,  only 
a  few  individuals  being  found  together. 

GENUS  EUCONULUS  Reinhardt. 

Conulus,  FITZ,  1833;  nonRafinesque,  1814  (vide  Pilsbry,  The  Nautilus, 
Vol.  XIV,  p.  81). 

"Shell:  Imperforate,or  very  narrowly  perforate,  turbinate, 
arcti-spiral;  whorls  5  to  6,  rather  convex;  aperture  depressed- 
lunar,  the  penultimate  whorl  strongly  excided,  somewhat  ob- 
lique. Peristome  with  margin  separated." 

" Animal  (si  C.  fulvus):  Bluish-black  upon  the  head,  neck, 
and  eye-peduncles,  lighter  on  the  sides  and  base;  foot  very 
narrow,  thread-like.  A  distinct  caudal  mucus  pore."  (Bin- 
ney.)* 

69.     Euconulus  fulvus  Draparnaud,  pi.  xxviii,  fig.  17. 
Helix  fulva  DRAPARNAUD,  Hist.  Moll.,  1805. 
Helix  egena  SAY,  Journ.  Phil.  Acad.,  Vol.  V,  p.  T20, 1825. 
Comtlus  fulvus  mortoni  JEFFREYS  (vide  Pilsbry).    (Variety.) 
Conulus  fulvus  alaskensis  PILSBRY,  The  Nautilus,  Vol.  XII,  p.  116, 

1899.     (Variety.) 

Shell:  Subconical,  turreted,  thin,  pellucid,  convex  above, 
rounded  below,  subperforate;  surface  shining,  smooth,  marked 

*W.  G.  Binney,  Man.  Amer.  Land  Shells,  p.  67. 


184  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

by  very  fine,  oblique,  crowded  growth  lines,  which  disappear 
on  the  large,  rounded,  flat  nucleus;  color  light  yellowish-horn; 
periphery  rounded;  sutures  deeply  impressed;  whorls  six,  nar- 
row, rounded,  very  regularly  increasing;  spire  generally  ele- 
vated, sometimes  a  little  depressed,  convex;  aperture  trans- 
verse, wider  than  high,  somewhat  moon-shaped  in  some  speci- 
mens, contracted  by  the  body-whorl;  peristome  thin,  acute, 
simple,  the  terminations  widely  separated;  umbilical  region 
indented,  but  the  umbilicus  closed  or  minutely  perforated,  base 
rounded;  last  whorl  angular  in  front,  the  angularity  becoming 
obsolete  on  the  latter  part  of  the  whorl. 

Greater  diameter,  2.25;  lesser,  2.00;  height,  1.75  mill.  (10648.) 
2.75;  "  2.25;  "  1.75  "  (10647.) 
2.QO;  "  2.50;  "  2.00  "  (10107.) 
«8.00;  "  2.50;  "  2.50  "  (12295.) 
3.00;  "  2.80;  "  2.75  "  (Coll.  Jensen.) 

Animal:     With  a  long  and  narrow  foot,  with  distinct  cau- 
dal mucus  pore  and  pedal  grooves;  tentacles  short  and  blunt; 


FIG.  39. 

Teeth  of  EUCONULUS   FULVUS  Drap.    (Original.)    c,  central   tooth; 
1,  first  lateral;  15,  fifth  perfect  marginal;  J,  jaw. 

eye-peduncles  long  and  tapering;  color  blackish  on  head,  neck 
and  eye-peduncles,  rest  of  body  dirty  white;  a  black  stripe 
extends  from  each  eye-peduncle  over  the  back  to  the  shell. 
When  viewed  dorsally  the  animal  is  almost  hidden  by  the  shell, 
which  is  large  in  comparison  with  the  foot.  Heart  situated 
near  the  umbilical  region,  pulsations  variable,  ranging  from 
one  hundred  and  thirty-five  to  one  hundred  and  fifty  per  minute. 
As  in  all  mollusks,  warmth  accelerates  the  action  of  the  heart. 
A  specimen  measuring  4  mill,  in  length  was  almost  jet  black 
in  color. 

Jaw:     Strongly  arched,  very  wide  in  the  middle  and  taper- 
ing at  either  end,  which  is  rather  pointed;  margins  smooth,  no 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  185 

ribs;  inferior  margin  with  a  large,  well-developed  median  pro- 
jection (Fig.  39,  J). 

Radula  formula:  ^  +  -f +  1 +  i  +  f  +  -f +  V  (28-1—28); 
central  tooth  with  a  base  of  attachment  almost  as  wide  as  high, 
much  produced  at  the  outer,  lower  corners;  reflection  tricuspid, 
the  central  cusp  very  long,  reaching  below  the  edge  of  the  base 
of  attachment,  wide,  the  side  cusps  short  and  wide;  lateral 
teeth  similar  to  central  tooth,  but  the  inner  lower  angle  of  the 
base  of  attachment  suppressed  and  the  reflection  bicuspid,  the 
inner  cusp  long,  reaching  below  the  base  of  attachment,  and 
the  outer  cusp  short,  but  longer  than  in  the  central  tooth;  the 
transition  teeth  similar  to  the  laterals  but  the  cusps  shortening 
and  becoming  more  equal;  marginal  teeth  narrow,  long,  bicus- 
pid, the  cusps  of  equal  size.  All  of  the  teeth  have  well-devel- 
oped cutting  points  (Fig.  39).  There  are  about  80  rows  of 
teeth. 

Genitalia :     Unknown. 

Distribution:  Europe,  Asia,  United  States  south  to  Texas  ; 
Southern  Canada  and  Alaska.  Palaearctic. 

Geological  distribution:     Pleistocene;  Loess. 

Habitat:  Found  associated  with  Zonitoides  arboreus,  Punc- 
tum  pygmceum,  Bifidaria  curvidens,  etc.,  under  stones  and  sticks, 
in  old  and  rotting  logs.  It  requires  a  moist  locality. 

Remarks:  This  is  one  of  our  most  common  mollusks.  The 
specimens  from  this  region  are  very  constant,  exhibiting  little 
or  no  variation,  and  may  be  easily  known  by  their  rounded 
spires  and  closely  coiled  whorls.  The  animal  is  rather  shy  and 
crawls  about  with  a  wabbly  motion  as  though  the  shell  were 
too  heavy  for  it.  The  writer  has  found  it  particularly  abundant 
in  the  woods  about  Bowmanville,  under  and  crawling  over 
chips  and  fallen  pieces  of  bark.  Prof.  Pilsbry  has  shown*  that 
there  are  two  species  of  Conulus  which  are  generally  mixed 
together,  viz.,  the  present  species  and  C.  chersinus  Say,  which 
is  a  shell  with  a  much  more  turreted  spire  and  more  closely 
coiled  whorls.  The  teeth  of  the  two  species  are  widely  differ- 
ent, the  present  species  having  the  formula  28-1-28  (original), 
30-1-30  Binney,  while  chersinus  has  18-1-18  according  to  Morse. 
I  feel  certain  that  Morse  had  chersinus  when  he  examined  the 
dentition,  for  the  reason  that  a  number  of  personal  examina- 
tions of  undoubted  fulvus  all  gave  28-1-28.  The  present 
species  is  found  throughout  the  area. 

*The  Nautilus,  Vol.  XII,  p.  113. 


186  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

Subfamily  Ariophantina-. 
GENUS  ZONITOIDES  Lehmann. 

Whorls  rounded  below,  polished;  aperture  without  callus; 
otherwise  similar  to  Gastrodonta. 

KEY  TO  SPECIES  OF  ZONITOIDES. 

A.  Shell  large,  polished,  smooth. 

1.  Shell  6-7  mill,  in  diameter,  spire  elevated;  aperture  lunate  .  .nitidus 

2.  ShellS  mill,  in  diameter,  spire  depressed;  aperture  trans- 

versely rounded arboreus 

B.  Shell  small,  striated. 

1.    Shell  less  than  3  mill,  in  diameter,  umbilicus  spreading, 

not  deep minusculus 

70.     Zonitoides  nitidus  Miiller,  pi.  xxviii,  fig.  16. 

Helix  nitida  MULLER,  Hist.  Verm.,  Vol.  II,  p.  32,  1774. 
Helix  hydrophila,  INGALLS,  Mss. 

Shell:  Orbicularly  depressed,  thin,  umbilicated;  surface 
shining,  covered  with  rather  strong  lines  of  growth;  color 
smoky-horn;  periphery  rounded;  sutures  impressed;  whorls 
five,  convex,  regularly  increasing,  except  the  last,  which  is 
very  large  in  proportion,  and  obtusely  angled  on  the  periphery 
as  it  approaches  the  aperture;  spire  rather  elevated,  convex; 
aperture  lunate,  oblique;  peristome  simple,  acute,  the  basal 
margin  bow-shaped;  terminations  of  aperture  not  approaching; 
umbilicus  round,  broad,  deep,  exhibiting  the  volutions  to  the 
apex;  base  of  shell  concave  about  the  umbilicus,  convex  on 
the  last  whorl. 

Gr.  diam.,  6.00;  lesser, 5.00;  height,  4.00;  umbilicus  diam.,  1.25  mill.  (10224.) 
6.25;       "     5.50;        "      3.00;  "  1.50    "      (12294.) 

6.00;       "      5.00;        "      3.00;  "  1.25    "      (12224.) 

Animal:  Blackish  or  grayish,  otherwise  similar  to  Z.  ar- 
boreus Say.  The  heart  is  situated  in  a  direct  line  with  the  in- 
ferior portion  of  the  peristome,  to  the  left  of  the  umbilicus; 
pulsations  regular,  one  hundred  and  one  per  minute  when 
crawling  on  glass  and  one  hundred  and  twenty-three  to  one 
hundred  and  thirty-eight  when  held  in  the  hand;  holding  the 
shell  in  the  hand  seems  to  irritate  or  excite  the  animal,  and 
cause  the  pulsations  to  increase.  Length  of  foot  when  ex- 
tended 9.00  mill.,  width  1.50  mill. 

Jaw:     Similar  to  that  of  arboreus, 

Radula  formula:  V+l  +  i+H"  ^(24—  I  —  24);  central 
tooth  with  a  base  of  attachment  which  is  longer  than  wide;  re- 
flected portion  tricuspid,  the  central  cusp  very  long,  the  side 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY   SURVEY.  187 

cusps  very  short;  lateral  teeth  (five  in  number)  similar  to  cen- 
trals, but  bifid,  with  the  inner  cusp  the  longest;  marginals  acu- 
leate. The  cusps  all  have  well-developed  cutting  points.  The 
radula  is  similar  in  type  to  that  figured  under  Z.  arboreus. 

Distribution:  Circumpolar.  Northern  United  States  and 
British  America,  Northern  Europe  and  Asia.  Introduced  into 
the  United  States. 

Geological  distribution:     Pleistocene;  Loess. 
Habitat:     Same  as  Z.  arboreus. 

Remarks:  This  is  a  neat  little  species,  distinguished  from 
its  congeners  by  its  large  size,  elevated  spire  and  its  rounded 
aperture.  It,  \\Vzarboreus,  loves  company,  and  is  always  found 
in  little  colonies.  The  animal  is  peculiar  in  being  so  very  black. 
It  is  widely  distributed. 
71.  Zonitoides  arboreus  Say,  pi.  xxviii,  fig.  9. 

Helix  arborea  SAY,  Nich.  Encycl.,  pi.  iv,  fig.  4,  1816;  BINNEY'S  ed.,  p. 

5,  pi.  Ixxii,  fig.  5. 

Helix  ottonis  PFEIFFER,  Olim.  Weigm.  Arch.,  Vol.  I,  p.  251,  1840. 
Helix  breweri  NEWCOMB,  Proc.  Cal.,  Acad.  Sci.,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  118,  1864. 
Hyalina  viridula  COCKERELL,  Science  Gossip,  p.  257,  1889. 

Shell:  Depressed,  thin,  umbilicated;  surface  shining,  the 
lines  of  growth  being  so  fine  that  the  surface  appears  smooth 
unless  examined  with  a  powerful  glass;  color  amber,  some- 
times whitish;  periphery  rounded;  sutures  impressed;  whorls 
five,  regularly  and  evenly  increasing,  rounded;  spire  depressed, 
a  trifle  convex;  aperture  rounded,  a  little  transverse;  peristome 
simple,  thin;  umbilicus  deep,  narrow,  the  region  indented; 
base  of  shell  convex  (see  Fig.  36). 

Gr.diam.,  5.00;  lesser,  4.75;  height,  2.75;  umbilicus  diam.,  0.75;  mill.  (10095.) 

5.25;      "      5.00;      "        3.00;               "               0.85;  "     (10649.) 

5.00;      "      4.50;      "        2.50;               "               0.85;  "     (10096.) 

5.00;      "      4.50;      "        3.00;               "               1.00;  "    -(10098.) 

Atiimal:  With  a  long,  narrow,  transparent  foot,  with 
longitudinal  furrows;  head,  neck  and  eye-peduncleg  jet  black, 
the  rest  of  the  body  white  and  transparent  except  near  the 
upper  part,  where  it  is  bluish;  eye-peduncles  long  and  slender, 
with  the  eyes  at  their  extremity;  inferior  tentacles  very  short, 
blunt;  length  of  foot  6.OO  mill.;  width  0.75;  pedal  grooves 
and  mucus  pore,  as  usual  in  the  genus;  eye-peduncles  2  mill. 
in  length  (shell  5  mill,  in  greatest  diameter).  The  heart  is 
situated  to  the  left  of  the  aperture  on  the  outer  edge  of  the 
body-wall.  The  pulsations  are  rapid  and  regular;  one  hundred 


188 


THE    CHICAGO   ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 


pulsations  per  minute  were  counted  when  the  animal  was  con- 
tracted, and  one  hundred  and  forty-eight  to  one  hundred  and 
sixty  when  it  was  extended. 

Jaw :  Long,  narrow, bow-shaped, the  ends  bluntly  pointed; 
upper  margin  with  a  median  depression,  lower  margin  with  a 
very  wide,  blunt  median  projection  (Fig.  40,  J). 

Radula  formula:  -f-+f +|+i+|+|+!  (16-1-16);  cen- 
tral tooth  squarish,  a  little  longer  than  wide,  tricuspid,  the  cen- 


Radula  of  ZONITOIDES  ARBOREUS  Say.     (Original.)    c,  central  tooth; 
1,  first  lateral;  6,  first  marginal;  10,  fifth  marginal;  J,  jaw. 

tral  cusp  very  long  and  wide  and  reaching  below  the  base  of 
attachment,  lateral  cusps  short;  lateral  teeth  five  in  number, 
similar  to  central,  but  bicuspid,  the  inner  cusp  very  long,  the 
outer  cusp  short;  marginal  teeth  eleven  in  number,  thorn- 
shaped,  all  but  the  first  three  (which  are  bicuspid,  the  outer 
cusp  being  very  small)  unicuspid;  the  teeth  decrease  in  size  as 
the  side  of  the  membrane  is  approached  (Fig.  40).  There  are 
about  80  rows  of  teeth.  Morse  gives  21-1-21  teeth. 

Distribution:     Entire  United  States;  British  America. 

Geological  distribution :     Pleistocene;  Loess. 

Habitat:     Found  plentifully  under  dead  leaves,  rotten  logs, 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  189 

in  crevices  of  rotting  wood,  and  under  the  bark  of  fallen,  rot- 
ten logs. 

Remarks:  This  is  the  most  common  of  our  small  land 
snails.  When  in  progression  the  shell  is  carried  on  the  back 
at  an  angle  of  45  degrees,  tipping  to  the  left  side  of  the  body, 
and  the  head  and  neck  are  stretched  far  in  advance  of  the  aper- 
ture of  the  shell.  The  eye-peduncles  are  always  nervously 
thrust  about  as  though  searching  for  danger,  and  the  least 
noise  or  jar  will  cause  them  to  be  drawn  into  the  body.  Arbo- 
reus  is  infested  by  a  curious  parasite,  Distoma  appendiculata 
Leidy,*  which  is  sometimes  found  in  considerable  numbers. 
Arboreus  is  more  widely  distributed  than  any  other  (excepting, 
perhaps,  Pyramidula  alternatd)  in  this  region,  and  there  is  prob- 
ably not  a  single  locality  where  it  is  not  found.  It  loves  com- 
pany and  is  generally  found  by  the  dozen  under  the  bark  of 
decaying  trees  or  under  chips  of  wood. 

SECTION  PSEUDOHYALINA  Morse. 

Surface  of  shell  strongly  striated. 
72.     Zonitoides  minusculus  Binney,  pi.  xxviii,  fig.  12. 

Helix  minusciila  BINNEY,  Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  435,  pi. 

xxii,  fig.  4, 1840. 

Helix  minutilis  MORELET,  nee.  FERUSSAC,  Test.  Nov.,  Vol.  II,  p.  1. 
Helix  apex  ADAMS,  Contr.  Conch.,  p.  36. 

Helix  lavelleana  D'ORBIGNY,  Moll.  Cub.,  in  text,  p.  161,  excl.  pi.  1853. 
Helix mauriniana  D'ORBIGNY,!.  c.,in  pi.  viii, figs. 20-22,  excl.  text.  1853. 
Zonites  minusculus  var.  alachuana  DALL,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  p.  270, 

1885.    (Variety.) 

Shell:  Small,  depressed,  thin,  umbilicated;  surface  shin- 
ing, lines  of  growth  strong;  color  white,  periphery  rounded; 
sutures  deeply  impressed;  whorls  four,  convex,  slowly  and  regu- 
larly increasing  in  size;  spire  almost  flat,  a  trifle  convex;  aper- 
ture very  nearly  circular,  not  expanded;  peristome  simple, 
acute,  the  basal  margin  rounded;  terminations  of  aperture  not 
approaching;  umbilicus  very  large,  deep,  exhibiting  all  the  vo- 
lutions to  the  apex;  columella  with  a  thin,  testaceous  deposit; 
base  of  shell  convex  (see  Fig.  36). 

Greater  diameter,  1.50;  lesser,  1.30;  height,  0.75  mill.  (10235.) 
2.50;      "       2.10;      "       0.75     "      (12293.) 

Animal:  With  a  narrow  foot  of  medium  length;  eye-pe- 
duncles not  very  long,  cylindrical;  color  bluish-white;  mucus 

*Proc.  Phil.  Acad.,  p.  202,  1877. 


190  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

pore  placed  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  extremity  of  the  foot; 
pedal  grooves  distinct. 

Jaw:  Similar  in  shape  to  that  of  Vitrea  indentata,  with  a 
broad,  inconspicuous  median  projection  (see  Fig.  38). 

Radula  formula:  f +|+f +i+f+ir+H"-i-i2);  teeth 
similar  in  form  to  those  of  arboreus,  excepting  that  they  are  a 
little  wider;  the  fourth  lateral  is  modified.  There  are  over  50 
rows  of  teeth. 

Distribution:  "Ontario  to  Florida,  west  to  Montana,  Ari- 
zona and  New  Mexico,  Bermuda."  (Pilsbry.)  West  Indies, 
Japan.  (Binney.)  Manitoba.  (Hanham.) 

Geological  distribution :     Pleistocene;  Loess. 

Habitat:     Found  in  and  about  rotting  logs  in  damp  woods. 

Remarks:  A  common  species,  distinguished  by  its  small 
size,  flattened  spire  and  very  wide  umbilicus.  The  animal  is 
very  timid  in  captivity,  hesitating  a  longtime  before  starting 
to  crawl  over  the  surface  upon  which  it  has  been  placed.  Like 
the  Vitreas  which  it  somewhat  resembles,  this  little  species  is 
widely  distributed,  and  will  ultimately  be  found  to  be  as  com- 
mon as  Z.  arboreus,  when  all  parts  of  the  area  are  thoroughly 
explored. 

GENUS  QASTRODONTA  Albers. 

Gastrodonta  ALBERS,  Die  Helicien,  p.  88;  Malak.  Blatter,  Vol.  IV,  p. 

91,  1857. 
Ventridens  BINNEY  &  BLAND,  Land  and  Fr.  Wat.  Shells,  N.  A.,  Part  I, 

p.  292,  1869. 

Shell:  Usually  umbilicated,  rather  thin;  horn-colored, 
glassy,  covered  with  coarse  striae;  whorls  five  to  seven;  aper- 
ture lunate,  exhibiting  two  modifications:  (i)  with  teeth  or  lam- 
inae on  the  base  (gularis  Say);  (2)  with  a  strong  white  callus 
on  the  floor  of  the  last  whorl  (ligera  Say);  peristome  simple, 
acute. 

Animal:  Generally  blackish;  head,  neck  and  eye-pedun- 
cles much  darker,  the  latter  very  long;  mucus  pore  a  longi- 
tudinal furrow,  situated  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  extremity 
of  the  foot,  and  opened  and  closed  at  will.  Locomotive  disk 
furrowed  above  the  margin  of  the  foot.  Genitalia  provided 
with  a  dart  sac,  in  which  is  contained  a  long,  curved,  calcareous 
dart  upon  the  vagina.* 

*Pilsbry,  Proc.  Phil.  Acad.,  1894,  p.  16. 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  191 

Distribution:     Europe  and  America. 

KEY  TO  SPECIES  OF  GASTRODONTA. 

A.  Shell  depressed,  spire  almost  flat demissa 

B.  Shell  globular,  spire  much  elevated ligera 

73.    Qastrodonta  ligera  Say,  pi.  xxviii,  fig  14. 

Helix  ligera  SAY,  Journ.  Phil.  Acad.,  Vol.  H.'p.  157,  1821. 

Helix  rafinesquea  FERUSSAC,  Tab.  Syst.,  p.  50;lHist.[pl.  li,  a,  fig.  5;  pi. 

1,  a,  figs.  4,  5, 1822. 
Helix  wardiana  LEA,  Trans.  Amer.JPhil.  Sec.,  Vol.  VI,  p.  67,  pi.  xxiii, 

fig.  82,  1839. 
G astro donta  ligera  stonei  PILSBRY,  The  Nautilus.iVol.  Ill,  p.  46, 1889. 

(Variety.) 

Shell:  Umbilicated,  orbicular,  convex;  epidermis  shining, 
straw-colored  or  yellowish-horn  color,[deep  yellow  on  the  base 
of  the  last  whorl,  the  color  frequently  running  high  up  toward 
the  suture;  whorls  seven,  covered^with  closely  crowded,  trans- 
verse striae,  which  disappear  on  the  base  of  the  shell;  umbil- 
icus small,  rounded  and  deep,  appearing  to  extend  clear  to 
the  apex  of  the  shell;  umbilical  region  impressed;  sutures 
impressed;  aperture  rounded,  semilunate.'the  base  and  side  of 
the  last  whorl  being  covered  by  a  thick,  white  deposit  of  tes- 
taceous matter,  greatly  thickening  that  portion  of  the  shell; 


FIG.  41. 
Animal  of  GASTRODONTA  LIGERA  Say."*  (Binney,  fig.  68.) 

peristome  thin,  acute;  spire  elevated,  exhibiting  nearly  all  the 
whorls  in  a  lateral  view. 

Gr.  diam.,  12.00;  lesser,  11.00;  height/  9.50;  umbil.  diam.,  l.CO  mill.    (8460.) 
8.75;       "         8.00;      "        6.50;       "          "       0.75     "       (8461.) 

Animal  (Fig.  41):  With  a  long  andjnarrow  foot,  acutely 
pointed  behind;  color  slaty-black  on  the  upper  surface,  lighter 
on  the  base  and  posterior  extremity,  grayish  on  the  collar; 
eye-peduncles  tapering,  slender,  rather  long,  eyes  placed  as 
usual;  other  characters  as  described  for  the  genus. 

Jaw:  Not  examined.  Said  by  Binney  to  be  "strongly 
arcuate,  ends  rounded;  anterior  surface  striated;  concave  mar- 
gin with  a  well-developed  median  projection." 

Radula  formula:  V  +  ¥+i+  ¥  +  ¥  (38—1—38);  centrals 
tricuspid,  the  central  cusp  long,  the  side  cusps  short;  lateral 
teeth  similar,  but  bicuspid,  the  inner  cusp  the  longest;  mar- 


192  -THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF   SCIENCES. 

ginal  teeth  aculeate.  The  teeth  are  similar  in  type  to  those  of 
the  Zonitidse. 

Genitalia:  Genital  bladder  "small,  oval,  on  a  long,  deli- 
cate duct,  from  about  the  middle  of  the  length  of  which  there 
is  a  connecting  duct  to  the  middle  of  the  penis  sac  and  a  second 
duct  to  the  apex  of  the  dart  sac."  Penis  long,  large  near  the 
vagina,  "tapering  above,  and  furnished  below  its  apex  with  an 
accessory,  short,  delicate,  cylindrical  gland,  terminating  in  a 
small  pyriform  bulb.  The  dart  is  long,  delicate,  strictly  arrow- 
shaped  with  pointed,  enlarged  head  and  much  thickened  at 
the  posterior  termination.  The  penis  sac  is  stout,  short,  re- 
ceiving at  its  apex  the  vas  deferens,  on  the  commencement  of 
which  the  retractor  muscle  is  inserted."* 

Distribution:  Ontario,  Canada,  to  Michigan,  south  to  In- 
dian Territory,  Louisiana,  Virginia  and  Tennessee.  (Pilsbry.) 

Geological  distribution:  Pleistocene  of  the  Mississippi  Val- 
ley; Loess. 

Habitat:  Found  rather  sparingly  in  moist  situations  near 
bodies  of  water  of  greater  or  lesser  size.  Prefers  the  under 
side  of  old  logs  and  the  depths  of  dead  brush  heaps. 

Remarks:  Easily  recognized  by  its  globose  form,  some- 
what elevated  spire  and  deeply  impressed  base.  It  is  not  a 
common  species,  and,  so  far  as  known,  is  confined  to  the  south- 
ern region,  about  the  chain  of  lakes. 

74.    Gastrodonta  demissa  Binney,  pi.  xxviii,  fig.  6. 

Helix  demissa  BINNEY,  Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  Vol.  IV,  p.  361,  pi. 
xvi,  fig.  16,  1843. 

Gastrodonta  demissa  brittsii  PILSBRY,  The  Nautilus,  Vol.  XI,  p.  132, 
1898.  (Variety.) 

Shell:  Umbilicated,  depressed,  convex;  epidermis  as  in 
ligera;  whorls  six,  covered  with  coarse,  closely  crowded,  trans- 
verse striae,  disappearing  on  the  base;  umbilicus  small,  round, 
deep;  umbilical  region  impressed;  suture  impressed;  aperture 
transverse,  oblique,  the  base  of  the  last  whorl  with  a  deposit  as 
in  ligera;  peristome  thin,  acute;  spire  very  much  depressed,  so 
that  all  the  whorls  cannot  be  seen  when  viewed  laterally;  base 
of  shell  flat,  smooth;  last  whorl  but  little  expanded  toward 
the  aperture. 

Greater  diameter,  8.50;  lesser,  7.25;  height,  4.00;  umbilicus  diameter, 
0.50  mill.  (8459.) 

Animal:     Not  differing  in  general  form  from  ligera;  color 

*\V.  G.  Binney,  Man.  Am.  Land  Shells,  p.  214. 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  193 

dirty  white,  blackish  or  bluish  on  head,  tentacles  and  eye- 
peduncles;  pedal  grooves  and  mucus  pore  as  in  ligera. 

Jaw:     Similar  to  that  of  ligera. 

Radula  formula:  y  +  ^5  '+£4-^  +  8,9  (45_!_45);  charac- 
ters of  the  teeth  not  differing  essentially  from  those  of  ligera. 

Genitalia:  Differing  from  ligera  in  having  a  second  acces- 
sory pyriform  gland  to  the  dart  sac.  (Binney.) 

Distribution:  Western  Pennsylvania  to  Georgia,  west  to 
Arkansas  and  eastern  Texas.  (Pilsbry.) 

Geological  distribution:     Pleistocene;  Loess. 

Habitat:     Same  as  that  of  ligera. 

Remarks:  Distinguished  from  ligera  by  its  smaller  size, 
more  depressed  spire  and  transverse  aperture.  This  is  not  a 
common  species  and  seems  to  be  confined  to  the  southern 
region,  as  no  specimens  have  thus  far  been  collected  in  any 
other  part  of  the  territory. 

FAMILY 


"Shell  rudimentary,  a  calcareous  plate,  not  spiral,  concealed 
under  the  mantle,  and  covering  the  respiratory  cavity.  Foot 
with  or  without  mucus  pore;  jaw  oxygnathous,  arcuated,  with- 
out ribs,  with  a  rostriform  projection  on  the  inferior  margin; 
lingual  plate  with  a  tricuspidate  central  tooth,  the  middle  cusp 
long  and  narrow,  laterals  bi-  or  tricuspidate,  marginals  narrow, 
sharp,  uni-  or  bicuspidate."  (Tryon.)* 

GENUS  LIMAX  Linne,  1758. 

"Animal  attached  its  whole  length  to  the  foot,  subcylin- 
drical,  tapering  behind,  bluntly  truncate  anteriorly;  tentacles 
simple;  mantle  small,  anterior,  enclosing  a  shelly  plate;  no 
caudal  mucus  pore;  a  distinct  locomotive  disk;  external  anal 
and  respiratory  orifices  at  the  right  posterior  margin  of  the 
mantle;  orifice  of  combined  generative  organs  behind  and  be- 
low the  right  peduncle." 

"Shell-plate  testaceous,  thin,  flat,  longer  than  wide,  with 
concentric  striae  of  increase,  internal." 

"Jaw  smooth  with  median  projection.  Lingual  membrane 
long  and  narrow;  central  teeth  tricuspid,  laterals  bicuspid,  mar- 
ginals aculeate,  often  bifid.  Considerable  variation  is  found  in 
the  dentition  of  the  genus;  the  centrals  and  laterals  are  some- 
times unicuspid."  (Tryon.)* 

*Struct.  and  Syst.  Conch.,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  78- 


194  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

Genitalia    (Fig.    42):      Testicle    round    or   oval,   partially 
concealed   by  the  liver,  brown  in  color  and  apparently  com- 


FIG.  42. 

Genitalia  of  LIMAX  MAXIMUS  Linne.  (After  Scharff.)  ag,  albumin- 
iparous  gland;  hg,  ovotestis;  hd,  hermaphrodite  duct  (epididymis);  n,  pros- 
tate gland;  os,  uterine  portion  of  hermaphrodite  duct;  sp,  vas  deferens; 
rm,  retractor  muscle;  ov,  oviduct;  p,  penis;  rec,  receptaculum  seminis. 

posed  of  rounded  acini  (lobulated  in  flavus);  epididymis  an 
undulating  tube  leading  from  the  testicle  to  the  inner  side  of 
the  junction  of  the  ovary  with  the  prostate  gland,  and  opening 
into  a  groove  in  the  oviduct,  which  is  continuous  at  its  inferior 
extremity  with  the  vas  deferens;  prostate  gland  whitish,  stri- 
ated 'in  appearance,  occupying  the  inner  side  of  the  whole 
length  of  the  oviduct;  vas  deferens  comparatively  short,  pass- 
ing from  the  prostate  gland  to  the  penis,  in  some  forms  (max- 
imus,  flavus,  etc.)  joining  the  latter  at  its  summit,  and  in  others 
(agresfisand  campestris}  at  its  base;  penis  generally  long,  cylin- 
droid  and  irregular,  lying  at  the  right  anterior  part  of  the  vis- 
ceral cavity,  and  joining  at  its  termination  a  short  cloaca;  a  re- 
tractor muscle  is  inserted  into  its  summit,  which  arises  from 
the  muscular  investment  of  the  visceral  cavity,  posterior  to  the 
position  of  the  pulmonary  cavity;  in  some  species  the  penis 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY   SURVEY.  195 

is  elongate-conical  (agrestis)  and  in  others  spiral  (campestris); 
ovary  large,  white,  semi-elliptic,  more  or  less  curved  and  lobu- 
lated,  placed  at  the  summit  of  the  oviduct,  which  is  a  long, 
wide,  soft,  white,  tortuous,  sacculated  tube,  passing  from  the 
ovary  to  the  vagina;  generative  bladder  generally  large,  pointed 
and  oval,  opening  by  a  short,  wide  duct  into  the  vagina;  in 
agrestis  it  is  large,  elongated,  oval,  and  opens  by  a  short  duct 
into  the  angle  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  vagina  with  the 
male  portion  of  the  generative  apparatus;  in  campestris  it  is  a 
small  oval  sac,  with  a  longer,  narrow  duct,  opening  into  the 
tube  leading  from  the  penis  to  the  cloaca.*  The  character  of 
the  generative  apparatus  differs  considerably  in  the  various 
species,  and  will  be  treated  under  each. 
Distribution :  World-wide. 

KEY  TO  SPECIES  OF  LIMAX  AND  AGRIOLIMAX. 

A.  Slug  large. 

a.  Tubercles  inconspicuous;  color  arranged  on  body  in 

longitudinal  stripes,  dots  or  dashes,  black maximus 

b.  Tubercles  large  and  conspicuous,  body  with  oblong- 

oval,  uncolored  spots .flavus 

B.  Slug  small. 

a.     Body  of  various  shades  of  amber,  or  blackish,  with- 
out spots  or  color  markings campestris 

75.    Limax  maximus  Linne,  pi.  xxviii,  figs.  3,  8. 
Limax  maximus  LINNE,  Syst.  Nat.,  1758. 

Limax  antiquorum  FERUSSAC,  Podr.  20;  Hist.,  p.  68,  pi.  iv,  pi.  viii,  A, 
fig.  1, 1819.  , 

( Vulgaris  Moq.,  cellarius  D'Argentville,  maculatus  Picard.) 

Shell:  Elongately  quadrate,  thin,  silvery  white  in  color, 
convex  lines  of  growth  rather  coarse.  Length,  13.00  mill.; 
width,  7.00  mill.  (9316.)  The  shell  is  only  a  rudiment  and  pro- 
tects the  lungs  (Fig.  3). 

Animal:  With  an  elongated  body,  with  a  strong  dorsal 
carina  terminating  the  posterior  end  and  covered  with  longi- 
tudinal, elongated  tubercles  of  large  size;  color  ashy  or  light 
brown,  with  several  uninterrupted  black  stripes  extending  from 
the  mantle  to  the  posterior  end,  and  with  numerous  alternate 
rows  of  round  spots,  which  are  placed  longitudinally;  the  sides 
are  much  lighter  in  color  and  the  foot  and  under  parts  are 
dirty  white;  mantle  large,  oval,  with  the  tubercles  arranged 
concentrically,  color  light  brown  with  irregular  blotches  of 
black  scattered  over  the  surface;  respiratory  orifice  very  large, 

*\V  .  G.  Binney,  Man.  Amer.  Land  Shells,  p.  236, 


196 


THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 


situated  on  the  right  side  near  the  posterior  end  of  the  mantle; 
locomotive  disk  narrow;  tentacles  short,  blackish,  blunt,  placed 
very  near  the  lower  surface;  eye-peduncles  long,  tapering, 
rather  stout,  the  eyes  placed  on  prominences  at  the  tip,  eyes 
blackish;  animal  exuding  mucus  from  its  entire  surface  (Fig.  8). 
Length,  167.00;  width,  19.00;  height,  13.00  mill.  (10091.)  Animal  fully  ex- 
tended. 

Jaw :  Long,  arched,  narrow,  endsattenuated  and  rounded; 
cutting  edge  with  a  strong  median  projection,  and  a  central 
vertical  carina  or  ridge;  striated  longitudinally  and  vertically 
(Fig- 43- J)- 

Radula  formula:  ^  +Y  +  y+i+V  +  V  +  ¥  (75-1-75): 
central  tooth  with  a  subquadrate  base  of  attachment,  with  the 


FIG.  43. 

Radula  of    LIMAX  MAXIMUS  Linne.    (Original.)     c,  central  tooth;  1, 
first  lateral;  15, fifteenth  lateral  tooth;  50,  thirty-third  marginal  tooth;  J,jaw. 

lower,  outer  corners  attenuated;  reflected  portion  large,  longer 
than  wide,  the  cutting  point  about  half  the  length  of  the  reflec- 
tion, and  trifid;  lateral  teeth  17  in  number,  similar  to  central 
tooth;  marginals  of  the  aculeate  type,  the  first  forty-five  being 
bifid  and  the  last  thirteen  of  the  pure  aculeate  form  (Fig.  43). 
Genitalia:  "With  a  strongly  lobulated  ovary;  penis  sac 
long,  cylindrical,  tapering  to  its  apex,  where  it  receives  the  re- 
tractor muscle  and  the  vas  deferens;  genital  bladder  small,  on 
a  short  duct." 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  197 

"The  eggs  are  globular,  transparent,  over  two  hundred  in 
number,  laid  in  a  compact  mass."* 

Distribution:  Europe,  Asia  Minor,  Corsica,  Sicily,  Sardinia, 
Azores,  Madeira,  New  Zealand  and  United  States.  (Intro- 
duced.) 

Habitat:  Found  principally  in  greenhouses  under  boards 
and  along  the  sides  of  the  drains.  In  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  the 
species  is  found  plentifully  under  board  sidewalks  and  in  cel- 
lars, in  any  part  of  the  city.  In  Europe  it  is  solitary  in  habit 
and  is  found  chiefly  in  the  woods,  under  fallen  trees  and  stones 
and  near  the  seashore. f 

Remarks:  The  present  species  is  the  largest  of  the  genus 
and  is  a  voracious  eater.  Its  food  consists  principally  of  fungi, 
or,  if  living  in  a  cellar,  of  meat  and  vegetables.  It  is  said  to 
rarely  eat  green  plants  (vide  Scharff).  Instances  are  known 
of  its  committing  cannibalism,  especially  when  very  hungry  and 
when  several  specimens  are  together.  The  writer  has  several 
times  noted  a  peculiarity  in  the  mucus  of  this  slug,  viz.,  that 
it  is  sticky  and  will  entangle  the  legs  of  flies  or  other  insects 
which  alight  upon  the  animal,  and  will  act  in  the  same  manner 
as  fly-paper.  Several  flies  have  been  noted  in  this  predicament. 
This  species,  as  well  as  others  of  the  genus,  is  principally  noc- 
turnal in  habit.  Like  Vitrea  draparnaldi  it  has  been  introduced 
from  Europe.  It  has  not  been  detected,  as  yet,  outside  of  the 
greenhouses,  where,  however,  it  may  be  found  in  considerable 
numbers. 
76.  Umax  flavus  Linne,  pi.  xxviii,  fig.  27. 

Limax  flavus  LINNE,  Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  X,  Vol.  I,  p.  652,  1758.  (non  Miiller, 

1774.) 
Limax  variegatus  DRAPARNAUD,  Tab.  Moll.,  p.  103  (1801). 

Shell:  Rudimentary,  oblong-oval,  thin,  concave  below, 
convex  above;  upper  surface  covered  with  a  delicate  periostra- 
cum.  The  plate  increases  in  thickness  with  age. 

Animal:  Brownish  or  yellowish-brown  in  color,  orna- 
mented by  numerous  oval  or  oblong  spots  without  color; 
mantle  rather  large,  oval,  rounded  before  and  behind,  spotted 
with  large  rounded  blotches,  and  marked  with  fine,  concen- 
trical  striae;  eye-peduncles  long,  slender,  tapering,  blue  in 
color  and  semi-transparent;  head  and  neck  of  same  color  as 
eye-peduncles;  tentacles  short,  white;  general  form  of  body 

*Binney,  Man.  Amer.  Land  Shells,  p.  451. 

fScharff,  The  Slugs  of  Ireland,  Sci.  Trans.  Roy.  Dub.  Soc.,  Vol.  IV,  Series  II,  No.  10. 1891. 


198  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

(when  extended)  elongate  cylindrical,  with  a  short,  prominent 
keel;  dorsal  portion  of  body  covered  with  numerous  long,  nar- 
row, well-marked  tubercles;  foot  long  and  narrow,  yellowish 
white  in  color;  sides  of  body  without  spots.  The  spots  some- 
times extend  down  the  center  of  the  back. 

Length,  86.00;  width,  10.00  mill.,  extended.    (9355.) 

Jaw:  Strongly  arched,  horn-colored,  anterior  surface 
with  a  strong  carina;  ends  square  or  only  slightly  rounded; 
concave  margin  smooth,  with  a  well-marked  median  projection; 
anterior  surface  strongly  striate  vertically,  and  faintly  striate 
longitudinally  (Fig.  44). 


FIG.  44. 
Jaw  of  LIMAX  FLAVUS  Linne.    (After  Binney.) 

Radula  formula :  V  -f  V  +i+  V6  +  V  (60 -  I  - 60) ;  the  teeth 
are  in  all  essential  respects  like  those  of  maximus,  except  that 
the  cutting  points  are  longer.  There  are  about  100  rows  of 
teeth. 

Genitalia:  "The  testicle,  composed  of  a  globular  mass  of 
aciniform  cceca,  is  not  imbedded  in  one  of  the  lobes  of  the 
liver.  The  penis  sac  is  long,  stout,  cylindrical,  receiving  the 
vas  deferens  and  the  retractor  muscle  at  its  apex.  The  genital 
bladder  is  small,  elongated-ovate,  with  pointed  apex  and  short 
duct."  (W.  G.  Binney.) 

Distribution:  Same  as  maximus,  with  the  addition  of  Bale- 
aric Islands,  Brazil  and  Australia. 

Habitat:     Similar  to  maximus,  but  not  so  common. 

Remarks:  This  species  is  at  once  distinguished  from  max- 
imus by  the  absence  of  color  spots  and  by  the  larger  size  of  the 
tubercles.  It  is  an  introduced  species  and  is  fast  spreading 
over  the  United  States.  Its  habits  are  like  those  of  maximus. 

GENUS  AGRIOLIMAX   Morch. 

"Animal  keeled  only  posteriorly.  Mantle  concentrically 
striated,  the  center  of  striae  being  somewhat  to  the  right  of 
the  median  line.  There  are  no  bands,  and  if  spots  are  present 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY 


199 


they  are  irregularly  scattered  over  the  body.  Pulmonary  open- 
ing behind  middle  of  mantle,  and  genital  pore  near  tentacles. 
The  intestine  has  four  convolutions,  and  there  is  a  solid  internal 
shell;  no^caudal  gland."* 

Genitalia:     Differing  from  Limax  in  having  the  vas  def- 
erens  join  the  penis  at  its  base,  and  in  the  shape  of  the  penis 
and  the  genital  bladder. 
77.    Agriolimax  campestris  Binney,  pi.  xxviii,  fig.  13. 

Limax  campestris  BINNEY,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  N.  H.,  p.  52, 1841. 

Limax  occidentalis  J.  G.  COOPER,  Proc.  Phil.  Acad.,  p.  146,  pi.  iii,  fig.  C, 

1872. 
Limax  montanus  INGERSOLL,  Bui.  U.  S.  Geol.  and  Geogr.  Surv.  of 

Terr.,  No.  2,  Second  Ser.,  p.  152,  1875. 
Limax  castaneus  INGERSOLL,  1.  c.,  ed.  2,  p.  396, 1876. 
Limax  ingersolli  W.  G.  BINNEY,  Proc.  Phil.  Acad.,  1875. 
Limax  campestris,  form  intermedius  COCKERELL,  The  Nautilus,  Vol. 

I II,  p.  100,1890. 

Limax  campestris,  form  tristis  COCKERELL,  1.  c.,  p.  100,  1890. 
Limax  hyperboreiis  WESTERLUND,  Sibirien  Land  och  Sotvatten  Mbl- 
•  lusker,  p.  21. 


cr 

FIG.  45. 
Jaw  and  radula  of  AGRIOLIMAX  CAMPESTRIS  Binney.    (Original.) 

Shell:     Rudimentary,  very  small  and  fragile. 

Animal:  With  a  long  and  narrow  body,  terminating  pos- 
teriorly in  a  short  carina  and  covered  dorsally  with  large,  elon- 
gated tubercles;  color  blackish,  without  spots,  lighter  on  head 
and  eye-peduncles;  foot  whitish,  long  and  narrow;  mantle  not 
prominent,  oval,  ornamented  with  fine,  concentric  lines;  eye- 
peduncles  not  long,  cylindrical,  the  black  eyes  at  their  tips; 

*Scharff,  Slugs  of  Ireland,  p.  525. 


200  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

respiratory  orifice  situated  on  the  right  side  of  the  body,  near 
the  posterior  margin  of  the  mantle;  exudes  mucus  as  in  L. 
maximus. 

Length,  25.00;  width,  3.00;  height,  2.50  mill.  (9303)  extended. 

Jaw :  Arched;  ends  pointed;  median  projection  sharp  and 
anterior  border  generally  serrated;  anterior  surface  striate  (Fig. 
45,  J). 

Radula  formula :  V  +¥  +¥+i+  ¥+¥+¥-  ( 36 -  I  -  36) ; 
central  tooth  longer  than  wide,  the  lower  corners  of  the  base 
of  attachment  attenuated,  tricuspid,  the  central  cusp  long  and 
spear-shaped,  the  side  cusps  small,  all  provided  with  strong 
cutting  points ;  lateral  teeth  (thirteen  perfect)  similar  to  the  cen- 
tral tooth,  but  bicuspid,  or  with  only  a  faint  indication  of  the 
inner  cusp,  the  central  or  inner  cusp  the  largest,  and  all  with  cut- 
ting points;  marginals  aculeate,  the  first  twelve  bifid  and  the 
balance  thorn  shaped  (Fig.  45). 

Distribution:  Northern  and  Central  parts  of  the  United 
States,  Canada,  Alaska  and  Siberia;  Santa  Fe,  New  Mexico.*  ' 

Habitat:  Under  stones  and  rotting  logs  or  old  boards, 
either  in  the  woods  or  in  pastures.  It  is  found  in  the  green- 
houses about  the  tanks  of  water. 

Remarks:  This  is  our  most  common  and  only  native 
Limax.  It  appears  to  be  distributed  over  the  entire  area  under 
consideration.  It  is  noted  particularly  for  its  habit  of  suspend- 
ing itself  by  a  thread  of  mucus  from  some  object.  In  the 
woods  at  Bowmanville  this  species  is  very  common,  but  two 
specimens  are  seldom  found  together,  although  every  chip  and 
piece  of  wood  in  the  vicinity  may  support  an  individual. 

FAMILY  PHILOMYCID^:. 

Animal  limaciform.  Mantle  covering  whole  body ;  jaw  with 
or  without  ribs,  and  median  projection  to  cutting  edge;  lingual 
membrane  of  Helicidae;  no  shell.  (W.  G.  Binney.)y 

GENUS  PHILOMYCUS  Ferussac,  1821. 

Philomycus  FERUSSAC,  Tab.  Syst..  p.  15,  1821. 

Tebennophorus  BINNEY,  Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  Vol.  IV,  p.  171, 1842. 

"Animal  limaciform.     Body  somewhat  flattened,  terminat- 

*Vide  Cockerell,  The  Nautilus,  Vol.  VIII,  p.  57. 

4-Man      Ainnr     T  o n A  QV. />11 e.     .-,     r-> 


-  v  me  v^ucnereu,  i  ne  iNauums,  v 
fMan.  Amer.  Land  Shells,  p.  53. 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  201 

ing  obtusely  or  in  a  somewhat  truncated  form,  obtuse  ante- 
riorly. Back  convex,  more  flat  when  fully  extended.  Integ- 
uments with  irregular  vermiform  glands,  anastomosing  with 
each  other  and  having  a  general  longitudinal  direction.  Man- 
tle covering  the  whole  body.  Foot  expanded  at  its  margin, 
and  visible  beyond  the  sides  of  the  mantle;  no  locomotive 
disk.  Respiratory  orifice  near  the  head,  some  way  to  the  rear 
of  the  right  eye-peduncle.  Anal  orifice  contiguous  to  and  a 
little  above  and  in  advance  of  the  pulmonary  orifice.  Orifice 
of  organs  of  generation  behind  and  below  the  right  eye-pe- 
duncle. Without  terminal  mucus  pore.  No  external  or  internal 
shell."  (W.  G.  Binney.)*  Jaw  arched,  ends  blunt,  median  pro- 
jection strong,  anterior  surface  with  a  carina  and  either  ribbed 
or  striate.  Lingual  membrane  (see  below).  Pedal  grooves 
present. 

78.     Phitomycus  carolinensis  Bosc.,  pi.  xxx,  fig.  1. 

Limax  carolinensis  Bosc,  Vers  de  BUFFON  de  DETERVILLE,  p.  80,  pi. 

iii,  fig.  1. 

Limax  togata  GOULD,  Invert,  of  Mass.,  p.  3,  1841. 
Limax  marmoratus  DsKAY,  N.  Y.  Moll.,  p.  31  (no  desc.).  1839. 

Shell:     None. 

Animal:  With  a  long,  rounded  or  flattened  body,  trun- 
cated anteriorly  and  obtusely  pointed,  and  somewhat  flattened 
posteriorly;  mantle  covering  the  entire  body  except  a  small 
rim  on  the  edge  of  the  foot;  color  whitish,  spotted  and  clouded 
with  blackish  spots  which  form  three  scarcely  distinguishable 
longitudinal  bands,  one  in  the  center  and  one  on  either  side; 
the  spots  are  irregular  and  anastomose  with  each  other  in  va- 
rious places  along  the  bands;  the  lower  margin  of  the  mantle 
is  yellowish  and  the  foot  is  yellowish- white;  mouth  encircled 
by  a  row  of  papillae;  eye-peduncles  not  long,  stout,  blackish, 
eyes  situated  on  the  upper  part  of  the  bulb-shaped  enlarge- 
ment at  their  extremity;  tentacles  short,  stout,  whitish,  more  or 
less  conical;  the  cuticle  is  beset  with  numerous  vermiform 
glands  which  anastomose  more  or  less  with  each  other,  and 
extend  in  a  longitudinal  direction.  When  the  animal  is  in  lo- 
comotion these  glands  contract  and  a  thin,  watery  mucus  is 
exuded,  giving  the  surface  a  glistening,  undulatory  appearance, 
which  is  peculiar  to  this  species.  The  foot  is  not  very  broad 
and  extends  a  trifle  beyond  the  mantle  posteriorly.  Genera- 

*Man.  Amer.  Land  Shells,  p.  239. 


202 


THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 


tive  orifice  on  the  right  side,  behind  and  below  the  eye-pedun- 
cle. Other  orifices  as  described  in  the  genus. 

Length,  59.00;  width,  10.00  mill. 

yaw:  Arched,  ends  blunt  or  slightly  rounded;  cutting 
edge  with  a  rounded  median  projection;  anterior  surface 
covered  with  both  transverse  and  vertical  lines.  The  jaw  is 
very  thick  (Fig.  46,  J). 

Radula  formula:  3f +  ¥+!+¥  +  ¥  (56-1-56);  central 
tooth  with  a  very  long  and  narrow  base  of  attachment,  some- 
what widening  at  the  lower  extremity  and  with  parallel  lines 


Radula  of  PHILOMYCUS  CAROLINENSIS  Binney.  (Original.)  c,  cen- 
tral tooth;  1,  first  lateral;  12,  twelfth  lateral;  24,  twenty-fourth  marginal; 
25,  twenty-fifth  marginal;  35,  thirty-fifth  marginal;  J,  jaw. 

of  reinforcement  on  the  lower  portion;  reflection  about  one- 
fourth  to  one-third  the  length  of  the  base  of  attachment,  with 
a  short,  stout  cusp  which  bears  a  blunt  cutting  point;  lateral 
teeth  of  same  type,  but  asymmetrical,  the  reflection  and  cut- 
ting point  longer,  and  the  superior  border  with  a  peculiar  tri- 
lobed  form;  the  outer  laterals  have  a  single  small,  rather  sharp 
outer  cusp;  marginal  teeth  a  modification  of  the  laterals,  the 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  203 

cutting  points  of  the  cusps  being  very  broad  and  oblique,  and 
bearing  one  or  two  small  outer  side  cusps.  (Fig.  46).  There 
are  about  115  rows  of  teeth. 

Genitalia:  "The  testicle  lies  upon  the  right  side,  partly 
concealed  by  the  liver;  it  is  round  and  lobulated.  The  epididy- 
mis  is  tortuous.  The  vas  deferens  is  very  longt  tortuous,  and 
muscular.  It  joins  the  penis  sac  at  its  summit,  and  has  the 
retractor  muscle  inserted  into  the  length  of  the  penis  above 
the  latter.  The  penis  sac  is  irregularly  cylindrical,  bent  at  its 
summit.  The  ovary  is  exceedingly  lobulated.  The  oviduct  is 
tortuous,  wide,  and  very  much  sacculated.  The  prostate  gland 
is  longer  than  in  Limax  or  Anon.  The  generative  bladder  is 
large,  globular,  or  nearly  so.  Its  duct  is  rather  less  than  half 
the  length  of  the  oviduct.  At  its  junction  with  the  neck  of  the 
latter  an  oval  muscular  organ  exists,  the  dart  sac.  Within  the 
latter,  at  the  bottom,  is  a  hemispherical  papilla,  upon  the  sum- 
mit of  which  is  placed  a  white,  calcarate  dart.  At  the  junction 
of  the  vagina,  common  to  the  neck  of  the  oviduct,  duct  of  the 
generative  bladder,  and  dart  sac,  with  the  penis,  there  are  two 
short  retractor  muscles  inserted.  The  cloaca  is  narrow  and 
cylindrical,  and  has  surrounding  two-thirds  of  its  middle  a 
thick,  glandular  organ.  Interiorly  the  penis  sac,  cloaca,  etc., 
have  a  longitudinal  rugose  surface."  (W.  G.  Binney.)* 

Distribution:  "Canada  to  Florida,  west  to  Iowa  and  Texas." 
(Pilsbry.) 

Geological  distribution:     Unknown. 

Habitat:  Under  the  bark  of  decaying  trees,  in  forests  of 
more  or  less  density.  Solitary  in  habit. 

Remarks:  This  species  is  quite  variable  in  coloration, 
some  having  the  spots  regularly  arranged  in  rows,  others 
clouded,  and  still  others  blackish,  grayish,  or  whitish,  with 
spots,  dots  or  lines  of  color.  Unlike  Limax  this  species  has  no 
slit  from  the  respiratory  opening  to  the  edge  of  the  mantle, 
but  has  a  furrow  or  canal  of  considerable  depth.  It  ascends 
trees  to  a  height  of  over  fifty  feet,  and  is  most  frequently  found 
under  bark  which  has  become  "started."  So  far  as  known  it  is 
restricted  entirely  to  the  northern  region,  and  has  only  been 
found  at  Bowmanville. 

FAMILY  ENDODONTID^:. 

Shell:     Ribbed  or  striated,  patuloid,  umbilicated;  aperture 

*Man,  Amer.  Land  Shells,  p.  244. 


204  THE    CHICAGO   ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

simple,  or  armed  with  folds  or  denticles;  color  horn,  with  vari- 
ous zigzag,  reddish  flames. 

Animal:  With  a  well-developed  caudal  mucus  gland  and 
supra-pedal  furrows.  Genitalia  lacking  accessory  appendages. 
Jaw  ribbed  or  striated.  Central  tooth  quadrate,  with  side 
cusps  and  distinct  cutting  points;  lateral  teeth  similar;  mar- 
ginal teeth  low,  wide,  crowded,  with  one  or  more  cusps,  "the 
outer  cusp  never  elevated  on  middle  cusp."* 

Subfamily  Endodontinae. 

"Jaw  soldered  into  one  piece."     (Pilsbry.) 

GENUS  PYRAMIDULA  Fitzinger,  1833. 

Pyramidula  FITZINGER,  Syst.  Verzeicb,  1833. 

Discus  FITZINGER,  Syst.  Verzeich,  1833. 

Patula  HELD,  Isis,  1837. 

Anguispira  MORSE,  Journ.  Port.  Soc.,  Vol.  I,  p.  11,  fig.  15,  1864. 

"Shell:  Openly  umbilicated,  varying  in  contour  from  flat- 
tened and  disk-like  to  conoidal.  Generally  opaque,  often  rib- 
striate.  Unicolored,  spirally  banded  or  flammulate.  Whorls 
subcylindrical  or  keeled,  the  apex  generally  smooth.  Aperture 
rounded-lunate;  lip  simple  and  thin." 

"Animal:  Having  the  sole  undivided;  lateral  margin  of  the 
foot  with  a  distinct  border  bounded  by  a  groove,  the  grooves  meet- 
ing above  the  tail.  No  caudal  mucus  pore.  Eye-peduncles 
long  and  slender.  Genital  system  lacking  accessory  organs; 
vas  deferens  and  retractor  muscle  inserted  near  or  at  the  apex 
of  the  penis;  duct  of  the  spermatheca  very  long;  hermaphro- 
dite duct  very  long,  but  shortened  by  its  extreme  convolution. 
Jaw  arcuate,  its  component  laminae  generally  compactly  sol- 
dered, and  indicated  only  by  fine  striae  which  diverge  slightly 
from  the  middle.  Radula  (r)  having  only  the  mesocones  de- 
veloped upon  central  or  inner  lateral  teeth,  or  (2)  having  the 
centrals  tricuspid,  laterals  bicuspid  lacking  the  ectocones,  mar- 
ginal teeth  similar  but  with  short  basal-plates;  this  being  the 
usual  form.  In  some  species  the  marginal  teeth  are  multicus- 
pid  by  the  splitting  of  their  ectocones."  (Pilsbry.)f 

KEY  TO   SPECIES   OF    PYRAMIDULA   AND    HELICODISCUS. 

A.     Shell  large. 

a.    Subglobose,  periphery  rounded,  striae  very  fine,  last 

whorls  with  two  spiral,  reddish  bands solitaria 

*Pilsbry,  The  Nautilus,  Vol.  IX,  p.  no. 
tGuide  to  Study  of  Helices,  pp.  42,  48, 49. 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY. 


205 


b.     Depressed,  periphery  slightly  carinated,  striae  rib-like, 
whorls  marked  by  reddish  flames  placed;longitudin- 

ally  .    alternata 

B.     Shell  small. 

a.  Aperture  devoid  of  teeth,  spire  slightly  convex striatella 

b.  Aperture  with  from  one  to  three  teeth,  spire  flat.* lineata 

SUBGENUS  PATULA  Held,  1837. 

"Shell:  Rather  large  and  solid,  with  convex  spire  and 
open  umbilicus;  whorls  rounded  or  carinated  at  the  periphery. 
Surface  striate,  ribbed-striate  or  spirally  ribbed,  obliquely 
flamed,  unicolored  or  spirally  banded;  lip  thin,  simple." 

"Animal:  Having  a  large  foot,  its  length  greater  than  the 
diameter  of  the  shell,  the  tail  rounded;  sole  without  any  traces 


FIG.  47. 

Genitalia  of  PYRAMIDULA.    (Filsbry,  Guide  to  Helices,  pi.  xi,  figs.  20, 
21.)     A,   P.  ALTERNATA  Say.     B,  P.  STRIATELLA  Anthony. 

of  longitudinal  divisions;  the  foot  margins  having  a  wide  bor- 
der above,  bounded  by  a  distinct  groove,  the  grooves  meeting 
overthe  tail.  Eye-peduncles  long  and  slender,  tentacles  minute. 
Mantle  edge  thick.  Genitalia  system  (Fig.  47)  simple,  lacking 
accessory  organs.  Penis  receiving  vas  deferens  and  retractor 
muscle  at  its  summit.  Spermatheca  bulbous,  its  duct  very 
long.  Ovisperm  duct  very  much  convoluted,  the  ovo-testis 
consisting  of  small  groups  of  large  club-shaped  follicles.  Eye- 


206  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

peduncles  retracted  between  the  branches  of  the  genitalia." 
(Pilsbry.) 

For  jaw  and  radula  see  the  following  species: 
79.     Pyramidula  alternate  Say,  pi.  xxviii,  figs.  19,  21,  22  23,  24. 
Helix  alternata  SAY,  Nicb.  Encycl.,  pi.  i,  fig.  2,  1817-1819. 
Helix  scabra  LAMARCK,  An.  sans.  Vert.,  Vol.  VI,  pt.  2,  p.  88. 
Helix  mordax  SHULT,  Bern.  Mitt.,  p.  195,  1853.     (Variety.) 
Helix  strongylodes  PFEIFFER,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  p.  53,  1854. 
Helix  infecta  PARREYSS,  MS.,  Pfeiffer,  Mai.  Blatt.,  p.  86,  1857. 
Helix  dubia  SHEPPARD,  Trans.  Lit.  Hist.  Soc.  Quebec,  Vol.  I,  p.  194. 
Helix  fergusoni  BLAND,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lye.,  Vol.  VII,  p.  421,  1862.    (Va- 
riety.) 
Helix  alternata  var.  costata  LEWIS,  Amer.  Journ.  Conch.,  Vol.  VI,  p. 

188,1871.    (Variety.) 
Helix  alternata  alba  TRYON. 
Pyramidula  alternata  carinata  PILSBRY,  Proc.  Phil.  Acad.,  p.  490, 1896. 

(Variety). 
Pyramidula  alternata  rarinotata  PILSBRY,  The  Nautilus,  Vol.  XIII,  p. 

114,1900.    (Variety.) 

Pyramidula  alternata  knoxensis  PILSBRY,  The  Nautilus,  Vol.  XV,  p. 
6,  1901.    (Variety.) 

Shell:  Depressed,  rather  thin,  widely  umbilicated;  sur- 
face dull,  covered  with  strong,  oblique,  rib-like  striae;  color  yel- 
lowish horn  with  numerous  reddish  flames  which  extend  ob- 
liquely from  suture  to  suture,  sometimes  broken  but  generally 
entire;  on  the  base  of  the  shell  the  flames  are  interrupted  so 
that  a  light  yellowish  or  horn-colored  band  is  formed,  although 
in  some  specimens  this  is  not  developed;  periphery  slightly  or 
heavily  carinated;  sutures  very  deeply  impressed;  apex  of  shell 
smooth;  whorls  five  and  one-half,  gradually  increasing,  rather 
flat;  spire  elevated  or  depressed;  aperture  obliquely  rounded, 
showing  the  color  of  the  outer  surface  through  the  shell;  peris- 
tome  simple,  sharp,  terminations  connected  by  a  thin  callus; 
columella  subreflected;  base  rounded;  umbilicus  large,  wide 
and  deep,  showing  all  the  volutions  to  the  apex. 
Greater  diam.,  22.00;  lesser,  19.50;  height,  15.00;  umbilicus  diam.,  6.00  mill. 
"  21.00;  "  19.00;  "  14.00;  "  "  6.00  " 

21.00;      "       18.00;       "        12.50;         "  "        5.50    " 

"       20.00;      "       17.00;       "        12.00;         "  "        5.00    " 

"       20.00;      "       16.50;       "        10.00;         "  "        5.50    " 

(All  measurements  from  set  10142,  showing  variation  in  height  of  spire.) 

Animal:  With  a  long  and  narrow  body;  color  of  back, 
brown,  of  rest  of  upper  surface  brownish,  with  a  tinge  of  or- 
ange, collar  saffron-colored;  eye-peduncles  and  head  slaty, 
with  the  black  eyes  at  the  extremity  of  the  former;  tentacles 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY   SURVEY.  .  207 

short,  cylindrical;  foot  grayish  white  in  color,  truncate  before, 
bluntly  rounded  and  flattened  behind;  a  lateral  groove  runs 
from  the  head  to  the  posterior  part,  just  at  the  edge  of  the  foot, 
and  meets  in  an  acute  angle  behind;  respiratory  orifice  on  right 
side,  just  beneath  the  peristome  of  the  shell  and  near  its  junc- 
tion with  the  body-whorl;  mantle  colored  like  shell.  Length 
of  foot  26.00  mill.,  width  6.00  mill. 

The  heart  is  situated  3  mill,  from  the  junction  of  the  per- 
istome with  the  body  wall,  and  the  pulsations  are  very  regu- 
lar. Fifteen  experiments  gave  the  following  number  of  pulsa- 
tions per  minute:  84,  82  (twelve  specimens),  61,  50.  The  last 
two  figures  were  taken  when  the  animal  was  contracted,  and 
the  heart-beats  much  slower. 

Jaw:     Arched,  broad,  ends  broadly  rounded;  concave  mar- 


FIG.  48. 

Radula  of  PYRAMIDULA  ALTERNATA  Say.  (From  nature,  after  Pils- 
bry,  Guide  to  Helices,  pi.  xi,  figs.  18,23.)  C,  central  tooth;  1,  first  lateral; 
11,  first  marginal;  27,  sixteenth  marginal;  J,  jaw. 

gin  not  very  much  crenulated,  with  a  rounded  median  projec- 
tion; anterior  surface  marked  by  vertical  striae  (Fig.  48,  J). 

Radula  f orm ula :  ^t+ J^+i+ ¥+¥  (34  -  I  -  34)  J  central 
tooth  with  a  subquadrate  base  of  attachment,  somewhat  ex- 
panded on  the  lower  outer  corners;  reflected  portion  with  one 
long  central  cusp  reaching  below  the  lower  edge  of  the  base 
of  attachment,  and  two  very  small  side  cusps  with  small  cut- 
ting points;  lateral  teeth  (ten  perfect)  longer  than  wide,  bicus- 
pid, the  inner  cusp  long  and  narrow  with  a  long,  narrow  cutting 
point,  and  the  outer  cusp  short  and  wide  with  a  short  cutting 
point;  marginals  variable,  at  first  like  the  laterals,  but  becoming 
wider  toward  the  margin  (twenty-seven)  and  with  one  long  inner 
cusp  and  a  short  outer  cusp.  The  cutting  point  is  generally 
one-third  the  length  of  the  cusp  (Fig.  48).  There  are  about  120 
rows  of  teeth. 


208  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

Genitalia:     See  generic  description. 

Distribution:  Eastern  and  Central  United  States,  and  Can- 
ada; west  to  Minnesota. 

Geological  distribution:  Pleistocene  of  the  Mississippi  Val- 
ley; Loess. 

Habitat:  Very  abundant  under  logs,  underbrush,  and  in 
crevices  or  under  loose  bark.  Sometimes  found  buried  in  the 
earth.  Dry  situations  are  not  favorable  to  it,  and  it  prefers 
moist  localities  in  wooded  districts. 

Remarks:  This  is  our  most  abundant  species,  and,  unlike 
most  of  our  Helices,  is  gregarious,  being  generally  found  in 
colonies  of  from  twenty  to  a  hundred  or  more.  The  animal  is 
sluggish  in  its  movements,  but  is  not  at  all  shy,  allowing  itself 
to  be  picked  up  and  examined  without  withdrawing  into  its 
shell.  Its  locomotion  is  slow  and  careful.  The  species  is  very 
variable  in  the  height  of  its  spire,  some  specimens  having  an 
elevated,  convex  spire,  while  others  are  perfectly  flat.  This 
variation  is  in  a  great  measure  due  to  the  habit  of  crowding 
itself  into  narrow  crevices,  which  causes  the  shell  to  assume  a 
flat-whorled  aspect.  The  convex  forms  are  generally  found 
in  wide,  open  crevices  or  under  logs,  while  the  flat-whorled 
forms  are  found  in  small,  narrow  crevices  or  under  loose  bark. 
The  albino  form  is  found  very  sparingly.  The  measurements 
and  figures  show  well  the  variation  in  the  spire.  The  striation 
of  the  species  varies  from  almost  smooth  (Jergusoni)  to  very 
coarsely  ribbed  (mordax).  It  is  fond  of  climbing  trees  and  is 
often  found  at  a  considerable  height  from  the  ground. 

Egg  laying  begins  about  the  first  week  in  June  and  the  an- 
imals are  then  in  their  best  condition.  From  twenty  to  eighty 
pure  white,  opaque  eggs  are  laid,  agglutinated  together  in  soft 
clay  (Fig.  22).  About  thirty  days  are  required  for  them  to 
hatch,  and  about  the  middle  of  July  young  snails  are  found 
with  two  perfect  whorls.  The  eggs  measure  2.75  mill,  in  diam- 
eter and  when  dry  become  hard  and  brittle. 
80.  Pyramidula  solitaria  Say,  pi.  xxix,  fig.  1. 

Helix  solitaria  SAY,  Journ.  Phil.  Acad.,  Vol.  II,  p.  157,  1821. 

Pyramidula  occidentalis  VON  MARTENS. 

Pyramidula  solitaria  limitaris  DAWSON.  L.  and  F.  W.  Moll.  coll.  Sum- 
mers, 1873, 1874,  pp.  347-350,  1875. 

Patula  solitaria  albina  W.  G.  BINNEY. 

Shell:  Depressed-globose,  rather  solid,  diaphanous,  deeply 
and  widely  umbilicated;  surface  slightly  shining,  covered  with 
coarse,  crowded,  oblique  striae;  color  dark  horn,  with  two  re- 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  209 

volving  brownish  bands,  one  just  above  and  one  just  below  the 
periphery,  the  latter  being  gracefully  rounded  and  never  cari- 
nate;  sutures  impressed;  apex  of  shell  smooth,  without  striae, 
which  begin  toappear  on  thesecond  whorl;  whorls  six,  rounded, 
regularly  increasing;  spire  elevated,  convex;  aperture  rounded, 
somewhat  lunate,  white  and  pearly  inside,  with  the  two  revolv- 
ing bands  showing  distinctly;  peristome  sharp,  simple,  the 
terminations  connected  by  a  thin  callus;  columella  somewhat 
dilated,  subreflected;  base  rounded;  umbilicus  round,  deep, 
showing  the  volutions  very  plainly  to  the  apex. 
Gr.diam.,  26.00;  lesser, 23.00;  height,  20.00;  umbilicus  diam., 5.50  mill.  (7716.) 
26.00;  "  22.00;  "  19.00;  "  "  5.50  "  (7718.) 

23.00;       "      21.00;       "       15.50;          "  "        5.00    "  (12393.) 

Animal:     Not  examined  (Fig.  49),  but  similar  in  form  to 
alternata. 


FIG.  49. 
Animal  of  PYRAMIDULA  SOLITARIA  Say.     (After  Binney.) 

Jaw :  "Long,  low,  slightly  arcuate,  ends  but  little  attenu- 
ated, anterior  surface  striate,  but  without  ribs;  a  median  pro- 
jection to  the  cutting  margin." 

Radula:  "The  lingual  membrane  has  25-1-25  teeth,  with 
14  perfect  laterals.  The  transition  to  marginals  is  very  grad- 
ual." (Binney,  Man.,  p.  255.)  The  teeth  are  similar  to  those 
of  alternata. 

Genitalia:  "The  penis  sack  is  short,  stout,  receiving  near 
its  apex  the  retractor  muscle,  above  which  it  rapidly  decreases 
in  size,  and  at  its  apex  receives  the  vas  deferens;  the  last  named 
organ  is  very  peculiar  in  being  greatly  convoluted  before  enter- 
ing the  penis  sac;  the  genital  bladder  is  small,  globular,  on  a 
long  duct,  whichbecomes  swollen  at  the  lower  end;  the  epididy- 
mis  is  convoluted  in  its  entire  course."* 

Distribution:  Mississippi  and  Ohio  Valleys;  Northern 
Idaho;  Eastern  Oregon,  etc.  (Pilsbry);  Washington  (Hemp- 
hill). 

Geological  distribution:     Pleistocene;  Loess. 

*Binney,  Man.  Amer.  Land  Shells,  p,  255. 


210  THE    CHICAGO   ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

Habitat:  The  specimens  in  this  region  have  been  found 
in  rather  low,  damp  or  marshy  ground. 

Remarks:  This  species  is  at  once  known  by  its  semi-glo- 
bose form  and  its  two  brown  bands.  It  is  a  rare  shell  in  this 
area  and  the  writer  has  been  unable  to  obtain  living  specimens 
for  study.  The  only  localities  at  present  known  are  near  Berry 
Lake,  at  Maywood  and  at  Joliet.  The  species  is  said  to  have  a 
strong  fetid  odor. 

SUBGENUS  QONYODISCUS   Fitzinger,  1833. 

"Shell:  Rather  small,  depressed,  with  low  but  convex 
spire  and  open  umbilicus.  Apical  i^  whorls  smooth,  the  rest 
obliquely  rib-striate,  rather  tubular,  rounded  or  keeled  at  the 
periphery,  unicolored  or  flamed  with  reddish.  Aperture  wide- 
lunate,  the  lip  simple." 

"Animal:  Long  and  narrow,  the  foot  white,  head  and  back 
dusky  blue.  Sole  equal  in  length  to  the  diameter  of  the  shell, 
undivided  (having  a  central  longitudinal  sulcus  when  entering 
the  shell  or  in  alcohol);  margins  of  foot  having  a  wide  border, 
bounded  by  a  distinct  groove,  the  grooves  meeting  above  the 
tail.  Upper  surface  coarsely  granulated.  Eye-peduncles  long 
and  slender,  from  one-third  to  one-half  as  long  as  the  foot. 
Genital  system  lacking  all  accessory  organs.  The  penis  short, 
having  the  retractor  and  the  vas  deferens  inserted  at  its  apex. 
Spermatheca  small,  situated  upon  a  very  long  simple  duct, 
which  enters  the  vagina  very  low.  At  the  base  of  the  albu- 
men gland  there  is  a  rather  large  talon.  The  albumen  gland  is 
small  and  adherent  to  the  lower  part  of  the  hermaphrodite 
duct;  the  latter.being  large  and  very  much  convoluted."  (Pils- 
bry.)* 

For  radula  and  jaw  see  following  species. 
81.     Pyramidula  striatella  Anthony,  pi.  xxviii,  fig.  18. 

Helix  striatella  ANTHONY,  Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  278,  pi. 
iii,  fig.  2,  1840. 

Helix  ruderata  ADAMS,  Silliman's  Journ.,  1st  Ser.,  40,  408,  not  STUDER. 

Helix   cronkhitei  NEWCOMB,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Vol.  Ill,  p. 
180,  1865.    (Variety.) 

Pyramidula  striatella  catskillensis  PILSBRY,  The  Nautilus,  Vol.  XI,  p. 
141.  1898.    (Variety);  Vol.  XII, -p.  86,  1898. 

Pyramidula  striatella  alba  WALKER,  Terr.  Moll.,  Mich.,  p.  22,  1899. 

Shell:  Flattened,  thin,  widely  umbilicated;  surf  ace  covered 
with  crowded,  oblique  ribs,  which  are  large  and  distinct,  and 

"Guide  to  Studv  of  Helices,  p.  46. 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  211 

are  as  much  developed  on  the  base  as  on  the  upper  surface; 
color  uniform  dark  horn,  paler  in  some  specimens;  periphery 
rounded;  sutures  very  deeply  impressed;  apex  large,  smooth, 
withput  striae;  whorls  four,  regularly  increasing,  the  last  in- 
flated; spire  a  little  elevated  and  convex;  aperture  nearly  cir- 
cular; peristome  sharp,  simple,  the  terminations  approaching 
each  other  but  not  connected  by  a  callus;  columella  rounded; 
umbilicus  widely  open,  spreading,  exhibiting  all  the  volutions 
to  the  apex;  base  slightly  rounded. 

Gr.  diam.,  5.75;  lesser,  5.00;  height,  2.50;  umbilicus  diam.,  1.50  mill.  (10229.) 
"      5.50;        "      5.00;        "       2.75;         "  "       2.00    "     (10228.) 

"      5.00;        "      4.50;        "      2.50;         "  "       1.50    "     (10227.) 

Animal:  With  a  rather  short  foot,  truncated  before  and 
rounded  behind,  the  margins  having  the  same  wide  border  and 
groove  as  in  the  other  species  of  the  genus;  tentacles  short, 
thick,  blunt;  eye-peduncles  long,  cylindrical,  not  much  taper- 
ing, the  eyes  on  large  swellings  at  their  tips;  color  blackish  or 
dusky  bluish  above,  dirty  white  beneath,  including  all  of  the 
foot.  Heart  situated  as  in  Zonitoides  arboreus,  the  pulsations 
regular,  numbering  eighty-seven  to  ninety  beats  per  minute. 
Length  of  foot  5.00,  width  r.oo  mill.  (Shell  5.75  mill,  diameter.) 

Jaw:  Arched,  with  a  small  median  projection;  anterior 
surface  striated;  ends  bluntly  rounded. 

Radula  formula:  V+l+i+f +V  (20—  I  —  20);  central  tooth 
with  a  base  of  attachment  a  little  longer  than  wide,  not  much 
expanded  at  the  outer  lower  corners;  reflection  tricuspid,  the 
central  cusp  long  and  narrow,  the  side  cusps  very  short  and 
thick;  lateral  teeth  similar  to  central  but  bicuspid,  the  inner 
cusp  long  and  narrow,  reaching  below  the  base  of  attachment 
and  the  outer  cusp  very  short;  marginals  variable  in  form,  all 
bicuspid,  the  inner  cusp  long  and  pointed  and  the  outer  cusp 
short,  the  base  of  attachment  becoming  very  broad.  All  cusps 
have  well-developed  cutting  points.  There  are  about  100 
rows  of  teeth. 

The  radula  and  jaw  do  not  differ  materially  from  those  of 
alternata  (Fig.  48),  excepting  that  the  bases  of  attachment  are 
more  square  and  not  so  much  produced  as  in  alternata. 

Genitalia:     See  generic  description. 

Distribution:  "Ontario  to  Winnipeg,  Manitoba,  Montana 
and  Vancouver  Islands,  south  to  New  Mexico  and  Arizona. 
Kern  River  Region,  California.  (Pilsbry.)  Northern  China, 
Kamchatka  and  Alaska.  (Randolph.) 


212  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

Geological  distribution:     Pleistocene;   Loess. 

Habitat:  In  moist  localities,  under  fallen  logs  and  sticks, 
or  buried  in  the  earth  beneath  them.  Associated  with  Vitrea 
electrina,  Zonitoides  arboreus,  etc. 

Remarks:  A  very  distinct  little  species  which  is  at  once 
distinguished  by  its  strongly  ribbed  surface  and  very  wide  um- 
bilicus. The  animal  is  not  rapid  in  movement  but  is  slow  and 
hesitating,  seeming  to  calculate  every  motion.  It  is  a  widely 
distributed  species,  and  is  fully  as  common  as  the  Vitreas.  It 
is  frequently  mistaken  for  P,perspectiva  Say,  a  species  not  found 
in  this  territory,  which  is  a  much  larger  shell. 

GENUS  HELICODISCUS  Morse.  1864. 

Mantle  posterior,  thin,  simple;  shell  discoidal,  widely  um- 
bilicated;  aperture  with  several  pairs  of  tubercles  at  intervals 
within,  on  the  inner  surface  of  the  outer  whorl;  peristome 
simple.* 


Fig.  50. 
Animal  of  HELICODISCUS  LINEATUS  Say.     (After  Binney.) 

82.     Helicodiscus  lineatus  Say,  pi.  xxviii,  fig.  25. 

Helix  lineata  SAY,'  Journ.  Phil.  Acad.,  Vol.  I,  p.  18, 1817. 
Planorbis parallelus  SAY  (?)  Proc.  Phil.  Acad.,  Vol.  II,  p.  164,  1821. 

Shell:  Small,  flat,  discoidal,  widely  umbilicated;  surface 
roughened  by  numerous  equidistant,  parallel,  raised  lines  re- 
volving about  the  whorls,  the  spaces  between  the  lines  show- 
ing fine,  wavy  lines  of  growth;  color  greenish  horn;  periph- 
ery broadly  rounded;  sutures  deeply  impressed  or  channeled; 
apex  large,  without  revolving  lines;  whorls  four  and  one-half, 
rounded,  discoidal,  the  last  not  at  all  expanded;  spire  flat, 
showing  all  the  whorls  distinctly;  aperture  in  the  same  plane 
as  the  whorls,  narrow,  semilunate,  the  outer  lip  bearing  several 
(one  to  three)  pairs  of  very  small,  conical  teeth,  and  situated 
from  the  region  of  the  peristome  to  the  inner  part  of  the  last 
whorl;  peristome  simple,  thin,  acute,  the  terminations  con- 
nected by  a  thin  callus;  umbilicus  forming  a  concave  depres- 

*W.  G.  Binney,  Man.  Amcr.  Land  Shells,  p.  74. 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY   SURVEY.  213 

sion,  and  exhibiting  all  the  volutions  almost  as  clearly  as  on 
the  upper  surface,  and  showing  also  very  distinctly  the  oblique 
lines  of  growth. 

Gr.  diam.,  3.75;  lesser,  3.50;  height,  1.50;  umbil.  diam.,  1.75  mill.    (10929.) 
",      4.00;       "       3.75;       "       1.50;      "  "       1.75     "       (10126.) 

Animal:  With  a  long  and  narrow  foot,  deeply  furrowed 
on  the  dorso-posterior  portion;  tentacles  short  and  thick;  eye- 
peduncles  not  long,  thick  and  club-like;  mantle  thin,  simple; 
color  whitish,  with  pure  white  patches  scattered  about  causing 
a  mottled  appearance.  Shell  placed  well  toward  the  posterior 
part_of  the  body,  and  carried  almost  flat  (Fig.  50). 


r^i 


Fig.  51. 

Radula  of  HELICODISCUS  LINEATUS  Say.  (From  nature,  after  Bin- 
ney.)  •  c,  central  tooth;  1,  first  lateral;  5,  fifth  lateral,  modified;  8,  11,  mar- 
ginal teeth. 

Jaw:  Long  and  narrow,  ends  sharply  attenuated;  dorsal 
border  rounded,  smooth;  ventral  border  with  a  large,  rounded, 
median  projection;  anterior  surface  striate,  the  striae  con- 
verging toward  the  median  projection  (Fig.  51,  J).  Professor 
Pilsbry  (Guide  to  Helices,  PI.  xv,  Fig.  i)  figures  a  jaw  with 
rounded  ends  and  very  arcuate.  The  specimens  examined  by 
myself  seemed  to  be  more  like  Morse's  figure,  although  there 
was  some  variation. 

Radula  formula:  f +f +i+f+i+f +i+f+f  (12- 1  -  12); 
central  tooth  with  a  base  of  attachment  longer  than  wide,  the 
lower  outer  corners  produced  into  small,  narrow  projections; 
reflection  narrow,  tricuspid,  the  central  cusp  longer  than  the 
two  side  cusps;  lateral  teeth  with  a  wide  base  of  attachment, 
almost  square  in  fact,  the  lower  right  outer  corner  with  a 


214  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

small,  narrow  projection;  reflection  tricuspid,  the  central  cusp 
very  long,  rather  wide,  and  reaching  to  the  border  of  the  base 
of  attachment;  side  cusps  short  and  wide;  the  fifth  tooth  is  a 
modified  lateral,  with  a  much  shortened  central  cusp;  marginal 
teeth  wider  than  long,  reflection  with  three  cusps,  the  inner 
cusp  being  longer  than  the  outer  and  bifid;  the  outer  cusps  are 
small  and  narrow;  the  eleventh  and  twelfth  marginals  have 
three  outer  cusps  instead  of  two;  all  the  cusps  have  rounded, 
well  developed  cutting  points  (Fig.  51).  There  are  over  75 
rows  of  teeth. 

Distribution:  "Ontario  and  Quebec  to  Florida,  west  to  Rio 
Chania  and  White  Oaks,  New  Mexico  (Pilsbry).  Manitoba 
(Hanham). 

Geological  distribution :     Pleistocene;  Loess. 

Habitat:  In  damp  situations,  under  loose  bark,  in  rotting 
wood,  and  under  sticks,  stones  and  leaves.  Associated  with 
Pyramidula  striatella,  Zonitoides  arboreus,  etc. 

Remarks:  A  small  species,  at  once  distinguished  by  its 
flat  whorls  and  armed  aperture.  The  teeth  within  the  aperture 
are  placed  as  follows:  one  pair  near  the.  aperture;  a  second 
pair  is  placed  within  the  aperture,  a  third  or  half  a  whorl  from 
the  opening,  and  a  third  pair  (when  present)  still  farther  within 
the  aperture.  Each  pair  is  placed  one  above  the  other,  the 
superior  tooth  being  at  or  a  trifle  above  the  periphery,  and 
the  inferior  between  that  point  and  the  base  of  the  aperture. 
When  the  animal  is  in  motion  the  shell  is  carried  almost  flat, 
the  eye-peduncles'  and  tentacles  pointing  upward  at  an  angle 
of  85  degrees.  The  anterior  part  of  the  animal  is  much  in 
advance,  of  the  shell,  the  latter  being  placed  almost  on  the 
posterior  extremity.  This  species  is  fully  as  abundant  as  the 
last,  and  is  almost  always  found  associated  with  it.  It  is  one 
of  the  neatest  of  the  smaller  Helices. 

Subfamily  Punctlnae. 

"Jaw  composed  of  sixteen  to  twenty-four  separate  pieces." 
(Pilsbry.) 

GENUS  PUNCTUM  Morse,  1864. 

Shell:  Small,  discoidal,  aperture  subcircular,  peristome 
thin.  Jaw  composed  of  numerous  separate  plates,  which  partly 
overlap  each  other.  Radula  with  a  unicuspid  central  tooth  and 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  215 

bicuspid  lateral  teeth,  all  longer  than  wide.     "Genital  system 
lacking  all  accessory  appendages."     (Pilsbry.) 

Distribution:     "Holarctic  realm."     (Pilsbry.) 
83.     Punctum  pygmaeum  Drap.,  pi.  xxviii,  fig.  20. 

Helix  pygmteum  DRAP.,  Tab.  Moll.,  p.  114,  pi.  viii,  figs.  8-10,  1801. 
Helix  minutissima  LEA,  Trans.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  IX,  p.  17;  Proc., 
Vol.11,  p.  82,  1841. 

Shell:  Subglobose,  rather  strong,  umbilicated;  surface 
dull  or  shining,  marked  by  numerous  strong,  rounded,  ele- 
vated striae  and  very  fine  spiral  lines,  which  are  stronger  on  the 
base  than  elsewhere;  color  reddish  or  brownish;  periphery 
rounded;  sutures  very  deeply  impressed,  especially  between 
the  last  two  whorls;  whorls  four,  convex,  regularly  and  gradu- 
ally increasing  in  size;  spire  elevated,  convex;  aperture  some- 
what oblique,  crescentic,  ample;  peristome  simple,  rather  solid ; 
columella  subreflected,  the  terminations  of  the  aperture  widely 
separated;  umbilicus  wide,  deep,  showing  all  the  volutions  to 
the  apex. 

Greater  diameter,  1.00;  height,  0.50  mill.     (11457.) 

Animal:     Not  observed. 
Genitalia:     Not  observed. 

Jaw:  ''Arcuate  or  horse-shoe  shaped,  composed  of  thir- 
teen to  nineteen  separate  rhomboidal  plates,  more  or  less 


Fig.  52. 
Jaw  of  PUNCTUM  PYGM^UM  Drap.    (After  Binney.) 

overlapping,  the  outer  imbricating  over  the  inner  plates;  the 
median  two  or  three  plates  slightly  separated,  not  overlap- 
ping." (Pilsbry.)*  (Fig.  52.) 

Radulaiormu\di:  Y+H~¥  (r3 — T  —  [3);  central  tooth  with 
a  long  and  narrow  base  of  attachment,  the  lower  outer  corners 
somewhat  expanded,  but  the  lower  edge  straight  or  only 
slightly  concave;  reflection  tricuspid,  the  central  cusp  short, 
wide,  rather  sharp,  reaching  about  a  third  of  the  distance  from 
upper  to  lower  edge  of  basal  plate,  side  cusps  very  short  and 
wide,  rounded;  lateral  teeth  with  a  base  of  attachment  almost 
as  wide  as  long,  squarely  truncated  at  the  lower  edge;  reflec- 

*Guide  to  Study  of  Helices,  p.  7. 


216  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF   SCIENCES. 

tion  large,  bicuspid,  the  inner  cusp  wide  and  reaching  more- 
than  half  way  to  the  lower  margin  of  the  base  of  attachment; 
outer  cusp  short,  wide,  widely  separated  from  the  inner  cusp; 
the  outer  laterals  and  marginals  are  similar  to  the  first  lateral, 
excepting  that  the  inner  cusp  first  becomes  longer,  and  then 
(on  the  extreme  margi'nals)  becomes  equal  in  size  with  the 
outer  cusp,  and  the  base  of  attachment  becomes  short  and 
wide.  This  description  is  from  the  form  known  as  minutissi- 
mum,  in  which  there  are  54  rows  of  teeth.  The  typical  pyg- 
m&umhas  114  rows  of  19-1-19  teeth  (Fig.  53).  All  of  the 
teeth  are  more  or  less  separated. 

Distribution:  Circumpolar.  Northern  United  States  and 
Southern  Canada  south  to  Texas  and  west  to  California. 

Geological  distribution :     Pleistocene. 

Habitat:  Found  rather  plentifully  under  chips  and  pieces 
of  wood  on  the  edge  of  forests. 


Fig.  53. 

Radula  of  PUNCTUM  PYGM^UM  Drap.  (MINUTISSIMUM  Lea.)  c, 
central  tooth;  1,  first  lateral;  8,  transition  tooth;  12,  marginal  tooth. 

Remarks:  This  is  one  of  our  smallest  shells,  and  is  easily 
distinguished  from  all  others  by  its  subglobose  form  and  dis- 
coidal  whorls.  Thus  far  it  has  only  been  collected  in  the 
northern  and  western  regions,  but  it  will  probably  be  found, 
after  careful  search,  in  the  southern  region. 

Heterurethra. 
Superfamily  Elasmognatha. 

Jaw  provided  with  a  superior,  quadrangular  plate. 

FAMILY  SUCCINID^:. 

Shell:  Thin,  transparent;  aperture  very  large;  spire  very 
small  and  short. 

Animal:  Large,  scarcely  able  to  withdraw  into  its  she}l; 
foot  very  broad;  eye-peduncles  but  little  developed;  tentacles 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY   SURVEY.  217 

very  small;  jaw  provided  with  an  accessory  plate;  lingual 
membrane  with  a  high,  narrow,  central  tooth,  tricuspid;  lat- 
erals of  same  size,  bi-  or  tricuspid;  margins  with  narrow  bases, 
multicuspid. 

GENUS  SUCCINEA  Draparnaud,  1801. 

Shell:  Very  thin  and  fragile,  imperforate,  ovate;  aperture 
very  large,  occupying  the  greater  part  of  the  shell;  columella 
acute,  simple;  peristome  straight,  simple. 

Animal:     Elongated,   truncated   before,   pointed    behind; 


Fig.  54. 
Animal  of  SUCCINEA  OVALIS  Say.    (Original.) 

mantle  protected  by  a  shell,  but  not  concealing  the  entire 
animal  as  in  Helix;  respiratory  and  anal  orifices  on  right  of 
mantle  edge,  just  beneath  the  peristome;  generative  orifice  be- 
hind right  eye-peduncle;  caudal  mucus  pore  absent;  locomo- 
tive disk  (?)  (Fig.  54). 

Jaw:  Arched,  with  large,  quadrangular  accessory  plate; 
the  ends  (of  jaw)  acuminate  or  blunt;  cutting  edge  with  median 
projection,  frequently  broken  by  ends  of  ribs.  Lingual  mem- 
brane resembling  that  of  Patula.  The  middle  portion  of  the 
lower  edge  of  the  base  of  attachment  of  the  central  tooth  is 
peculiarly  cut  away  and  thinned,  as  is  also  the  inner  lower 
lateral  angle  of  the  base  of  the  laterals  and  marginals.  The 
marginals  are  peculiarly  constructed  as  regards  the  cusps, 
there  being  two  small  outer  side  cusps,  each  bearing  cutting 
points;  the  reflection  is  quite  small  when  compared  to  the  size 
of  the  base  of  attachment. 

Genitalia:  Mr.  W.  G.  Binney  thus  describes  the  genitalia 
(of  5.  ovalis):  "The  testicle  is  not  separated  into  distinct  fas- 
ciculi by  the  parenchyma  of  the  liver,  as  in  Helix,  but  forms  a 
single  mass;  the  epididymis  is  very  much  convoluted,  and  ap- 
pears always  to  be  distended  with  spermatic  matter;  the  pros- 
tate gland  is  usually  short,  occupying  the  upper  half  only  of 
the  length  of  the  oviduct,  and  is  thick,  clavate,  and  more  or 
less  covered  by  pigmentum  nigrum  cells  upon  the  surface;  the 
penis  sac  is  long,  cylindroid,  curved  downward  at  its  upper 


218  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

part,  and  is  joined  at  its  summit  by  the  vas  deferens;  the 
retractor  muscle  is  inserted  into  the  penis  sac  a  short  distance 
from  its  summit;  the  genital  bladder  is  large  and  globular;  its 
duct  is  nearly  as  long  as  the  oviduct,  and  is  narrow;  the  vagina 
is  moderately  long  and  muscular;  the  cloaca  is  short.* 
Distribution :  World-wide. 

KEY   TO   SPECIES   OF   SUCCINEA. 

A.  Spire  short,  aperture  occupying  the  greater  part  of  the  shell. 

a.  Aperture  wide,  oblique ovalis 

b.  Aperture  long,  narrow,  straight retusa 

B.  Spire  long,  aperture  occupying  a  little  over  half  of  the  shell. . .  .avara 

84.    Succinea  ovalis  Say,  pi.  xxx,  figs.  22,  23. 

Succinea  ovalis  SAY,  Journ.  Phil.  Acad.,  Vol.  I,  p.  15,  1817. 

Succinea  obliqua  SAY,  Long's  Expedition,  Vol.  II,  p.  260,  pi.  xv,  fig.  7, 

1824. 

Succinea  totteniana  LEA,  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  II,  p.  32,  1841. 
(Variety.) 

Shell:  Large  (for  the  genus),  thin,  fragile,  ovately-oblique, 
pellucid;  surface  shining,  marked  by  distinct  lines  of  growth, 
sometimes  raised  in  ridges;  color  yellowish  green  or  amber, 
sometimes  very  light,  at  others  very  dark;  whorls  three,  rapidly 
enlarging,  the  last  being  more  than  twice  the  length  of  the 
others  combined,  very  oblique  and  much  expanded;  spire 
short,  blunt;  sutures  well  impressed;  aperture  obliquely  ovate, 
very  large,  occupying  more  than  two-thirds  of  the  entire  shell; 
columella  thin,  narrow,  its  margin  slightly  glazed  with  testa- 
ceous matter;  peristome  thin,  blunted,  the  terminations  con- 
nected by  a  thin  callus;  the  shell  is  covered  with  a  very  fine 
periostracum. 

Length,  22.00;  diam.,  12.50;  aper.  length,  15.50;  diam.,  9.50  mill.  (10451.) 
22.00;  "  13.00;  "  "  16.00;  "  9.75  "  (10451.) 
20.00;  "  12.00;  "  "  14.00;  "  9.00  "  (10449.) 
17.50;  "  11.00;  "  "  12.50;  "  9.00  "  (10442.) 

Animal:  With  a  wide  foot,  truncate  before,  rounded  be- 
hind; color  in  general  yellowish  or  saffron,  with  seven  distinct 
black  lines  on  the  anterior  part,  one  in  the  center  of  the  head, 
one  on  the  dorsal  surface  of  each  eye-peduncle,  one  on  each 
side  of  the  neck  and  one  on  each  side  of  the  foot;  the  mantle 
is  grayish  in  color;  tentacles  white,  small,  inconspicuous;  eye- 
peduncles  rather  short,  thick,  blunt,  the  eyes  placed  as  usual 
at  the  tips;  there  is  a  deep  furrow  on  each  side,  commencing 

*  Man.  Amer.  Land  Shells,  p.  343.    The  author  is  also  indebted  to  Mr.  Binney  for  much 
or  most  of  the  information  used  under  the  generic  description  of  Succinea. 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  219 

at  the  anterior  part  of  the  mantle  and  extending  downward 
and  forward  to  a  point  behind  the  tentacles;  sometimes  the 
central  stripe,  which  extends  from  the  mouth  over  the  head 
to  the  mantle,  is  quite  large  and  composed  of  small  black 
blotches.  Length  of  foot  13.00,  width  6.00  mill.  Heart  situ- 
ated midway  between  the  anterior  and  posterior  borders  of 
the  aperture,  to  the  left  of  the  columella,  pulsations  regular, 
sixty-nine  per  minute. 

yaw:  With  the  usual  quadrate,  superior  appendage  com- 
mon to  the  genus;  cutting  portion  arched,  with  a  median  pro- 
jection to  cutting  edge;  anterior  surface  with  from  three  to 
seven  ribs  which  denticulate  both  margins  (Fig.  55,  J). 

Radula  formula:  ^  +  ^>+£+^>  +  iy  (42-1  -42);  central 
tooth  with  a  subquadrate  base  of  attachment,  the  lower  outer 


Fig.  55. 

Radula  of  SUCCINEA  OVALIS  Say.  (Original.)  c,  central  tooth;  1,  first 
lateral;  17,  35  marginal  teeth;  J,  jaw. 

corners  expanded  and  the  base  concave;  reflection  tricuspid, 
the  central  cusp  long  and  wide,  nearly  or  quite-reaching  the 
lower  margin  of  the  base  of  attachment,  the  side  cusps  very 
short;  lateral  teeth  similar  to  central,  longer  than  wide,  bicus- 
pid, the  inner  cusp  very  long  and  wide,  reaching  below  the 
lower  margin  of  the  base  of  attachment,  the  outer  cusp  very 
small;  the  third  outer  cusp  on  the  first  few  laterals  is  rudimen- 
tary; marginal  teethmodifiedlaterals,  wider  than  long, tricuspid, 
the  inner  cusp  long  and  wide,  acute,  and  the  two  outer  cusps 
short,  narrow  and  pointed.  All  of  the  cusps  are  provided  with 
well  marked  cutting  points  (Fig.  55). 

Genitalia:     See  generic  description. 

Distribution:  Eastern  and  Central  parts  of  Northern  United 
States,  west  to  Manitoba,  south  to  Arkansas  and  Georgia; 
Canada. 


220  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

Geological  distribution:     Pleistocene;  Loess. 

Habitat:  Found  generally  in  moist  localities,  in  the  vicin- 
ity of  some  body  of  water,  crawling  on  the  grass  and  rushes 
along  the  margins.  Also  found  on  tree  trunks  to  a  consid- 
erable height,  at  some  distance  from  water. 

Remarks:  .This  is  a  species  at  once  distinguished  by  its 
large  size  and  peculiar  oblique  aperture.  It  is  a  very  common 
mollusk  and  is  found  almost  everywhere.  At  Bowmanville  it 
has  been  seen  on  the  bark  of  elm  trees  over  five  feet  from  the 
ground,  where  there  was  little  or  no  moisture.  There  is  some 
variation  in  the  obliquity  of  the  aperture,  some  specimens  hav- 
ing the  aperture  long,  narrow  and  straight.  There  is  a  form 
found  at  Bowmanville  which  approaches  var.  totteniana  Lea, 
(pi.  xxx,  fig.  23);. it  is  smaller,  of  a  greenish  tinge,  and  the 
aperture  is  more  oval  and  less  oblique;  the  animal  is  much 
darker,  when  alive,  than  typical  ovalis.  The  radula  and  jaw 
are  similar  to  those  of  ovalis.  During  the  summer  the  animal 
is  not  able  to  withdraw  completely  into  its  shell,  but  as  soon 
as  winter  approaches,  the  animal  becomes  smaller  and  is  found 
in  hibernation,  withdrawn  so  far  within  the  shell  that  half  of 
the  last  whorl  is  empty. 

The  species  is  universally  distributed  throughout  the  area. 

Students  of  the  Mollusca  will  no  doubt  be  surprised  that 
ovalis  is  used  in  place  of  obliqua.  The  writer  believes,  with  Mr. 
Bryant  Walker,  that  the  elder  Binney  had  no  authority  for 
using  obliqua  instead  of  ovalis  when  the  latter  species  has  seven 
years'  priority.  This  being  the  case,  the  writer  has  used  that 
name  instead  of  obliqua. 

85.     Succinea  retusa  Lea,  pi.  xxx,  fig.  24. 

Succinea  retusa  LEA,  Trans.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  V,  p.  117,  pi.  xix, 

fig.  86,  1837. 

Succinea  ovalis  GOULD,  Invert.  Mass.,  p.  194,  fig.  125,  1841. 
Succinea  forsheyi  LEA,    Proc.  Phil.  Acad.,  p.  109,  1864,  Obs.,  Vol.  XI, 

p.  134,  pi.  xxiv,  fig.  107. 

Succinea  ivilsoni  LEA,  1.  c.,  Obs.  1.  c.,  fig.  105. 
Succinea  decamfii  TRYON,  Amer.  Journ.  Conch.,  Vol.  II,  p.  237,  pi.  ii, 

fig.  23,  1866.     (Variety.) 
Succinea  calumetensis  W.  W.  CALKINS,  Valley  Naturalist,  Vol.  I,  No. 

2,  p.  1,  fig.  St.  Louis,  Nov.,  1878. 
Succinea peoriensis  WOLF,  The  Nautilus,  Vol.  VI,  p.  19, 1892.  (Variety.) 

Shell:  Very  ovate,  elongated,  thin,  pellucid;  surface  cov- 
ered with  very  minute  lines  of  growth;  color  very  light  horn 
or  greenish-horn,  sometimes  tinged  with  rose;  whorls  three, 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  221 

very  rapidly  enlarging,  not  much  expanded,  the  last  whorl  over 
twice  the  size  of  the  others  combined;  spire  very  short,  acute- 
conic;  sutures  very  heavily  impressed;  aperture  long-ovate, 
narrow,  straight,  wider  below  than  above  the  center,  where  it 
rapidly  narrows  to  an  acute  point;  the  aperture  occupies  from 
two-thirds  to  three-fourths  the  length  of  the  entire  shell  and  is 
somewhat  patulous;  when  the  shell  is  viewed  from  below,  all 
the  volutions  may  be  seen  within  the  aperture;  peristome  thin, 
simple,  terminations  widely  separated;  columella  simple;  a 
view  from  the  side  shows  the  shell  to  be  more  or  less  cone- 
shaped. 

Length,  19.50;  width,  9.00;  aperture  length,  14.00;  wide,  7.00  mill.  (6891.) 
16.50;        "      8.00;        "  "        12.00;       "     6.50     "     (9699.) 

12.00;        "      6.50;        "  "          8.50;       "     5.00     "  (10124.) 

Animal:  Generally  whitish  or  amber  colored,  the  upper 
part  of  the  body  covered  with  minute  brownish  or  blackish 
dots  arranged  in  clusters;  there  is  a  black  line  on  the  upper 
part,  which  extends  from  the  ends  of  the  eye-peduncles,  along 
the  sides  of  the  neck  to  the  shell;  eye-peduncles  short,  thick, 
not  much  tapering,  the  eyes  situated  on  bulb-shaped  swellings 
at  the  tips;  tentacles  very  short,  conical;  foot  long  and  narrow, 
truncate  before  and  pointed  behind,  9.50  mill,  long,  and  2.00 
mill,  wide;  the  head  is  distinct  and  separated  from  the  body  by 
a  neck;  respiratory  orifice  on  the  right  side  of  the  shell  near 
the  peristome,  about  a  fourth  of  the  distance  between  the  an- 
terior and  posterior  borders  of  the  latter.  Heart  situated  to 
the  left  of  the  aperture,  midway  between  upper  and  lower  mar- 
gins; pulsations  somewhat  irregular,  one  hundred  and  fifty  to 
one  hundred  and  fifty-five  per  minute. 

Jaw:  Arched,  ends  blunt;  cutting  edge  with  a  central 
projection  and  three  smaller  swellings  on  each  side;  anterior 
surface  smooth.  The  usual  superior  appendage  is  present. 
A  specimen  examined  by  Morse  had  the  anterior  surface  cut 
up  into  several  vertical  furrows  which  modified  the  lower  mar- 
gin. Binney  found  a  jaw  with  smooth  anterior  surface  and 
strong  median  projection  (Fig.  56,  J). 

Radula  formula:  V+f+l+i+l+f+V  (60-1-60);  cen- 
tral tooth  longer  than  wide,  the  lower  part  of  the  base  of 
attachment  produced  at  the  outer  corners,  reflected  portion 
tricuspid,  the  central  cusp  very  long  but  not  reaching  the 
lower  margin  of  the  base  of  attachment,  and  the  side  cusps 
small;  lateral  teeth  almost  as  wide  as  long,  similar  to  central, 


222  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF   SCIENCES. 

bicuspid,  the  inner  cusp  very  large,  the  outer  cusp  very  small; 
there  are  9  pure  lateral  teeth,  followed  by  several  modified 
laterals  with  two  very  small  outer  cusps;  marginals  wider  than 
long,  five-cuspid,  the  inner  cusp  small,  the  next  large  and  the 
three  outer  cusps  small;  all  of  the  teeth  are  provided  with 
cutting  points.  The  number  of  rows  varies  from  70  to  80  (Fig. 
56).  Mr.  Binney  found  60-1-60  teeth  and  Professor  Morse 
40-1-40.  (Vide  Amer.  L.  S.,  p.  389.) 

Genitalia:     Not  examined. 

Distribution:  Northern  and  Middle  United  States  and 
Southern  Canada;  west  to  Manitoba  and  south  to  Georgia. 

Geological  distribution ;     Pleistocene;  Loess. 

Habitat:  Found  about  marshy  regions,  on  the  stems  of 
water-plants  and  about  wet  stones  and  wood.  Frequently 
found  on  the  leaves  of  flags  (Iris)  and  on  lily  pads  (Nymphaa). 


Fig.  56. 

Radula  of  SUCCINEA  RETUSA  Lea.  (Original.)  c,  central  tooth;  1, 
first  lateral,  11,  intermediate  lateral;  40,  twenty-eighth  marginal;  J,  jaw. 

Remarks:  A  species  easily  distinguished  by  its  narrow, 
conic  shell  and  straight  aperture.  Mr.  Binney  says:  "It  de- 
posits its  eggs,  to  the  number  of  about  twenty,  enveloped  in  a 
mass  of  thin,  transparent  gelatine,  at  the  foot  of  aquatic  plants. 

These  gelatinous  masses  are  very  numerous in  the 

warm  days  of  June.  The  eggs  are  oval  and  transparent."  The 
writer  has  observed  these  egg-masses  about  the  middle  of 
June.  This  species,  like  others  of  the  genus,  is  infested  by  a 
parasite  (Leucochloridum  paradoxum)  which  sometimes  modifies 
the  eye-peduncles.  This  parasite  changes  into  Distoma  macros- 
tomum  in  birds.  Retusa  is  universally  distributed  throughout 
the  area. 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  223 

853.    Succinea  retusa  magister  Pilsbry. 

Succinea  retusa  var.  magister  PILSBRY,  The  Nautilus,  Vol.  XI,  p.  143, 

1898. 

Succinea  retusa  magister  PILSBRY,  The  Nautilus,  Vol.  XII,  p.  103,  1899. 
Shell:    Differing  from  retusa  in  being  generally  larger  and 
in  the  less  developed  spire  and  larger  aperture. 

Length,  19.00;  width,  9.50;  aperture  length,  14.00;  width,  7.00  mill. 
Animal:     Similar  to  type. 
Jaw  and  Radula:     As  in  retusa. 
Distribution:     Northern  Mississippi  Valley. 
Geological  distribution :     Pleistocene;  Loess. 
Habitat:     Same  as  type. 

Remarks:    The  variety  does  not  seem  to  be  as  common  as 
the  type,  although  it  is  equally  as  widely  distributed. 
86.    Succinea  avara  Say,  pi.  xxx,  fig.  25. 

Succinea  avara  SAY,  Long's  Exped.,  Vol.  II,  p.  260,  pi.  xv,  fig.  6,  1822. 
Succinea  vermeta  SAY,  New  Harm.  Diss.,  Vol.  II,  p. 230, 1829.  (Variety. 
Succinea  wardiana  LEA,  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  II,  p.  31,  1841. 
Succinea  alba  CKLL,  The  Nautilus,  Vol.  VII,  p.  43,  1893.    (Albino.) 
Succinea  compacta  CKLL,  1.  c.,  p.  44,  1893. 
Succinea  major  W.  G.  BINNEY,  1.  c.,  p.  44,  1893.   (Variety.) 

Shell:  Elongate-ovate,  thin  and  fragile,  shining;  surface 
covered  with  minute  lines  of  growth  with  here  and  there  a  line 
raised  into  an  elevated  ridge,  which  are  more  pronounced  on 
the  last  whorl;  color  straw  to  greenish-horn,  sometimes  rosy; 
whorls  three,  rapidly  increasing,  rounded,  the  last  whorl  a  trifle 
more  than  half  the  length  of  the  whole  shell;  spire  rather  long, 
acutely  conic;  sutures  deeply  impressed;  aperture  roundly 
ovate,  last  whorl  not  much  expanded,  straight  or  slightly 
oblique;  peristome  sharp,  simple;  columella  simple,  almost 
straight;  when  young,  the  shell  is  frequently  slightly  hirsute. 
Length,  11.75;  diam.,  7.00;  aperture  length,  7.00;  diam.,  4.50  mill.  (8462).) 
11.00;  "  6.00;  "  "  6.50;  "  4.00  "  (10439.) 

Animal:  Dirty  white  or  yellowish-white  in  color,  darker 
on  head,  neck  and  eye-peduncles;  head  distinct;  eye-peduncles 
blunt,  conical,  of  medium  length,  eyes  black,  situated  as  usual; 
foot  long  and  narrow,  somewhat  flesh-colored,  8.00  mill,  long 
and  1.50  mill.  wide.  In  some  specimens  the  body  is  almost 
transparent.  The  heart  is  situated  one-sixteenth  of  an  inch 
from  the  middle  of  the  columella,  to  the  left,  and  the  pulsations 
number  one  hundred  and  thirty  and  are  quite  regular. 

Jaw:  Very  strongly  arched,  the  ends  much  attenuated 
and  bent  downwards;  convex  margin  with  two  strong  swellings 


224 


THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 


situated  centrally;  concave  margin  with  a  strong  median  pro- 
jection; anterior  surface  smooth  (Fig.  57,  J). 

Radula  formula:  f +f+|+i+f+f+l  (21-1-21);  central 
tooth  as  usual,  the  central  cusp  not  being  as  long  as  in  the 
other  species  mentioned;  laterals  eight  in  number,  the  outer 
side  cusp  being  longer  than  usual;  marginals  similar  to  those 
of  retusa,  excepting  that  in  the  first  five  the  inner  cusp  is  not 
bifid  and  there  are  but  two  outer  side  cusps;  all  of  the  cusps 
are  very  long  and  bear  sharp  cutting  points  (Fig.  57). 

Genitalia:     Not  examined. 

Distribution:  "Canada  to  Georgia,  west  to  Minnesota, 
Montana,  Utah,  Texas  and  California."  (Pilsbry.) 

Geological  distribution. :     Pleistocene;  Loess. 


Fig.  57. 

Radula  of  SUCCINEA  AVARA  Say.  (Jaw  after  Binney,  radula  original.) 
c,  central  tooth;  1,  8,  lateral  teeth;  9,  first  intermediate  marginal;  14  sixth 
marginal;  J,  jaw. 

Habitat:  Found  plentifully  under  wet  boards  and  logs 
and  at  the  roots  of  vegetation  situated  in  moist  or  wet  locali- 
ties. The  vegetation  beneath  old  wooden  bridges  is  always  a 
good  locality  for  this  species^ 

Remarks:  Avara  is  distinguished  from  the  previous  species 
by  its  long  spire  and  nearly  round  aperture.  The  movements 
of  this  species  are  always  slow  and  deliberate,  and  it  lacks  the 
energetic  motions  of  its  relatives,  o valis  and  retusa.  The  sutures 
are  sometimes  very  deep  and  somewhat  channeled.  The  species 
is  not  very  common,  except  in  a  very  few  localities,  but  is  found 
sparingly  everywhere. 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY   SURVEY.  225 

Orthurethra. 

Ureter  passing  directly  forward  from  the  kidney  toward 
the  anterior  of  the  lung.  (Pilsbry.) 

FAMILY  PUPID^:. 

Shell:  Usually  small,  multispiral,  generally  elongated; 
aperture  frequently  contracted  by  internal  teeth. 

Animal:  Tentacles  small  or  wanting;  foot  very  short,  ob- 
tuse or  pointed  behind;  jaw  smooth  or  finely  striated,  fre- 
quently strengthened  by  the  addition  of  a  superior,  arched 
plate,  giving  it  the  appearance  of  a  double  jaw;  dentition  re- 
sembling Helix;  central  and  lateral  teeth  of  same  form  and 
size  (generally),  tricuspid;  marginals  quadrate,  low,  wide,  den- 
ticulated. 

GENUS  STROBILOPS  Pilsbry. 

Strobilops  PILSBRY,  Proc.  Phil.  Acad.,  p.  403,  1892. 

Strobila  MORSE,  Journ.  Portl.  Soc^Vol.  I,  p.  26,  figs.  64-67,  pi.  ii,  fig.  12, 

a,  b;   pi.  viii,  fig.  68,   1864.    (Non  Strobila  Sars,  1833;  Strobilus 

Anton,  1839.) 

Shell:  Strongly  striated,  depressed-conic,  umbilicated; 
aperture  lunate;  peristome  reflected;  parietal  wall  armed  with 
several  lamellae  which  are  provided  with  sharp,  spiny  projec- 
tions at  regular  intervals. 

Animal:     Similar  to  that  of  Pyramidula. 

Jaw:     Long  and  narrow,  arched,  ribbed. 

Radula:     With  numerous  teeth  similar  to  those  of  Pupa. 

Distribution:     North  America  and  some  of  the  West  Indies. 

87.     Strobilops  labyrinthica  Say,  pi.  xxx,  fig.  14. 

Helix  labyrinthica  SAY,  Journ.  Phil.  Acad.,  Vol.  I,  p.  124,  1817. 
Strobila  morsei  DALL,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  p.  263,  1885.    (Variety.) 
Strobila  strebeli  PFEIFFER,  Malak.  Blatt.,  Vol.  VIII,  pi.  i,  Figs.  5-8. 
Variety.) 

Shell:  Small,  depressed-conic,  umbilicated;  surface  cov- 
ered with  numerous  heavy,  oblique  ribs,  which  are  much  finer 
on  the  base  than  on  the  upper  surface;  the  apex  is  smooth; 
color  brownish  horn;  whorls  six.  rounded,  regularly  increasing 
in  size,  the  last  somewhat  globose;  sutures  well  impressed; 
spire  globose-conic  or  depressed;  aperture  lunate,  a  trifle  ob- 
lique; on  the  parietal  wall  there  are  three  revolving  ribs,  two 
of  which  nearly  or  quite  reach  the  aperture  while  the  third 
lies  between  these  and  is  more  deeply  seated;  these  ribs  are 


226 


THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY   OF    SCIENCES. 


provided  with  swellings  at  regular  intervals,  which  support  a 
number  of  sharp  spines  pointing  toward  the  aperture;  on  the 
columella  there  is  also  a  smooth,  heavy,  revolving  rib;  on 
the  base  of  the  shell,  placed  far  within  the  aperture,  are  two 
smooth,  heavy  lamellae  which  extend  only  about  a  third  of  a 
volution;  the  parietal  lamellae  are  more  or  less  granular  in 
texture;  peristome  narrowly  reflected,  slighty  thickened,  the 
terminations  widely  separated;  umbilicus  narrow,  open  (Figs. 
58.  59)- 


Fig.  58. 

STROBILOPS  LABYRINTHICA  Say. 
showing  parietal  lamellae.  (Binney. 
Fig.  282.) 


Fig.  59. 

STROBILOPS  LABYRINTHICA  Say. 
Parietal  lamellae  enlarged.  (Binney, 
Fig.  283.) 


Greater  diameter,  2.15;  lesser,  2.00;  height,  1.50  mill.    (11994.) 
2.15;        "      2.00;        "        1.60    "        (11994.) 

Animal:  Very  small;  foot  rather  short,  narrow,  rounded 
beforehand  behind;  color  white  on  the  foot  and  sides  of  body 
and  jet  black  on  head,  neck  and  eye-peduncles;  the  head  is 
rather  broad  and  the  eye-peduncles  are  short,  very  thick  and 


Fig.  60. 

Radula  of  STROBILOPS  LABYRINTHICA  Say.     (Original.)     c,  central 
tooth;  1,  first  lateral;  5,  intermediate  lateral;  10,  fifth  marginal;  J,  jaw. 

bulbous  at  their  end,  where  the  eyes  are  situated;  the  tentacles 
are  very  short  and  thick. 

Jaw:     Long  and  narrow,  somewhat  arched,  ends  blunt; 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  227 

surface  with  about  thirteen  heavy  ribs,  which  denticulate  both 
margins  (Fig.  60,  J). 

Radula  formula:  ^+£+£+4+^  (13-1-  13);  the  cen- 
tral tooth  has  a  rather  wide  base  of  attachment,  attenuated  at 
the  lower  outer  corners  and  excavated  on  the  lower  border; 
the  reflection  is  tricuspid,  of  which  the  center  cusp  is  long  and 
narrow,  reaching  to  the  lower  edge  of  the  base  of  attachment; 
the  side  cusps  are  very  short.  Lateral  teeth  similar  to  central 
tooth,  but  bicuspid,  the  inner  cusp  long  and  the  outer  cusp 
very  short;  the  fifth  lateral  is  modified  by  the  shortening  of 
the  outer  cusp.  The  marginal  teeth  are  low  and  wide  and 
denticulated  by  from  three  to  five  teeth,  of  which  the  inner  is 
the  largest  and  bifid.  The  cutting  points  of  the  central  and 
lateral  teeth  are  very  short  (Fig.  60).  There  are  over  75  rows 
of  teeth. 

Genitalia :     Unknown. 

Distribution:  United  States  and  Canada,  from  Maine  to 
Manitoba  and  south  to  Texas. 

Geological  distribution:  Pleistocene;  Loess.  Upper  Eocene 
of  Isle  of  Wight. 

Habitat:  Found  on  the  edge  of  woodlands  under  and 
about  pieces  of  wood  and  various  kinds  of  debris. 

Remarks:  This  is  a  most  characteristic  species,  which 
cannot  be  mistaken  for  any  other.  The  peculiar  parietal  ribs 
are  different  from  any  other  species  found  in  our  region.  The 
animal  is  very  slow  and  deliberate  in  movement  and  the  shell 
appears  to  be  much  too  large  for  it.  The  latter  is  carried 
perfectly  flat  and  the  animal  moves  about  in  a  wabbly  manner. 
This  species  seems  to  be  confined  to  the  northern  and  western 
regions.  It  has  been  seen  by  Mr.  Jensen  to  prey  upon  Euconulus 
fulvus. 

KEY   TO   SPECIES  OF    PUPID^.* 

A.  Aperture  without  teeth  or  folds marginata 

B.  Aperture  with  teeth  or  folds. 

a.    Aperture  squarish  or  rounded. 

1.  Teeth  few  or  wanting;  never  more  than  two,  placed 

on  the  parietal  wall corticaria 

2.  Teeth  numerous  (five  to  seven),  parietal  tooth  bifid 
or  bicuspidate;  one  or  two  basal  teeth. 

•fTeeth  small,  long,  narrow,  sharp,  five  in  number, 

never  filling  the  aperture;  only  one  basal  tooth procera 

ttTeeth  large,  massive,  almost  or  quite  filling 

the  aperture. 

*Excepting  Strobilops. 


228  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

*Teeth  five  to  seven,  parietal  tooth  directed 
toward  the  center  of  the  outer  lip;  base  of 
shell  rounded armifera 

**Teeth  three  to  four,  parietal  tooth  directed 
toward  the  base  of  the  aperture  ;  base  of  shell 
keeled,  an  elevated  callus  connecting  termi- 
nations of  peristome contracta 

***Teeth  generally  six  in  number,  parietal  tooth 
directed  toward  the  base  of  the  aperture,  bi- 
furcated; no  elevated  callus  connecting  peri- 
stome terminations holzingeri 

3.  Teeth  numerous,  but  small,  three  basal  teeth;  pari- 

etal tooth  simple. 

tParietal  tooth  small,  straight;  eight  teeth pentodon 

ttParietal  tooth  larger,  curved;  six  teeth curvidens 

4.  Teeth  generally  small;  a  large,  elevated,  long.curved 
gular  lamina  on  the  base  of  the  aperture;  two  small, 
pointed  parietal  teeth milium 

b.  Aperture  much  wider  than  long,  triangular,  with  a  pe- 
culiar bulge  at  the  upper,  right  hand  corner;  teeth 
five  to  seven,  one  to  three  parietal,  two  columellar,  two 
basal,  all  small  and  very  long ovata 

GENUS  PUPOIDES  Pfeiffer. 

Shell:  "Turriculate,  aperture  with  a  strong  lip,  without 
any  lamellae  except  a  small,  angular  nodule."  (Sterki.) 

Animal:  Blunt  before  and  tapering  behind;  no  caudal 
mucus  pore  or  locomotive  disk. 

88.     Pupoides  marginatus  Say,  pi.  xxx,  fig.  9. 

Cyclostomamargtnata  SAY,  Journ.  Phil.  Acad.,  Vol.  II,  p.  172,  1821. 

Pupafallax  SAY,  of  most  American  authors. 

Pupa  aKzonensis  GABB,  Amer.  Journ.  Conch.,  Vol.  II,  p.  331,  1866. 

Shell:  More  or  less  fusiform,  smooth;  surface  covered 
with  very  fine,  oblique  lines  of  growth,  the  apex  being  smooth; 
color  brownish-horn,  lighter  on  the  apex;  whorls  six,  convex, 
regularly  increasing  in  size  from  apex  to  base;  sutures  im- 
pressed; aperture  oval  or  rounded;  peristome  reflected,  whit- 
ish, the  reflected  portion  lined  with  a  thick  callus;  termina- 
tions curved,  the  right  one  very  much  so;  no  denticles  within 
the  aperture;  umbilicus  open,  deep. 

Length,  4.75;  diameter,  2.00;  aperture  long,  1.30  mill.  (10130.) 
5.00;         "  2.00;         "  "        1.30    "      (12403.) 

Animal:  With  the  eye-peduncles,  head,  neck  and  fore 
part  of  the  body  black,  the  balance  lighter;  the  animal  is 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY   SURVEY.  229 

otherwise  similar  to  the  rest  of  the  family.  The  foot  is  very 
long  and  narrow,  almost,  or  quite,  equaling  the  shell  in  length. 
Jaw:  Of  the  usual  form,  wide  and  slightly  bent.  The 
ends  are  blunt.  Surface  without  ribs  but  vertically  striated. 

Radula  formula:  ^T+l+i+l+s-T  ('5  —  r~ rS);  some 
membranes  seem  to  have  the  following  formula:  ^-y+f+i-f- 
•|-j-j®7(l4— 1^14).  The  centrals  are  narrow,  the  laterals  very 
wide,  while  the  marginals  are,  as  usual,  low  and  wide  with  one 
large  inner  cusp,  and  several  (2-6)  small  outer  cusps,  which  are 
rather  blunt. 

Genitalia :     Unknown. 

Distribution:  "Province  of  Ontario,  Canada  to  Florida  and 
west  to  Minnesota,  Texas  and  Arizona."  (Pilsbry.) 

Geological  distribution:     Pleistocene;  Loess. 

Habitat:  Found  generally  in  open  pastures  or  on  the  edge 
of  woods,  under  stones,  on  blades  of  grass  and  about  old  wood. 
Seldom  found  in  woods. 

Remarks:  A  species  at  once  distinguished  by  its  turreted, 
fusiform  shell  and  unarmed  aperture.  It  is  a  rather  common 
mollusk  and  is  widely  distributed  in  the  northern  and  western 
regions. 

GENUS  BIFIDARIA  Sterki.* 

Bifidaria  STERKI,  The  Nautilus,  Vol.  VII,  p.  99,  1892. 
"Shell:  Cylindrical,  turriculated,  conical  or  oval;  color 
varying  from  whitish  to  chestnut;  surface  smooth  and  polished 
or  finely  striate;  sometimes  lightly  ribbed;  aperture  dentate, 
the  parietal  tooth  being  generally  large  and  bifid  or  bifurcate; 
two  (superior  and  inferior)  palatal  plicag  always  present,  gen- 
erally deep-seated;  a  tooth  is  generally  found  at  the  base;  ad- 
ditional denticles  may  sometimes  be  found,  one  on  the  parie- 
tal wall,  between  the  parietal  tooth  and  the  columella,  one 
above  the  upper  palatal  and  one  between  the  two  palatals; 
columella  somewhat  complex."  (Sterki.) 

SECTION  PRIVATULA  Sterki. 

"Shell  cylindric;  lamellae  few  or  none."     (Sterki.) 
89.     Bifidaria  corticaria  Say,  pi.  xxx,  fig.  10. 

Odostomia  corticaria  SAY,  Nich.  Encycl.,  Vol.  IV.pl.  iv,  fig.  5,  1817. 

First  edition. 
Pupa  corticaria  SAY,  Nich.  Encycl.,  Vol.  IV,  pi.  iv,  fig.  5,  1819.     Third 

edition. 
*See  The  Nautilus,  Vol.  VI,  p  2,  1892,  for  a  list  of  the  North  American  Pupidae. 


230 


THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 


Shell:  Cylindrical,  shining,  smooth;  surface  covered  with 
fine,  oblique  growth  lines,  the  apex  being  smooth;  color  whitish; 
whorls  five  to  six,  convex,  the  apical  obtuse,  regularly  increas- 
ing in  size;  sutures  well  impressed;  aperture  subcircular,  wide, 
two-thirds  as  high  as  the  width  of  the  last  whorl ;  there  are  one  or 
two  small,  white,  pointed  teeth  on  the  parietal  wall  (sometimes 
altogether  wanting),  and  the  columella  is  provided  with  a  small 
swelling  or  tuberosity;  peristome  reflected,  white,  terminations 
separated  and  joined  by  a  thin  callus;  umbilicus  narrowly  per- 
forated (Fig.  61). 


Fig  61. 

BIFIDARIA  CORTICARIA  Say,  showing  variations   of  teeth.     (Binney, 
Fig.  356.) 

Length,  2.25;  diameter,  1.00;  aperture  long,  0.75  mill.  (10240.) 
Animal:     Of  the  usual  form;  color  generally  whitish,  of  a 
trifle  darker  color  on  the  eye-peduncles  and  head.     The  foot  is 
of  unusual  length. 

Jaw:  Considerably  arched  and  tapering  to  a  blunt  point 
at  either  end;  concave  margin  bearing  a  rounded  median  pro- 
jection of  considerable  size.  The  anterior  surface  is  longitudi- 
nally striated  (Fig.  62). 


Fig.  62. 
Jaw  of  BIFIDARIA  CORTICARIA  Say.    (Original.) 

Radula:  Asusual;  formula ^T+|+^+|+^T  (12- I- 12); 
three  perfect  laterals. 

Genitalia :     Unknown. 

Distribution:  "Ontario  and  Maine  to  Minnesota,  south  to 
South  Carolina  and  Mississippi."  (Pilsbry.) 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY   SURVEY.  231 

Geological  distribution:     Pleistocene;  Loess. 

Habitat:  Found  rather  sparingly  in  the  crevices  of  rot- 
ting logs,  under  sticks,  stones,  etc.,  in  damp  places. 

Remarks:  Corticaria  is  distinguished  by  its  obtuse  apex 
and  peculiarly  armed  aperture.  The  latter  is  very  variable, 
being  either  simple  or  with  one  or  two  small  conical  teeth. 
The  shell  is  peculiarly  long  and  cylindrical,  resembling  some- 
what Cochlicopa  lubrica  in  general  form.  It  is  widely  distrib- 
uted. 

SECTION  BIFIDARIA   Pilsbry  (Sensu  stricto)    1900. 

1893.) 


"Shell  cylindric  to  turriculate;  lamellae  typical."    (Sterki.) 

90.     Bifidaria  procera  Gould,  pi.  xxx,  fig.  11. 

Pupa  procera  GOULD,  Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  401,  pi.  iii, 

fig.  12,  1840. 

Pupa  carniata  GOULD,  Olim,  an  abnormal  shell. 
Pupa  gibbosa  SAY,  Kiister,  and  P.  minuta  SAY  Pfr.  (non  Say). 
Pupa  rupicola  SAY,  Binney,  Man.  Amer.  Land  Sh.,  p.  328,  fig.  354  (non 

Say  i. 
Pupa  pellucida  PFR.,  Strebel,  Beitr.  Mex.,  Theil  IV,  p.  91,  pi.  iv,  fig.  12; 

pi.  xv,  fig.  10. 

Pupa  hordeacea  GABB,  Binney,  Man.  Amer.  Land  Sh.,  p.  173,  fig.  165. 
Bifidaria  procera  cristata  P.  &  V.,  Proc.  Phil.  Acad.,  p.  595,  pi.  xxii, 

figs.  4,  5,  1900.    (Variety.) 

Shell:  Cylindrical,  long,  shining;  surface  covered  with 
well-marked,  oblique  lines  of  growth,  the  apex  smooth;  color 
brownish  or  chestnut-horn;  whorls  six,  convex,  the  last  three 
about  equal  in  size  and  the  first  three  rapidly  diminishing  to 
the  nucleus,  making  an  obtuse  apex;  sutures  deeply  impressed; 
aperture  ovate  or  semicircular,  higher  than  wide;  there  are 
generally  five  teeth  placed  as  follows:  one  on  the  parietal 
wall,  large  and  somewhat  compressed,  long  and  bifid  at  the 
end;  one  on  the  columella,  near  the  upper  third,  short,  coni- 
cal; a  third  on  the  upper  third  of  the  outer  lip,  thick,  conical, 
short;  a  fourth  on  the  base  of  the  peristome,  long,  sharp;  and 
a  fifth  placed  behind  the  columella  tooth,  large  and  massive; 
peristome  rather  widely  reflected,  thickened,  bluish-white;  ter- 
minations approaching  and  joined  by  a  callus;  umbilicus  small, 
open  (Fig.  63). 

Length,  2.50;  diameter,  1.00;  aperture  length,  0.50  mill.    (12321.) 

Animal:     Resembling  that  of  corticaria. 


232  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

Jaw:  Rather  wide,  arcuated,  ends  slightly  attenuated  but 
blunt. 

Radula  formula:  A+f +i+f+is-7>  (H-I-II);  teeth  of 
the  usual  form. 

Genitalia:     Not  known. 

Distribution:  Eastern  United  States  west  to  Minnesota 
and  south  to  Texas  and  South  Carolina. 

Geological  Distribution:     Pleistocene;  Loess. 

Habitat:     Similar  to  corticaria. 


Fig.  63. 
BIFIDARIA  PROCERA  Gould.    (Binney,  Fig.  354.) 

Remarks:  This  species  may  be  known  by  its  peculiar 
aperture  and  five  teeth.  The  parietal  tooth  is  almost  bifid  and 
turns  in  toward  the  tooth  on  the  columellar  wall.  Procera  is 
very  rare  and  has  been  found  only  in  the  southwestern  part  of 
the  western  region. 

SECTION  ALBINULA  Sterki. 

"Shell  oblong  or  conic-ovate  or  cylindrical,  colorless." 
(Sterki.) 

91.     Bifidaria  armifera  Say,  pi.  xxx,  fig.  15. 

Pupa  armifera  SAY,  Journ.  Phil.  Acad.,  Vol.  II,  p.  162,  1821. 

Pupa  armigera  POTIEZ  et  MICHAUD,  Galerie,  Vol.  I,  p.  159,  pi.  xvi, 

figs.  1,  2. 

Bifidaria  armifera  ruidosensis  CKLL.,  The  Nautilus,  Vol.  XIII,  p.  36, 
1899. 

Shell:  More  or  less  cylindrical,  obtuse,  inflated,  transpar- 
ent; color  very  light  horn,  vitreous;  surface  smooth  and  shining, 
lines  of  growth  oblique,  numerous,  crowded;  apex  rounded, 
almost  concealed  by  the  succeeding  whorls,  light  horn  color; 
sutures  well  impressed;  whorls  six  to  seven,  convex,  the  last 
three  being  about  equal  in  size,  and  above  these  the  shell  tapers 
to  an  obtuse  point;  aperture  ovate,  narrowing  toward  the  bend 
{throat)  where  there  are  from  four  to  six  teeth,  arranged  as  fol- 
lows: a  single,  sometimes  bifid,  lamelliform  tooth  which  begins 
on  the  upper  margin  of  the  aperture,  near  the  junction  of  the 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  233 

peristome  with  the  upper  margin;  this  tooth  extends  downward 
into  the  throat  of  the  aperture;  a  second  tooth,  thick,  rounded 
and  massive,  is  situated  far  within  the  aperture,  just  where  the 
throat  turns  into  the  body  whorl  and  also  where  the  umbilicus 
is  placed;  two  teeth  are  placed  on  the  peristome,  one  near  the 
base  and  one  on  the  right  side;  both  are  conical  and  tooth-like 
and  are  directed  toward  the  center  of  the  aperture;  two  other 
teeth  are  frequently  developed,  one  conical  but  small  near  the 
junction  of  the  peristome  and  body-whorl,  and  one  rounded 
and  massive  situated  on  the  base  near  the  larger  one  before 
mentioned;  peristome  thin,  terminations  approaching,  broadly 
reflected  and  connected  by  a  thin  callus;  base  of  shell  com- 
pressed to  form  a  keel,  which  extends  from  the  edge  of  the 
aperture  to  the  umbilicus:  umbilical  region  indented,  opening 
small  (Fig.  64). 


Fig.  64. 
BIFIDARIA  ARMIFERA  Say,  showing  variations.  (After  Binney,  Fig.  353.) 

Length,  4.00;  width,  2.25;  aperture  length,  1.60;  width,  1.25  mill.     (10238.) 
4.50;      "       2.25;         "  "        1.60;       "       1.25     "        (10238.) 

Animal:  Of  the  usual  form;  color  whitish  on  foot;  head, 
neck,  and  eye-peduncles  black.  The  eye-peduncles  are  very 
long  and  tapering,  and  the  whole  animal  is  large  and  graceful. 
The  foot  measures  2  mill,  in  length  and  i  mill  in  width,  and  is 
sometimes  spotted  with  white. 

yaw:     Not  examined. 

Radula  formula:  ^!T+|+^+^+^lT  (14— I  — 14);  teeth  of 
the  usual  form;  the  central  tooth  is  small,  long  and  narrow, 
with  a  small  tricuspid  reflection;  lateral  teeth  rather  wide  and 
bicuspid;  marginal  teeth  as  in  the  other  members  of  the  genus. 

Genitalia :     Unknown. 

Distribution:  Provinces  of  Ontario  and  Quebec,  Canada, 
United  States  from  Atlantic  to  Pacific. 


234  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

Geological  distribution :     Pleistocene;  Loess. 

Habitat:     Found  in  stations  similar  to  the  other  Pupidae. 

Remarks:  Armifera  is  one  of  our  most  characteristic  spe- 
cies, distinguished  by  its  cylindrical,  swollen  shell  and  large 
denticles  in  the  aperture.  It  is  the  largest  species  of  the  genus 
(in  this  region)  and  is  very  common,  being  found  in  little  colo- 
nies. Its  habits  resemble  those  of  contracfa.  The  animal  is 
very  slow  and  deliberate  in  movement  and  does  not  readily 
crawl  about.  It  is  found  in  the  southern  and  western  regions. 

92.     Bifidaria  contracta  Say,  pi.  xxx,  fig.  8. 

Pupa  contracta  SAY,  Journ.  Phil.  Acad.,  Vol.  II,  p.  374,  1822. 
Pupa  deltostoma  CHARPENTIER  in  CHEMNITZ,  ed.  2,  p.  181,  pi.  xxi,  figs. 
17-19. 

Shell:  Subconical,  smooth,  shining;  growth  lines  very 
fine,  oblique,  apex  smooth.;  color  whitish;  whorls  five  to  six, 


Fig.  65. 
BIFIDARIA  CONTRACTA  Say.    (Binney,  Fig.  353^.) 

convex,  forming  a  pretty  regular  cone  from  the  last  whorl  to 
the  apex;  the  last  whorl  is  a  little  ventricose,  and  is  impressed 
behind  the  reflected  peristome;  apex  obtuse;  sutures  deeply 
impressed;  aperture  somewhat  triangular,  narrow  and  long, 
expanded  at  the  peristome  and  diminishing  in  size  toward  the 
throat,  four-dentate,  as  follows:  one  large,  entering  tooth  on 
the  parietal  wall,  which  is  concave  (bifid?)  at  its  lower  ex- 
tremity, and  almost  fills  up  the  aperture;  a  small,  conical  tooth 
placed  near  the  peristome  about  midway  between  base  and 
summit  of  aperture;  two  teeth,  large  and  massive,  placed  deep 
in  the  throat,  one,  larger,  situated  near  the  umbilical  region, 
and  the  other,  smaller,  placed  near  the  parietal  tooth;  per- 
istome widely  reflected,  somewhat  thickened,  white,  made  con- 
tinuous by  an  elevated  deposit  of  shell  which  connects  the 
terminations;  umbilicus  small,  open;  the  base  of  the  shell  has 
a  sharp  ridge  or  keel  separating  the  umbilical  region  from  the 
outer  base  of  the  shell  (Fig.  65). 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY   SURVEY.  235 

Length,  2.50;  diameter,  1.30;  aperture  long,  1.00  mill.  (10239.) 
3.00;          "          1.50;          "  "      1.10     "     (10646.) 

2.50;          "          1.25;          "  "        .90     "      (10237.) 

2.75;          "          1.50;          "  "      1.10      "     (11995.) 

Animal:  Small,  white  and  transparent,  except  head,  neck 
and  eye-peduncles  which  are  black;  foot  narrow  and  long;  eye- 
peduncles  long  and  slender;  tentacles  conical,  short.  Respira- 
tory orifice  prominent,  placed  at  the  angle  of  peristome  and 
body  whorl. 

Jaw:  Long  and  narrow,  slightly  arched,  the  ends  a  little 
narrower  than  the  central  portion  and  rounded;  convex  mar- 
gin smooth,  concave  margin  notched,  and  anterior  surface  ver- 
tically striated  (Fig.  66,  J). 

Radula  formula:  ^lT+l+i+-|+¥-T  (!  T — * — n);  .central 
tooth  with  a  base  of  attachment  longer  than  wide  and  with  the 


Fig.  66. 

Radula  of  BIFIDARIA  CONTRACTA  Say.    (Original.)    c,  central  tooth; 
1,  first  lateral;  7,  third  marginal;  9,  fifth  marginal;  J,  jaw. 

lower  outer  angles  expanded;  reflection  small,  narrow,  tricus- 
pid,  the  central  cusp  long,  wide,  blunt,  the  side  cusps  shorter 
and  sharper;  lateral  teeth  with  a  wide  base  of  attachment,  ex- 
panded on  the  lower  outer  angle;  reflection  narrow,  bicuspid, 
the  inner  cusp  very  long  and  wide,  almost  reaching  the  lower 
margin  of  the  base  of  attachment,  the  outer  cusp  about  half 
as  large  and  sharp-pointed;  marginal  teeth  low,  wide,  with 
from  three  to  seven  cusps,  the  single  inner  being  very  large 
and  sharp,  and  the  outer  cusps  short.  The  fifth  marginal  has 
three  cusps,  the  seventh  five  cusps  and  the  ninth  seven  cusps; 


236  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

all  of  the  cusps  have  well  developed  cutting-points  (Fig.  66).* 

Genitalia:     Not  examined. 

Distribution:  Entire  Northern  United  States,  Ontario, 
Canada,  and  Eastern  Mexico. 

Geological  distribution :     Pleistocene. 

Habitat:  Found  plentifully  under  chips  and  stones,  in  rot- 
ting logs,  etc.,  on  the  edge  of  forests. 

Remarks:  Distinguished  from  B.  armifera  by  its  smaller 
size,  triangular  aperture,  and  especially  the  massive  parietal 
tooth  which  nearly  fills  up  the  aperture.  The  keeled  base  is 
also  a  distinguishing  feature.  From  B.  holzingeti  it  is  separated 
by  its  carinated  base,  fewer  teeth  in  the  aperture  and  their  dif- 
ferent form.  It  is  a  very  abundant  species  and  of  much  inter- 
est when  studied  alive.  The  shell  is  carried  well  upright  and 
the  motions  of  the  animal  are  generally  slow  and  methodical. 
Frequently  when  crawling  over  a  table  it  will  lift  up  its  head 
and  a  portion  of  its  body  until  only  the  tail  rests  on  the  sur- 
face. It  is  very  widely  distributed,  being  found  in  all  the 
regions. 

93.    Bifidaria  holzingeri  Sterki.    Text,  fig.  67. 

Pupa  holzingeri  STERKI,  The  Nautilus,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  37,  1889. 
Pupa  holzingeri  fordiana  STERKI,   The  Nautilus,  Vol.  VI,  p.  4,  1892.J 
(Variety). 

Shell:  Small,  cylindrical,  turreted,  shining,  minutely  um- 
bilicated;  growth  lines  (striae)  minute,  oblique;  nucleus  smooth; 
color  whitish,  vitreous;  whorls  five,  convex,  regularly  increas- 
ing, the  last  two  of  about  equal  size  and  the  first  three  forming 
a  rather  pointed  apex;  the  last  whorl  is  narrowed  and  descends 
slightly  toward  the  aperture,  and  the  base  is  considerably  com- 
pressed but  not  keeled  as  in  contracts;  just  back  of  the  aper- 
ture there  is  an  oblique,  elevated  ridge  formed  by  a  white 
callus,  which  follows  the  direction  of  the  growth  lines,  and  ex- 
tends from  the  suture  to  the  base;  behind  this  ridge  the  body 
whorl  is  flattened  and  impressed  by  one  of  the  teeth;  sutures 
well  impressed;  aperture  lateral,  "inverted  subovate,  with  a 
slight  sinus  at  the  upper  part  of  the  outer  wall;"  six-dentate  as 
follows:  one  on  the  parietal  wall,  large,  long,  high,  curved  out- 
ward about  the  center,  bifurcated,  "the  outer  branch  reaching 
the  parietal  wall;"  one  on  the  columella,  high,  longitudinal, 

*The  descriptions  of  some  of  the  radulce  here  enumerated  were  first  given  in  Journ.  Cin. 
Soc.,  N.  H.,  Vol.  XIX.  No.  3.  pp.  81-89.  1897. 

tThis'is  the  only  reference  the  writer  is  able  to  find  concerning  this  variety. 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY   SURVEY.  237 

"its  upper  end  turning  in  nearly  a  right  angle  toward  the  ap- 
erture, but  not  reaching  the  margin;"  one  on  the  base,  small, 
conical;  three  on  the  outer  lip,  as  follows:  one  just  above  the 
basal  denticle,  rather  long,  narrow,  curved  downwards;  one  in 
the  middle  of  the  outer  lip,  short,  conical;  and  the  third  near 
the  upper  part  of  the  lip,  very  small  and  conical;  peristome 
reflected,  the  terminations  joined  by  a  very  thin  callus;  um- 
bilicus small,  open*  (Fig.  67). 

Length,  1.75;  diameter,  0.75;  aperture  length,  0.30  mill.    (12322.) 

Animal:     Not  seen. 

Jaw:     Not  examined. 

Radula:     Not  examined. 

Genitalia :     Unknown. 

Distribution:  Ohio  to  Manitoba,  New  Mexico,  Kansas. 
(Sterki.)  Put-in-Bay  Island,  Lake  Erie.  (Bryant  Walker.) 


Fig.  67. 

BIFIDARIA    HOLZINGERI    Sterki.     (After   Binney,  Bull.  Mus.   Comp. 
Zool.,  Vol.  XIX,  No.  4,  p.  194.) 

Geological  distribution:     Pleistocene;  Loess. 

Habitat:     Similar  to  that  of  B.  contracta. 

Remarks:  This  species  is  closely  related  to  both  armifera 
and  contracta.  Dr.  Sterki  says:  "Our  species  ranges  beside  B. 
armifera  and  B.  contracta  Say,  standing  nearer  the  latter.  Yet 
it  is  different  from  this  species  by  the  shape  of  the  aperture, 
the  wanting  callous  connecting  the  margins  on  the  body  whorl, 
by  the  longer  crest  behind  the  aperture,  which  in  contracta  dis- 
appears in  about  the  middle  of  the  (height  of  the)  whorl,  and 
by  the  wanting  constriction,  especially  in  the  columellar  wall, 
not  to  speak  of  the  size  and  shape  of  the  whole  shell.  The 
lamellae  also  show  some  marked  differences,  such  as  the  pres- 
ence of  a  high  basal,  the  shorter  columella  not  reaching  the 

*See  Sterki,  The  Nautilus,  1.  c.,  and  Binney,  Third  Supplement,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool., 
Harv.  Coll.,  Vol.  XIX,  No.  4,  p.  193,  to  which  the  writer  is  indebted  for  much  assistance. 


238  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

base,  but  with  relatively  larger  horizontal  part,  the  bifurcation 
of  the  parietal  and  the  presence  of  a  supra-palatal"  (on  the  up- 
per part  of  the  outer  lip)  "the  last  just  as  it  is  in  B.  armifera" 
The  species  is  very  rare  and  is  confined  to  the  western  region. 

SECTION  VERTIGOPSIS  (Cockerell)  Sterki. 

"Shell  small,  vertigo-like,  albino;  parietal  lamellae  rather 
short  and  almost  simple;  palatals  near  the  margin."    (Sterki.) 

94.    Bifidaria  pentodon  Say,  pi.  xxx,  fig.  12. 

Pupa  pentodon  SAY,  Journ.  Phil.  Acad.,  Vol.  II,  p.  476,  1822. 

Pupa  tappaniana  ADAMS,  Silliman's  Journal,  ed.  i,  Vol.  XL,  Suppl. 

Shells  of  Ver.,  p.  158,  1842. 
Pupa  pentodon  curta  STERKI,  Land  and  F.  W.Moll.,  New  Phil.,  Ohio, 

1894.    (Variety.) 
Pupa  montanella  CKLL.,  MSS.,  PILSBRY,  The  Nautilus,  Vol.  XI,  p.  118, 

1898. 

Shell:     Elongately  ovate,  shining,  minutely  umbilicated; 
growth  lines  minute,  oblique;  apex  smooth;  color  spermaceti- 


Fig. 
BIFIDARIA  PENTODON  Say.    (Binney,  Fig.  347.) 

white;  whorls  five,  convex,  regularly  increasing  in  size,  the  last  a 
little  swollen  and  slightly  impressed  behindthe  peristome;  apex 
obtusely  pointed;  sutures  well  impressed;  aperture  rounded  or 
semicircular, scarcely  oblique,  eight-dentate  as  follows:  asingle, 
rather  long,  cylindrical  tooth  on  the  parietal  wall,  which  is  al- 
most straight  and  directed  toward  the  base;  a  small,  conical 
tubercle  on  the  columella;  three  small,  conical  tubercles  on  the 
base  of  the  aperture,  two  small  tubercles  placed  squarely  on 
the  base,  and  one,  longer  and  narrow,  placed  on  the  turn  of 
the  outer  lip;  three  small,  conical  tubercles  on  the  outer  lip 
(palatal),  the  upper  and  lower  being  very  small  and  the  cen- 
tral tubercle  longer;  one  or  more  of  these  smaller  tubercles 
may  be  wanting;  all  of  the  teeth  are  placed  on  a  ridge  of  callus 
which  encircles  the  inner  surface  of  the  aperture;  peristome 
somewhat  reflected,  sharp,  the  terminations  separated  but  con- 
nected by  a  thin  callus;  umbilicus  very  minutely  perforated; 
base  of  shell  rounded  (Fig.  68). 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  23 

Length,  2.00;  diameter,  1.15;  aperture  length,  0.85  mill.     (11996.) 

Animal:  Of  the  usual  form;  color  grayish  white  under- 
neath and  blackish  above  and  on  eye-peduncles.  The  foot  is 
quite  long  and  rather  wide;  eye-peduncles  rather  long  and 
somewhat  tapering;  tentacles  rather  long,  blunt,  cylindrical. 

Jaw :  Similar  to  that  of  V.  milum,  slightly  arcuate,  width 
uniform,  ends  broadly  rounded;  concave  margin  notched  and 
anterior  surface  striated  longitudinally. 

Radula  formula:  ^-T+l+i+f+^-y  (10— I  — 10);  central 
tooth  long  and  narrow,  the  tricuspid  reflection  very  small; 
lateral  teeth  very  wide,  reinforced  at  the  lower  outer  corner  by  a 
very  small  appendage  to  the  base  of  attachment;  marginals 
as  in  the  other  species.  There  are  over  60  rows  of  teeth. 

Genitalia:     Unknown. 

Distribution:  "Ontario and  Quebec,  Canada,  to  Minnesota, 
south  to  Georgia  and  Texas;  Lincoln  Co.,  Nevada;  Laggau, 
B.  C."  (Pilsbry.)  Manitoba.  (Hanham.) 

Geological  distribution:     Pleistocene. 

Habitat:  Found  about  dead  leaves  under  sticks,  stones 
and  rubbish,  and  about  the  foot  of  trees  in  low,  moist  locali- 
ties. 

Remarks:  This  species  is  distinguished  from  all  our  Pupae 
by  the  small  size  and  number  of  the  teeth  in  the  aperture,  and 
also  by  the  teeth  being  simple,  especially  the  parietal  tooth, 
which  is  small  and  narrow.  It  seems  to  be  quite  common  and 
loves  to  congregate  under  leaves  in  little  colonies.  It  is  found 
in  both  the  northern  and  western  regions.  One  of  the  best 
times  to  collect  this  species  is  after  a  rain,  when  they  will  be 
found  crawling  over  fallen  trees,  leaves  and  old  debris. 

95.     Bifidaria  curvidens  Gould.     Text  figure  69. 

Pupa  curvidens  GOULD,  Journ.  Phil.  Acad.,  Vol.  II,  p.  476,  1822. 
Pupa  curvidens  floridana  DALL,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  p.  251,  pi.  xvii, 

fig.  11,  1885.     (Variety.) 
Pupa  curvidens gracilis  STERKI,  L.  and  F.  W.  Moll.,  New  Phil.,  Ohio, 

1894.    (Variety.) 

Shell:  In  general  form  like  that  of  pentodon  but  smaller; 
aperture  more  rounded  than  in  pentodon  and  six-dentate,  as 
follows:  a  single  large,  curved  tooth  on  the  parietal  wall,  which 
descends  for  a  considerable  distance  into  the  aperture;  a  large 
columellar  tooth,  conical,  placed  about  the  middle  of  the  col- 
umella;  a  third  very  small,  conical  tubercle  placed  at  the  left- 
hand  turn  of  the  peristome;  a  fourth,  small,  conical  tubercle 


240  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

placed  squarely  on  the  base  of  the  aperture;  a  fifth,  larger, 
conical  tubercle  placed  at  the  right-hand  turn  of  the  peristome 
and  almost  reaching  the  parietal  tooth;  and  a  sixth,  small,  con- 
ical tubercle  placed  at  about  the  middle  of  the  outer  lip;  the 
callus  connecting  the  terminations  of  the  peristome  is  narrower 
and  more  curved  than  in  pentodon;  other  characters  the  same 
as  in  the  other  species  (Fig.  69). 

Length,  1.50;  diameter,  0.90;  aperture  length,  0.50  mill.    (10645.) 
"       1.50;  "        0.90;       "  "         0.40      "       (11993.) 

Animal:    As  v&  pentodon. 

Jaw:     Not  differing  from  that  of  pentodon. 

Radula:     10— I  — 10,  in  all  respects  like  that  of  pentodon. 

Genitalia :     Unknown. 

Distribution:     Massachusetts    to  Minnesota;  Ontario    and 
Quebec,  Canada,  to  Florida. 


Fig.  69. 
BIFIDARIA  CURVIDENS  Gould.    (Binney,  Fig.  347.) 

Geological  distribution :     Pleistocene;  Loess. 

Habitat:  In  elevated  localities,  where  moisture  is  reduced 
to  a  minimum. 

Remarks:  This  species  is  distinguished  from  B. pentodon 
by  its  smaller  size  and  peculiar  apertural  armature,  the  teeth 
being  fewer  in  number,  and  the  parietal  tooth  larger  and  curved 
inwards.  It  is  always  smaller,  the  whorls  less  rapidly  increas- 
ing, and  generally  has  a  decided  crest  on  the  parietal  wall.  It 
is  not  as  common  as  the  last  species,  but  is  more  widely  dis- 
tributed, being  found  in  the  three  regions. 

GENUS  VERTIGO  Draparnaud. 

"Animal  as  in  Pupa,  but  tentacles  wanting." 
"Shell  deeply  rimate,  ovate,  apex  acuminate,  obtuse ;  whorls 
5-6,  the  last  rounded;  aperture  semioval,  with  4  to  7  folds; 
peristome  scarcely  expanded,  white-lipped;"*  Jaw  arched, 
ends  squarely  truncated,  anterior  surface  striate,  cutting  edge 
with  median  projection.  Radula  with  a  central  tooth  almost 
square,  tricuspid,  as  large  as  or  larger  than  the  laterals,  which 

*Binney,  Man.  Amer.  L.  S.,  p.  333. 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  241 

are  similar,  narrower,  and  bi-  or  tricuspid;  the  marginals  are 
low,  wide  and  serrated. 

Distribution:     Universal. 

SUBGENUS  VERTILLA  Moq.— Tand.   1855. 
(Angustula  Sterki.   1889.) 

This  group  is  "mainly  characterized  by  the  long  and  high 
gular  lamina."     (Sterki.) 
96.    Vertigo  milium  Gould,  pi.  xxx,  fig.  16. 

Pupa  milium  GOULD,  Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  402,  pi.  iii,  fig. 
23,  1840. 

Shell:     Small,  subcylindrical,  smooth  shining;  growth  lines 
very  fine,  a  little  oblique;  nucleus  smooth;  color  dark  chest- 


Fig.  70. 
VERTIGO  MILIUM  Gould.    (Original.) 

nut;  whorls  five,  rounded,  somewhat  regularly  increasing, 
decreasing  to  a  bluntly  rounded  apex;  sutures  impressed; 
aperture  obscurely  semicircular,  lateral,  truncated  above;  the 
"circumference"  of  the  aperture  is  "made  up  of  two  curves  of 
different  radius  uniting  in  the  peristome,  where  the  junction 
causes  an  angle  projecting  inwards,  the  smaller  curve  compris- 
ing about  one-fourth  part  and  forming  the  superior  portion  of 
the  peristome;"f  aperture  six-dentate  as  follows:  two  sharp, 
projecting  teeth  of  about  equal  size  placed  on  the  parietal  wall 
and  dividing  that  region  into  three  nearly  equal  parts;  one  on 
the  columella,  large,  massive,  broad;  a  third  placed  on  the 
outer  lip  above  or  at  the  junction  of  the  two  radii,  long,  curved, 
ridge-like,  pointing  directly  between  the  two  parietal  teeth;  a 
fourth  on  the  base  of  the  lip,  small,  conical,  tubercular;  and  one 
large,  entering,  elevated,  long  lamina,  which  begins  on  the 
base  of  the  lip  and  curves  backward  until  it  disappears  behind 
the  columella  tooth  (this  is  the  "gular  lamina"  of  Sterki);  per- 
istome white  or  brownish-white,  reflected,  the  terminations 
separated,  but  joined  by  a  prominent  callus;  umbilicus  well 
marked,  open,  deep;  base  of  shell  rounded  (Fig.  70). 

*Binney,  Man.  Amer.  L.  S.,  p.  332, 


242  THE    CHICAGO   ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

Length,  1.40;  diameter,  0.90;  aperture  long,  0.30  mill.  (11997.) 
1.30;          "         0.80;          "         "       0.25    "      (11997.) 

Animal:  Similar  in  form  to  the  other  species  of  Vertigo ; 
color  dirty  white,  darker  on  the  upper  surface;  foot  very  broad, 
posterior  of  the  center,  from  whence  it  tapers  rapidly  to  a 
point;  the  foot  is  thick  and  fleshy  and  well  able  to  support  the 
light  shell;  eye-peduncles  of  medium  length,  somewhat  en- 
larged at  the  tips,  where  the  eyes  are  placed. 

Jaw:  Very  slightly  arcuate,  the  ends  a  trifle  rounded; 
concave  margin  notched  and  anterior  surface  lightly  striated. 
The  jaw  is  of  equal  width  throughout  its  length  (Fig.  71). 


Fig.  71. 
Jaw  of  VERTIGO  MILIUM  Gould.    (Original.) 

Radula  formula:  ^-T+l+i+l+^-y  0  *  ~ *  —  '  l)>  teeth  as 
in  the  other  members  of  the  genus,  and  resembling  closely  those 
of  B.  contracta  but  somewhat  wider.  There  are  four  perfect 
laterals  and  the  first  marginal  similar  but  with  a  second  outer 
cusp;  from  this  point  the  marginals  become  wider,  the  inner 
cusp  remains  always  the  larger,  and  the  outer  cusp  develops 
from  five  to  seven  small  cusps  or  denticles. 

Genitalia:     Unknown. 

Distribution:  Maine  to  Minnesota,  Ontario  and  Quebec, 
Canada,  to  Florida  and  Texas.  (Pilsbry.) 

Geological  distribution:    Pleistocene;  Loess. 

Habitat:  Gregarious.  Found  plentifully  under  leaves, 
stones  and  sticks,  in  moist  situations. 

Remarks:  This  is  the  smallest  of  our  Pupae  and  is  a  very 
beautiful  species,  the  peculiar  gular  lamina,  dark  chestnut 
color  and  globose-fusiform  shape  serving  to  distinguish  it  at  a 
glance.  There  are  sometimes  several  small  accessory  tubercles 
developed,  but  these  do  not  affect  its  general  specific  charac- 
ter. It  is  confined,  so  far  as  known,  to  the  northern  and  west- 
ern regions. 

SUBGENUS  VERTIGO  Drap.  (Typical.) 

97.    Vertigo  ovata  Say,  pi.  xxx,  fig.  13. 

Vertigo  ovata  SAY,  Journ.  Phil.  Acad.,  Vol.  II,  p.  375,  1822. 

Pupa  modes  fa  SAY,  Long's  Exped.,  Vol.  II,  p.  25,  pi.  xv,  fig.  5,  1824. 

Pupa  ovulum  PFEIFFER,  Olim.  Symboloe,  Vol.  I,  p.  46. 

Zonites  upsoni  CALKINS,  Valley  Nat.,  Vol.  II,  No.  4,  p.  53,  fig.  1880. 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY   SURVEY.  243 

Shell:  Small,  ventricose,  ovate,  smooth  and  shining; 
growth  lines  fine,  oblique;  nucleus  smooth;  color  light  horn; 
whorls  five,  well  rounded,  the  last  inflated;  apex  obtusely 
pointed;  sutures  impressed;  aperture  semicircular,  lateral, 
truncated  above,  the  circumference  made  up  as  described 
under  V.  milium,  six  to  nine  dentate,  as  follows:  One  to  three 
sharp,  pointed  teeth  on  the  parietal  wall,  of  which  the  central 
tooth,  always  the  largest,  is  constant;  one,  constant,  small, 
pointed,  placed  on  the  middle  of  the  columella;  one,  constant, 
at  the  turn  of  the  peristome,  left  corner,  small,  conical;  two 
long,  narrow  teeth,  constant,  placed  on  the  oblique  base  and 
outer  lip;  there  is  sometimes  an  eighth  tubercle,  small,  conical, 
rather  deep  seated,  placed  between  the  two  teeth  on  the  base, 


Fig.  72. 
VERTIGO  OVATA  Say,  showing  variation.    (Binney,  Fig.  363.) 

and  a  ninth,  very  small  tubercle  placed  above  the  highest  tooth 
on  the  outer  lip;  peristome  a  trifle  expanded,  thin,  grooved 
behind,  the  terminations  widely  separated  and  connected  by  a 
thin  callus,  whitish  or  brownish;  umbilicus  open,  deep,  some- 
what expanded;  the  last  whorl  is  peculiarly  indented  as  it  ap- 
proaches the  aperture  (Fig.  72). 

Length,  2.25;  diameter,  1.50;  aperture  length,  0.50  mill.    (12327.) 

Animal:  With  a  rather  thick,  short  foot,  trilobed  in  front 
and  broadly  rounded  behind,  the  two  antero-lateral  lobes  being 
very  large  and  the  central  lobe  small;  eye-peduncles  rather 
short,  thick,  club-shaped,  swollen  at  their  extremity,  which 
bear  the  black  eyes;  color  generally  a  cherry-red  or  blackish, 
fading  into  bluish  or  light  blackish  on  the  posterior  end  of  the 


244  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF   SCIENCES. 

foot;  the  base  of  the  foot  is  whitish;  length  of  the  foot  2.00 
mill.,  width  i.oo  mill. 

Jaw:  Very  much  arched,  the  ends  square  and  the  whole 
length  very  uniform  in  width;  the  concave  portion  bears  a  very 
well-developed  median  projection;  the  anterior  surface  is  lon- 
gitudinally striated  (Fig.  73,  J). 

Radula  formula:  ¥VH +f  +  i+f+f  +A  ( 14-1-14); 
central  tooth  with  a  base  of  attachment  a  little  longer  than 
wide;  almost  rectangular,  with  a  broad  reflection  which  bears 
the  short  cusps,  rather  stout,  of  which  the  center  cusp  is  the 
longest;  the  lateral  teeth  (6)  are  similar  but  asymmetrical, 


Fig.  73. 

Radula  of  VERTIGO  OVATA  Say.  (Original.)    c,  central  tooth;  1,  first 
lateral;  5,  fifth  lateral,  modified;  11,  typical  marginal;  J,  jaw. 

tricuspid,  the  inner  cusp  being  large  and  the  two  outer  cusps 
small,  the  inner  cusp  reaching  half  way  to  the  lower  border  of 
the  base  of  attachment;  the  outer  laterals  (3)  are  somewhat 
modified,  the  inner  cusp  becoming  shorter;  the  marginal  teeth 
(5)  are  low  and  wide  and  serrated,  the  inner  cusp  being  quite 
large  and  the  outer  cusps  (3-5)  being  quite  small.  There  are 
about  90  rows  of  teeth  (Fig.  73). 

Genitalia:     Unknown. 

Distribution:     North  America  and  parts  of  Europe. 

Geological  distribution :     Pleistocene. 

Habitat:  Found  rather  plentifully  under  sticks,  stones, 
leaves,  etc.,  in  moist  places,  especially  along  the  banks  of  riv- 
ers, ponds  and  creeks. 

Remarks:  This  species  is  at  once  distinguished  by  its 
dentate  aperture  and  the  peculiar  constriction  of  the  last  whorl. 
Zonites  upsoni  Calkins  is  probably  nothing  but  the  young  of  this 
species.  Most,  or  all,  of  the  Pupae  are  very  small  when  young. 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  245 

It  is  quite  common,  but  has  thus  far  been  found  only  in  the 
western  and  northern  regions.  The  animal  is  very  sluggish  in 
movement  and  does  not  move  about  like  the  Pupae.  It  varies 
greatly  in  the  number  of  teeth  on  the  parietal  wall,  some  hav- 
ing one,  some  two,  and  some  three  teeth,  the  percentage  of 
each  of  these  in  a  hundred  being  3,  7  and  90.  Specimens  from 
Riverside  have  two  teeth,  the  one  placed  in  the  center  of  the 
parietal  wall  being  always  the  larger.  When  in  progression 
the  shell  rolls  from  side  to  side  in  a  very  peculiar  manner. 

FAMILY  COCHLICOPID^:. 

Shell:  Elongated,  polished,  white  or  horn-colored;  spire 
turreted,  aperture  rounded,  one-third  to  one-half  the  length  of 
the  shell;  columella  short,  arcuate  to  subarcuate,  truncated  or 
scarcely  so;  peristome  simple,  straight,  somewhat  thickened 
within. 

Animal:  (See  below  under  Cochlicopa);  radula  differing 
from  Achatinidae  by  the  wide  central  tooth,  which  is  narrow  in 
the  latter  family. 

Distribution:     World  wide. 

GENUS  COCHLICOPA  (Per.)  Risso,  1826. 

Shell:  Elongated,  imperforate,  shining,  smooth,  pellucid; 
whorls  rounded;  aperture  one-third  the  length  of  the  shell; 
columella  more  or  less  truncated;  margins  of  peristome  joined 
by  a  callus. 

Animal:  Foot  truncated  before,  roundly  pointed  behind; 
mantle  thin;  respiratory  and  anal  orifices  on  right  of  body, 
just  beneath  the  peristome  of  the  shell;  generative  orifice  be- 
hind the  right  eye-peduncle;  no  caudal  mucus  pore  or  locomo- 
tive disk. 

Jaw:  Long,  low,  wide,  arcuate;  ends  blunt;  cutting  edge 
with  a  single  large  median  projection;  anterior  surface  not 
ribbed,  but  striate.  Lingual  membrane  with  central  tooth  long 
and  narrow,  tricuspid;  laterals  as  wide  as  high,  bi-  or  tricuspid; 
first  marginals  modified  laterals;  outer  marginals  wide,  low, 
multicuspid.  Genitalia  with  a  short,  stout  penis  sac  "with  the 
retractor  muscle  near  its  base;  the  vas  deferens  enters  at  its 
apex,  and  near  its  entrance  into  the  vagina  it  receives  a  curious 
flagellate  appendage,  swollen  below,  narrow  above,  as  long  as 
the  whole  system,  with  a  large,  narrowly  ovate  bulb  at  its  end; 


246  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

the  genital  bladder  is  large,  ovate,  on  a  long,  narrow  duct." 
(W.  G.  Binney.)* 

Distribution:     North  America,  Europe,  Madeira,  Australia. 

98.     Cochlicopa  lubrica  Miiller,  pi.  xxx,  fig.  17. 

Helix  lubrica  MULLER,  Verm.  Hist.,  Vol.  I,  p.  104,  1774. 

Bulimus  lubricoides  STIMPSON,  Shells  of  N.  E.,  p.  54. 

Cionella  (Zua)  morseana  DOHERTY,  Quart.  Journ.  Conch.,  Vol.  I,  p.  342, 

pi.  iv,  fig.  2,  1878.     (Variety.) 

Helix  (Ferussacia}  subcylindrica  Aucx.,  non  LINNE. 
Ferussacia  lubrica  of  various  authors. 

Shell:  Small,  elongate  oval,  pellucid,  smooth,  shining, 
transparent;  surface  covered  with  very  fine  growth  lines,  apex 
smooth;  color  smoky-horn;  whorls  six,  convex,  gradually  and 
somewhat  regularly  increasing  in  size,  each  whorl  being  about 
twice  the  size  of  the  one  preceding,  and  the  last  being  almost 
one-third  the  length  of  the  entire  shell;  sutures  impressed; 


Fig.  74. 
Animal  of  COCHLICOPA  LUBRICA  Muller.    (Binney,  Fig.  199.) 

spire  conical,  apex  obtuse;  aperture  long-oval,  the  plane  of 
the  aperture  parallel,  or  nearly  so,  with  the  axis  of  the  shell; 
peristome  simple,  thickened,  tinged  with  reddish;  its  termina- 
tions separated  and  connected  by  a  thin  callus;  columella  trun- 
cated at  base,  and  somewhat  sinuous  at  its  junction  with  the 
peristome;  umbilicus-closed;  base  of  shell  rounded. 

Length,  5.75;  diam.,  2.00;  aperture  length,  2.00;  diam.,  1.00  mill.     (10232.) 
6.25;       "      2.25;         "  "         2.25;      "        1.25     "       (10131.) 

6.00;       "      2.00;         "  "        2.25;      "        1.25     "       (10233.) 

Animal:  With  a  short,  wide  foot,  truncate  before  and 
pointed  behind;  color  bluish-black  above,  lighter  below,  espe- 
cially on  the  foot;  eye-peduncles  long,  thick,  cylindrical,  the 
eyes  placed  on  prominences  at  their  tips;  tentacles  very  short, 
blunt;  other  characters  as  in  the  genus.  Length  of  foot  6.00, 
width  2.00  mill.  (Fig.  74). 

Jaw:     As  described  in  the  genus  (Fig.  75,  J). 

Radula  formula:  TeT_|_.|+|_|_.j .  + 1+  9  +ve_  (23_I_23): 
central  tooth  with  a  base  of  attachment  much  longer  than  wide, 

*Man.  Amer.  Land  Shells,  p.  195. 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY   SURVEY. 


247 


the  lower  margin  concave  and  the  outer  corners  expanded; 
reflection  small,  low,  tricuspid,  the  center  cusp  reaching  about 
half  way  to  the  margin  of  the  base  of  attachment,  the  side 
cusps  very  small;  lateral  teeth  almost  as  wide  as  long,  bicus- 
pid, the  inner  cusp  long  and  wide,  reaching  below  the  base  of 
attachment,  the  outer  cusp  short  and  blunt;  marginal  teeth  at 
first  a  modification  of  the  lateral  teeth,  the  base  of  attachment 
being  wider  than  high  and  the  inner  cusp  gradually  shorten- 
ing; as  the  margin  is  reached  the  teeth  become  eight-cuspid 
(serrated)  and  are  very  wide  and  low  ( Fig.  75).  The  cusps  are 
all  provided  with  strong  cutting  points.  There  are  about  90 
rows  of  teeth. 

Genitalia:     See  generic  description. 

Distribution ;  North  America,  Europe  and  Asia;  Point  Bar- 
row, Alaska.  (Lehnert.) 

Geological  distribution :     Pleistocene;  Loess. 

Habitat:     Found  plentifully  under  dead  leaves  and  twigs, 


Fig.  75. 

Radula  of  COCHLICOPA  LUBRICA  Miiller.  (Original.)  c,  central  tooth; 
1,  first  lateral;  11,  third  marginal;  18,  eighth  marginal;    J,  jaw. 

under  decaying  bark  of  fallen  trees,  in  moss,  etc.,  at  the  base 
of  very  old  trees.     It  prefers  the  open  forest. 

Remarks:  A  species  at  once  known  by  its  cylindrical, 
shining,  glossy  shell.  The  young  shell  of  this  species  might 
easily  be  mistaken  for  a  small  Helix;  it  is  short  and  stumpy 
and  the  thickened  peristome,  so  characteristic  of  the  adult,  is 
not  developed.  In  many  forms  the  edge  of  the  lip  of  the 
adult  shell  is  colored  reddish-brown,  and  there  is  a  yellowish- 
white  line  or  band  around  the  penultimate  whorl,  where  the 
liver  shows  through  the  shell.  It  is  an  interesting  species  in 
captivity,  the  animal  being  very  bold  and  readily  crawling  over 


248  THE    CHICAGO   ACADEMY   OF    SCIENCES. 

one's  hand.  In  progression  it  is  very  rapid,  probably  exceed- 
ing, in  comparison  with  its  size,  all  other  species  in  the  rapidity 
with  which  it  crawls.  It  seems  to  be  confined  to  the  northern 
and  southern  regions. 

FAMILY  VALLONIID^E .* 

For  general  characters  of  the  family,  see  the  description 
of  the  genus  Vallonia,  below. 

GENUS  VALLONIA  Risso,  1826. 

Shell:  "Minute,  openly  and  widely  umbilicate,  depressed, 
the  spire  low-convex,  consisting  of  3  to  4^  whorls,  color  light 
and  uniform;  surface  smooth  or  ribbed;  periphery  rounded; 
last  whorl  usually  descending  in  front.  Aperture  oblique,  circu- 
lar or  short-oval;  peristome  continuous  or  nearly  so,  expanded 
or  reflexed,  often  thickened  within."  (Pilsbry.) 


Fig.  76. 

Genitalia  of  VALLONIA  PULCHELLA  Miiller.    (Pilsbry,  Guide  to  Heli- 
ces, pi.  Ixiii,  Fig.  9.) 

Animal:  "Foot  small,  short,  with  no  pedal  grooves;  edges 
of  sole  somewhat  crenulated;  sole  undivided;  eye-peduncles 
cylindrical,  not  enlarged  distally;  tentacles  short;  labial  lobes 
well  developed.  Genitalia  (Fig.  76)  having  the  penis  short, 
with  terminal  retractor;  epiphallus  short,  bearing  a  flagellum. 
Dart  sack  present,  single,  containing  a  straight,  bladeless  dart. 
No  mucus  glands.  Duct  of  spermatheca  long,  branchless." 
(Pilsbry).  For  jaw  and  radula  see  V.  pulchella. 

Distribution:  "North  America  south  to  Texas;  Japan  and 
middle  China  to  Europe  and  Atlantic  Islands."  (Pilsbry.) 
Found  fossil  in  the  Eocene  and  Miocene. 

The  position  of  this  family,  as  well  as  that  of  Cochlicipidse,  is  very  uncertain,  and  it  is 
placed  here  provisionally. 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  249 

KEY  TO  SPECIES  OF   VALLONIA. 

A.  Shell  with  fine,  oblique  striae. 

1.     Lip  reflected,  shell  light  horn  colored pulchella 

B.  Shell  coarsely  costate. 

1.  Color  reddish  horn,  last  whorl  descending  a  little  in  front. .  .costata 

2.  Color  reddish,  smaller  than  1;  last  whorl  not  descending. .  .parvula 
99.     Vallonia  pulchella  Muller,*  pi.  xxviii,  fig.  26. 

Helix  pulchella  MULLER,  Verm.  Hist.,  Vol.  II,  p.  30, 1774. 

Helix Paludo so,  DA  COSTA,  1780. 

Helix  crystallina  DILLWYN,  1817. 

Helix  minuta  SAY,  Journ.  Phil.  Acad.,  p.  123,  1817. 

Helix  pulchella  var.  l&vigata  MOQUIN-TANDON,  1855,  a.  o. 

Vallonia  pulchella  var.  enniensis  GREDL.,  Tirol's  Conchylien,  1856. 

Vallonia  pulchella  var.  persica  ROSEN.,  Nachrichtsbl,  D.  Mai.  Ges., 
p.  123,  1892. 

Vallonia  pulchella   var.  hispanica,  STERKI,  Proc.  Phil.  Acad.,  p.  251, 
1893. 

Shell:     Small,  depressed  conic,  rather  solid,  umbilicated; 
surface  shining,    marked    by  numerous  fine  crowded  oblique 


Fig.  77. 

Jaw  of  VALLONIA  PULCHELLA  Muller.  (Pilsbry,  Guide  to  Helices,  pi. 
79,  Fig.  29.) 

striae,  which  are  obsolete  on  the  large,  knob-shaped  nuclear 
whorl;  color  light  horn,  opaque  to  transparent;  periphery 
rounded;  sutures  deeply  impressed  or  even  excavated;  whorls 
four,  the  last  two  rapidly  increasing,  rounded,  the  last  whorl 
little,  if  any,  descending  at  the  aperture;  spire  plano-convex; 
aperture  very  nearly  circular,  a  little  oblique;  peristome  re- 
flected, white,  thickened,  the  ends  approaching;  umbilicus 
open,  large,  spreading,  exhibiting  all  the  volutions;  base  of 
shell  convex. 

Greater  diam.,  2.50;  lesser,  2.00;  height,  1.25;  umbilicus,  0.80  mill.    (10125.) 
2.30;        "      1.90;        «       1.10;        "  .0.80      "     (10125.) 

2.60;        "     2.10;        "       1.30;        "  0.80      "     (10125.) 

Animal:  With  a  small,  short  foot,  marked  on  the  sides 
and  back  by  several  fine  longitudinal  lines;  tail  with  a  mucus 
pore;  eye-peduncles  long  and  slender,  tentacles  short  and 

*See  Sterki,  Observations  on  Vallonia,  Proceed.  Phi).  Acad.,  1893,  p.  246. 


250  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF   SCIENCES. 

blunt.  The  animal  is  colorless,  translucent,  so  that  the  in 
ternal  organs  (jaw,  etc.)  may  be  seen  through  the  body;  heat 
beats  irregular,  ranging  from  twenty-five  to  one  hundre 
(Sterki  says  20  to  no)  pulsations  per  minute.  The  heart  i 
much  affected  by  temperature  and  activity.  For  further  note 
see  generic  description. 

Jaw:  Wider  than  high  (about  four  to  one) ;  ends  slightl 
angular;  anterior  surface  marked  by  numerous  (twenty-fivt 
crowded  ribs  which  denticulate  the  superior  and  inferior  cui 
ting  edges;  no  median  projection;  a  posterior  accessory  plat 
is  present  which  extends  from  the  inferior  edge  (Fig.  77). 

Radula  formula:  ^+1+4+^+1+1+^  (I3_I_I3; 
central  tooth  with  a  base  of  attachment  longer  than  wide,  th 
lower  border  being  somewhat  expanded  and  produced  int 
lower  lateral  projections;  reflection  short,  tricuspid,  the  centr; 


Fig.  78. 

Radula  of  VALLONIA  PULCHELLA  Miiller.  (Original.)  c,  centr 
tooth;  1,  first  lateral;  6,  second  transitional  tooth;  8,  second  perfect  ma 
ginal. 

cusp  short,  wide,  the  lateral  cusps  smaller;  lateral  teeth  almo 
as  wide  as  long,  bicuspid,  the  inner  cusp  long  and  wide,  tr 
outer  cusp  quite  small,  with  only  an  indication  of  a  cuttin 
point,  which  is  well  developed  in  the  inner  cusp;  the  base  < 
attachment  is  provided  with  lower  lateral  appendages  as  in  tr. 
central  tooth;  the  fifth  and  sixth  teeth  are  transition  teeth,  coi 
necting  the  laterals  with  the  marginals;  these  differ  from  tt 
true  laterals  in  having  two  small,  narrow  outer  cusps  (som 
times  unicuspid),  and  the  inner  cusp  is  shorter;  marginal  teel 
wider  than  long,  four  to  five  cuspid,  the  inner  cusp  general! 
larger,  the  outer  cusp  smaller  and  comb-like  (Fig.  78).  Thei 
are  65  to  70  rows  of  teeth. 

Genitalia:     See  generic  description. 

Distribution:  Europe,  Northern  and  Western  Asia,  Nortl 
ern  Africa,  Azores,  Madeira,  North  America,  and  Mauritiu 
Bermuda,  New  South  Wales  (introduced?).  Not  found  c 
the  Pacific  coast  of  North  America.  (Sterki.) 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY   SURVEY.  251 

Geological  distribution:  Pleistocene;  Loess  of  North  Amer- 
ica, Europe  and  Asia. 

Habitat:  Found  plentifully  under  wood,  leaves,  stones, 
old  logs,  in  moss  and  on  the  banks  of  streams.  Gregarious. 

Remarks:  This  is  our  most  common  Vallonia^  and  cannot 
be  confounded  with  any  other  in  this  region,  where  the  shell 
always  has  a  transparent  or  translucent  horn  color.  The  aper- 
ture and  deflection  of  the  last  whorl  varies  to  some  extent, 
but  with  all  this  variation  it  is  a  species  which  will  be  at  once 
recognized  when  seen.  It  is  frequently  found  on  flower-pots  in 
Chicago  residences,  and  is  the  most  widely  distributed  species 
of  the  genus,  being  found  in  each  of  the  three  regions.  It  has 
been  found  in  large  numbers  west  of  the  poor  farm  at  Dunning 
under  board  walks. 
100.  V'allonia  costata  Miiller, 

Helix costata  MULLER.  Verm.  Hist.,  Vol.  II,  p.  81,  1774.     - 

Vallonia  rosalia,  1826  (ex.  WESTERLUND,  Fauna,  Vol.  I,  p.  14). 

Vallonia  costata  var.  helvetica  STERKI,  Proc.  Phil.  Acad.,  p.  262,  1893. 

Vallonia  costata  var.  amurensis  STERKI,  1.  c. 

Vallonia  costata  var.  pyrenaica  STERKI,  1.  c. 

Vallonia  costata  var.  montana  STERKI,  1.  c.,  p.  263. 

Shell:  Small,  depressed  convex,  rather  solid,  umbilicated; 
surface  shining,  with  regular  membranous  ribs  of  good  size, 
the  intercostate  spaces  being  finely  striate;  color  reddish- 
horn;  periphery  a  trifle  angled;  sutures  deeply  impressed; 
whorls  three  and  one-half,  rapidly  increasing,  the  last  expand- 
ing and  descending,  somewhat  angular  on  the  periphery;  spire 
flat,  apex  finely  striate;  aperture  nearly  circular,  a  little  ob- 
lique, flattened  above,  angular  below;  peristome  reflected, 
white,  terminations  approaching  and  connected  by  a  thin 
callus;  umbilicus  open,  large,  spreading,  exhibiting  all  the  vo- 
lutions. 
Greater  diameter,  2.70;  lesser,  2.25;  height,  1.30;  umbilicus,  0.85  mill. 

Animal:     Similar  to  pulchella. 

Jaw:  Similar  to  that  of  pulchella,  ribs  sixteen  to  eighteen, 
ends  of  jaw  smooth,  cutting  edge  denticulated. 

Radula  formula:  ^+i+|+i+|+i+A  (13-1-13); 
central  tooth  as  in  pidchella;  the  side  cusps  very  small;  laterals 
with  a  long,  thin  inner  cusp  and  a  very  small  outer  cusp,  with 
cutting  points  as  in  pulchella;  transition  teeth  (five)  with  the 
outer  cusps  split;  the  first  marginals  have  but  three  cusps,  but 


252  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF   SCIENCES. 

they  soon  assume  the  form  of  those  in  pulchella.  There  are 
about  70  rows  of  teeth. 

Genitalia  :     As  i  n  pulchella . 

Distribution:  Europe,  Northern  Africa,  Asia,  North  Amer- 
ica, Australia.  (Sterki.) 

Geological  distribution:     Pleistocene;  Loess. 

Habitat:     Same  as  pulchella. 

Remarks:  This  species  is  distinguished  ivom  pulchella  by 
its  numerous  heavy  ribs  and  darker  color.  It  does  not  seem 
to  be  a  common  species  in  this  area  and  has  thus  far  been 
found  only  in  the  northern  and  southern  regions. 

101.    Vallonia parvula  Sterki. 

Vallonia  parvula  STERKI,  Proc.  Phil.  Acad.,  p.  265,  1893. 

Vallonia  americana  ANCEY,  STERKI,  Proc.  Phil.  Acad.,  p.  266,  1893. 

Shell:  "Small,  widely  umbilicated,  especially  for  the  last 
one-third  to  one-half  whorl,  quite  flat  above  or  with  very  little 
prominent  apex,  thin,  horn-colored  to  nearly  colorless,  with 
fine,  dense,  membranous  ribs  (about  thirty  to  thirty-eight  on 
the  last  whorl),  and  microscopic,  intercrossing  lines  between 
them;  nucleus  with  fine  revolving  lines;  whorls  a  little  over 
three,  slightly  flattened  above  and  below  the  periphery,  with  a 
deep  suture;  the  last  much  wider  than  the  penultimate,  rather 
rapidly  expanding  toward  the  aperture  and  descending  only 
at  the  suture  in  front;  aperture  very  oblique,  tangential  and 
rather  inclined,  almost  circular,  with  ends  of  margin  much  ap- 
proximate; peristome  with  a  rather  strong,  pale  horn-colored 
lip.  \\  Diameter  major,  2.00;  min.,  1.6;  altitude  about  0.8  m." 
(Sterki.) 

Greater  diameter,  2.00;  lesser  diameter,  1.40;  height,  0.90  mill.  (12318.) 
2.10;      "  "  1.60;        "       1.00    (•      (12318.) 

Animal:     As  in  costata. 

Jaw :     With  about  eighteen  ribs,  otherwise  as  in  costata. 

Radula  formula:  ^+i+f+i+f +i+^r  (n  — I— n); 
the  teeth  are  all  like  those  of  costata,  the  same  in  the  number 
of  cusps  on  the  marginals,  and  in  the  rapid  transition  from 
laterals  to  marginals. 

Genitalia :     Same  as  in  pulchella . 

Distribution:  Illinois,  Iowa,  Nebraska,  Kansas,  Indian  Ter- 
ritory. (Sterki.)  Bay  Island,  Lake  Erie.  (Bryant  Walker.) 

Geological  distribution:  Pleistocene;  Loess  of  Mississippi 
Valley. 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  253 

Habitat:     Same  as  costata. 

Remarks:  This  species  is  very  rare.  It  may  be  distin- 
guished from  costata  by  its  smaller  size,  wider  umbilicus,  and 
by  the  last  whorl  being  straight,  while  it  is  descending  in  cos- 
tata. It  is  extremely  local,  and  the  only  specimens  found 
were  from  one  locality  on  the  Du  Page  Feeder.  It  is  by  some 
considered  a  synonym  of  costata,  but  seems  to  be  sufficiently 
distinct. 

SUBORDER  BASOMMATOPHORA. 

"Tentacles  flattened-triangular  or  subcylindrical,  contrac- 
tile (but  not  invertible);  eyes  at  their  bases,  sessile." 

Shell  usually  covered  by  a  corneous  epidermis  and  oblong, 
few  whorled,  without  operculum.  Mostly  aquatic  or  littoral."* 

Superfamily  Qehydrophila. 

"Teguments  rugose;  terrestrial,  but  usually  inhabiting  sea- 
shores" (or  bodies  of  fresh  water).* 

FAMILY  AURICULIDvE. 

"Shell  spiral,  covered  by  an  epidermis,  solid,  usually  thick; 
spire  more  or  less  elevated;  whorls  sometimes  flattened;  aper- 
ture elongated,  contracted  by  columella  teeth,  and  often  also 
by  teeth  within  the  lips." 

"Lingual  membrane  broad  and  elongated;  teeth  numerous, 
in  slightly  bent  cross-series;  central  tooth  equilateral,  narrow, 
tricuspid;  lateral  and  marginal  teeth  also  tricuspid,  rather  ine- 
quilateral, diminishing  in  size  toward  the  outer  edge.  Head 
ending  in  a  snout;  mouth  with  a  horny,  lunate  upper  jaw,  and 
with  two  dilated  buccal  lobes,  united  above,  separate  below; 
tentacles  subcylindrical,  contractile;  eyes  sessile  at  the  inner 
sides  of  their  bases.  Mantle  closed,  with  a  thickened  margin; 
respiratory  orifice  posterior,  on  the  right  side.  Sexes  united."* 

Animal  frequenting  salt  marshes  or  fresh  bodies  of  water 
(inland). 

GENUS  CARYCHIUM  Muller,  1774. 

Shell:  Thin,  few  whorled,  pupiform;  columella  armed 
with  a  fold  (sometimes  absent);  parietal  wall  armed  with  one  or 
two  denticles;  peristome  expanded,  with  a  denticle  on  the  in- 
side. 


*Tryon,  Syst.  and  Struct.  Conch.,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  92. 


254  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF   SCIENCES. 

Animal:  (Fig.  79.)  With  a  short,  stout  foot,  which  is 
divided  into  two  portions,  the  anterior  with  the  head  and  ten- 
tacles, and  the  posterior  with  the  balance  of  the  body;  anterior 
portion  bilobed  and  projecting,  when  the  animaj  is  in  motion, 
in  front  of  the  head  proper;  body  colorless;  tentacles  about  a 
third  the  length  of  the  foot,  cylindrical,  obtuse,  with  the  eyes 
placed  near  the  base  of  the  tentacles,  on  the  back.  Genitalia? 
Jaw  arched,  with  no  ribs  or  denticulations.  Radula  with  rows 
of  teeth  in  a  slightly  bent  series;  the  central  tooth  is  narrow, 
equilateral  and  unicuspid,  the  laterals  broad,  short,  and  den- 
ticulated. Animal  terrestrial. 


Fig.  79. 

CARYCHIUM  EXIGUUM  Say.  (Binney,  Fig.  9.)  Animal  showing  head 
and  lower  surface  of  foot. 

Distribution:     United  States,  Europe  and  Africa. 

KEY  TO   SPECIES   OF    CARYCHIUM. 

a.  Shell  cylindrical,  aperture  over  one-third   of  total   length, 

whorls  four  and  one-half exiguum 

b.  Shell  elongated,  aperture    one-third    of  the    total    length, 

whorls  five  and  one-half exile 

102.     Carychium  exiguum  Say,  pi.  xxvi,  Fig.  4. 

Pupa  exigua  SAY,  Journ.  Phil.  Acad.,  Vol.  II,  p.  375,  1822. 
Carychium  existelium  BOURGUIGNAT,  Mag.  de  Zool.,  p.  220,  1857. 
Carychium  euphceum  BOURGUIGNAT,  1.  c.,  p.  221, 1857. 
Carychium  exiguum  mexicanum  PILSBRY,  Proc.  Phil.  Acad.,  p.  319, 
pi.  xiv,  Figs.  7,  8,  9,  1891.    (Variety.) 

Shell:  Cylindrical,  pupiform,  translucent,  spire  long  and 
conic;  color  pearly  white,  surface  shining,  somewhat  pol- 
ished, lines  of  growth  numerous,  crowded,  minute;  whorls  four 
and  one-half,  regularly  increasing,  convex,  somewhat  oblique 
in  position;  spire  very  long,  conic,  less  than  two-thirds  the 
length  of  the  entire  shell;  apex  obtuse;  sutures  very  deeply 
impressed,  making  quite  a  perceptible  v-shaped  depression 
between  the  whorls;  base  of  shell  rounded,  exhibiting  a  round 
and  deep  umbilicus;  aperture  ovate,  rounded  below,  narrowed 
at  the  upper  part,  more  than  one-third  the  total  length;  parietal 
wall  with  a  large  plait  midway  between  the  terminations  of  the 
peristome;  there  is  a  somewhat  prominent  callosity  on  the  base 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  255 

of  the  aperture  (or  peristome)  near  the  umbilicus;  peristome 
thickened,  flat,  reflected,  the  terminations   joined  by  a   thin 
callus;  outer  lip  sinuous,  strongly  arcuate  at  the  upper  portion; 
interior  of  aperture  pearly-white. 
Length,  1.50;  width,  0.75;  aperture  length,  0.50;  width,  0.30  mill.  Berry  Lake. 

Animal:     See  generic  description. 

Jaw:  Arched,  dorsal  and  ventral  margins  smooth;  ante- 
rior surface  smooth  or  only  slightly  striated. 

Radula  formula:  +£+}-+£+;  central  tooth  long  and  nar- 
row, expanded  considerably  at  the  lower  outer  corners;  reflec- 
tion small,  short,  heart-shaped,  blunt,  unicuspid;  lateral  teeth 
a  little  longer  than  wide,  reflection  very  low,  serrated  (Fig.  80). 
The  writer  was  unable  to  make  out  clearly  the  character  of  the 
lateral  teeth,  but  they  appeared  as  indicated  in  the  figure. 

Genitalia:     Not  examined. 

Distribution:  United  States  west  to  Manitoba  south  to 
Mexico. 

Geological  distribution:     Pleistocene;  Loess. 


Fig. 

Radula  of  CARYCHIUM  EXIGUUM  Say.    (Original.)    c,  central  tooth; 
1, lateral  tooth. 

Habitat:  Found  plentifully  under  and  about  old  logs, 
sticks,  twigs  and  vegetation  in  the  vicinity  of  ponds  and  creeks. 
Frequently  found  in  wet  moss. 

Remarks:  This  is  quite  a  peculiar  little  species,  distin- 
guished by  its  light  color  and  peculiar  shell.  It  loves  com- 
pany, and  when  one  is  found  dozens  are  always  sure  to  reward 
a  patient  search.  The  species  is  widely  distributed  in  the  area. 

io3.    Carychium  exile  H.  C.  Lea,  pi.  xxvi,  fig.  3. 

Carychium   exile  H.  C.  LEA,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.,  1  series,  Vol.  XLII,  p. 

109,  pi.  i,  fig.  5,  1841. 
Carychium  exile  jamaicensis  PILSBRY,  Proc.  Phil.  Acad.,  p.  320,  pi. 

xiv,  figs.  15,  16,  1891.    (Variety.) 

Shell:  Similar  to  exiguum  but  differing  in  the  following 
particulars:  the  shell  is  elongated  instead  of  cylindrical;  there 


256  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

are  five  and  one-half  whorls;  the  aperture  \sjust  one-third  the 
length  of  the  shell,  instead  of  over  one-third,  and  the  surface 
is  "regularly  and  very  distinctly  striated." 
Length,  1.75;  width,  0.75;  aperture  length,  0.50;  width,  0.25  mill.    (12474.) 

Animal:     Jaw  and  Dentition  apparently  as  in  C.  exiguum. 

Genitalia:     Not  examined. 

Distribution:     Evidently  the  same  as  exiguum. 

Geological  distribution :     Pleistocene;  Loess. 

Habitat:     Same  as  and  associated  with  C.  exiguum. 

Remarks:  Exile  is  not  as  common  as  exiguum,  the  ratio 
being  about  3  to  I  in  favor  of  exiguum.  The  writer  has  always 
found  the  two  species  associated  together  (in  Illinois).  In 
view  of  this  fact  it  may  be  possible  that  one  is  a  variety  of  the 
other,  instead  of  a  distinct  species,  as  the  two  forms  may  inter- 
breed. This,  however,  is  a  subject  for  future  study.  Like 
exiguum  the  present  species  is  widely  distributed. 

The  genus  Carychium  is  of  great  interest  to  the  student  of 
evolution,  as  it  is  more  than  probable  that  the  Mollusca  be- 
came terrestrial  air-breathers  through  a  form  similar  to  Cary- 
chium, Alexia  or  Melampus.  They  are  almost,  but  not  quite, 
amphibious.  Carychium  is  almost  as  frequently  found  in  water 
as  out  of  it,  that  is,  under  logs  and  stones  in  such  moist  locali- 
ties that  the  animal  is  immersed  in  water.  It  has  never  been 
found,  so  far  as  known  to  the  writer,  in  ponds  or  creeks,  as  is 
Limncsa. 

Superfamily  Hygrophila.* 

"Teguments  smooth;  living  in  fresh  water  and  only  com- 
ing to  the  surface  occasionally  to  renew  their  supply  of  air. 
Tentacles  contractile,  with  eyes  at  their  base.  Jaw  simple  in 
Physa  and  compound  in  Limncea  and  Planorbis,  composed  of 
three  pieces  corresponding  to  the  three  lips  of  the  mouth,  and 
not  completely  separated  (Fig.  81).  Central  and  lateral  teeth 
as  in  Helicidae,  marginals  pectinate  or  serriform." 

"Male  orifice  near  the  tentacle,  female  at  the  base  of  the 
neck,  near  the  respiratory  opening.  Eggs  contained  together 
in  a  gelatinous,  transparent  capsule.  Phytophagous  (Physa  is 
sometimes  carnivorous).  Swimming  in  a  reversed  position  at 
the  surface  of  the  water."f 

VThe  writer  is  greatly  indebted  to  Mr.  Bryant  Walker,  of  Detroit,  Mich.,  for  much  as- 
sistance in  preparing  the  account  of  the  fresh  water  Pulmonates. 
tTryon,  Struct,  and  Syst.  Conch.,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  99. 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY   SURVEY.  257 

FAMILY 


Shell:  Varying  from  long  and  pointed  through  oblong- 
ovate  and  obtuse  to  discoidal;  whorls  numerous,  varying  from 
planorboid  to  sharp  pointed;  aperture  thin,  lip  simple,  sharp. 

Animal:  With  a  wide  foot,  rounded  behind;  velar  area 
preserved  in  the  adult  where  they  form  two  side  lobes  on  the 
head;  tentacles  rather  long,  triangular  or  filiform;  eyes  placed 
on  swellings  at  the  inner  bases  of  the  tentacles;  breathing 
orifice  on  right  side.  Mantle  prominent.  Buccal  apparatus 
consisting  of  one  median  jaw  and  usually  two  or  more  lateral 
accessory  jaws.  Radula  with  either  a  very  small,  simple  cen- 
tral tooth  (Limn(za)  or  a  larger  bicuspid  tooth  (Planorbis),  and 
numerous  lateral  and  marginal  teeth  of  variable  form,  being  at 
first  bi-  or  tricuspid,  then  tricuspid,  and  finally  the  reflection 
lengthens  and  narrows,  and  becomes  four  or  five  cuspid,  the 


Fig.  81. 

Mouth  parts  of   LIMN.EA  REFLEXA  Say.    (Original,  from  drowned 
specimen.)     A,  superior  jaw;  B,  lateral  jaws;  C,  radula;  D,  lips. 

cusps  being  confined  to  the  extreme  distal  part  of  the  reflec- 
tion, or  serrating  the  outer  edge  (Planorbis). 

The  genitalia  may  be  thus  described  (for  L.  emarginata  var. 
mig  heist): 

Male  organs:  (PI.  xxxiii.  Fig.  E):  As  in  the  Limn&ida  gen- 
erally, the  male  and  female  organs  are  separate  (with  the  ex- 
ception of  the  hermaphrodite  gland)  and  open  by  separate 
orifices,  that  of  the  male  being  behind  the  right  tentacle  and 
that  of  the  female  at  the  base  of  the  neck  near  the  pulmonary 
opening.  The  penis  sac  (PS)  is  very  large,  of  great  length  and 
large  diameter;  it  is  wide  at  the  exterior  opening  but  narrow 
at  the  end  where  the  penis  is  attached.  The  penis  (P)  is  half  as 
long  as  the  penis  sac,  very  long  and  slender,  with  a  rounded 
head,  about  two-and-a-half  times  the  diameter  of  the  neck  of  the 


258  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY   OF    SCIENCES. 

penis.  The  penis  and  penis  sac  are  retracted  by  a  set  of  pow- 
erful muscles  (RM,  PSM,  VD).  A  nerve  starts  from  the  cerebral 
ganglion  (CG)  and  after  extending  for  a  short  distance  divides, 
one  branch  running  to  the  head  of  the  penis  and  the  other 
entering  the  penis  sac  (PN,  PSN).  The  penis  is  generally  yel- 
lowish in  color,  sometimes  very  bright,  while  the  penis  sac  is 
grayish  (in  alcohol)  or  yellowish  (living).  The  muscles  are 
white  in  color. 

The  vas  deferens  is  long  and  hairlike  (F),  and  extends  from 
the  head  of  the  penis  to  the  base  of  the  penis  sac  where  it  be- 
comes lost  in  the  muscular  tissue;  it  reappears  at  the  opening 
of  the  vagina  where  it  becomes  the  duct  of  the  prostate  (PD); 
this  duct  is  rather  long,  very  narrow  and  enlarges  on  the  side 
of  the  vagina  into  the  prostate  gland  (PR),  a  cylindrical,  fleshy 
organ,  well  supplied  with  blood  vessels  and  of  a  yellowish  or 
amber  color.  Posterior  to  the  cylindrical  portion,  the  prostate 
becomes  very  much  narrowed  and  flattened,  whitish  in  color, 
and  near  the  albuminiporous  gland  it  again  enlarges  into  a 
much  folded  organ  of  a  grayish  color.  From  this  point  the 
hermaphrodite  duct  passes  to  the  hermaphrodite  gland. 

Female  organs:  (PI.  xxxiii,  Fig.  D):  The  hermaphrodite 
gland  or  ovotestis  is  made  up  of  a  number  of  rounded  or  lobu- 
lated  follicles,  which  are  yellowish  in  color.  The  oviduct  (or 
hermaphrodite  duct  (OD)  extends  from  the  lower  part  of  the 
ovotestis  to  the  albuminiparous  gland,  from  which  it  divides, 
one  part  forming  the  prostate  and  the  other  the  uterus.  The 
albuminiparous  gland  (AL)  is  large  and  rounded  and  of  a  green- 
ish color.  The  uterus  (U)  is  at  first  trilobed,  then  becomes 
smaller  and  rounded,  then  swells  into  a  large,  fleshy,  cylin- 
drical sack,  the  vagina  (V),  then  contracts  to  form  the  vesti- 
bule or  atrium  (A)  and  finds  its  exit  behind  the  male  orifice  and 
near  the  respiratory  orifice.  The  uterus  and  vagina  are  yel- 
lowish in  color.  The  walls  of  these  organs  are  made  up  of 
strong  muscular  tissue.  The  spermatheca  or  receptaculum 
seminis  (S)  is  elongate-oval  in  form,  of  a  pearly  white  color,  and 
connected  with  the  vagina  by  a  long,  narrow  duct  (SD)  which 
enters  the  latter  near  the  cylindrical  portion  of  the  prostate, 
just  above  the  atrium.  The  vagina  is  supplied  with  two  stout 
retractor  muscles  (VM).  In  the  natural  position  the  ovotestis 
is  folded  in  the  lobes  of  the  liver  and  is  very  strongly  attached 
to  that  organ.* 

*For  an  extended  account  of  the  anatomy  of  LimnEea  see  the  writer's  paper,  Bull.  Chi. 
Acad.  Sci.,  Vol.  II,  No.  3,  from  which  the  above  description  was  mainly  drawn. 


THE   NATURAL   HIST0RY   SURVEY.  259 

Subfamily  Limiueinee. 

"Lateral  jaws  present.  Rhachidian  tooth  simply  pointed; 
laterals  provided  with  numerous  denticles.  Tentacles  flat- 
tened. Genitalia  on  right  side."  (Dall.)f 

GENUS  LIMN/EA  Lamarck. 

Shell:  Spiral,  generally  thin,  corneous,  ovately-oblong  or 
elongate;  spire  long,  sharp;  aperture  oval,  generally  small; 
columella  with  an  oblique  plait  across  the  middle. 

Animal:  With  short,  wide,  rounded  foot;  head  support- 
ing a  vela  area;  front  edge  of  mantle  much  thickened,  simple, 
not  projecting  beyond  the  plane  of  the  aperture;  tentacles 
much  flattened,  triangular,  the  eyes  sessile  upon  the  inner 
bases;  other  characters  as  in  the  subfamily  (PL  xxxiii,  Figs.  A, 
B,  C);  ova  deposited  in  a  jelly-like  mass  without  apparent  en- 
velope. 

Distribution:  World- wide,  but  preferring  temperate  re- 
gions. 

KEY   TO   SPECIES    OF    LIMN^A.* 

A.  Shell  50  to  60  mill,  in  length. 

a.     Aperture  and  spire   about  equal  in  length,  the  former 

much  expanded stagnates 

B.  Shell  20  to  40  mill,  in  length. 

a.  Spire    attenuated,    longer    than     aperture,    the    latter 

strongly  reflexed;  surface  very  rarely  malleated reflexa 

b.  Spire  and  aperture  about  equal  in  length;  surface  nearly 

always  heavily  malleated;  shell  wider  in  proportion  to 

length  than  (a) palustris 

C.  Shell  15  mill,  or  less  in  length. 

1.  Surface   distinctly  striated,   with  coarse,   raised,  spiral 

lines caperata 

2.  Surface  with  fine,  impressed  spiral  lines. 

a.     Spire  equal  to  aperture,  shell  fusiform .catascopium 

c.  Spire  one-third  to  one-half  the  length  of  the  aperture. 
jSpire  sharply  conic,  aperture  two-thirds  of  length 

columella 

f|Spire  depressed  conic,  aperture  three-fourths  of 

length woodruffi 

d.  Spire  two-thirds  the  length  of  the  shell,  which  is  sca- 
lariform ferrissi 

3.  Surface  without  spiral  lines. 

a.  Spire   short  conic,  aperture   roundly  ovate,  not  pro- 

duced at  the  lower  part humilis 

b.  Spire   long  and   pointed,  aperture   long-ovate,  pro- 

duced at  the  lower  part desidiosa 

tAnn.  and  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.,  Vol.  IX,  p.  348,  et  sec.    All  quotations  of  Dr.  Ball  are  from 

this  work. 

*The  account  ot  the  genus  Limnaea  is  a  modification   of  the  author's  paper  in  Trans 

Acad.  Sci.,  St.  Louis,  Vol.  IX,  No.  i,  1901. 


260  THE   CHICAGO   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES. 

A  recent  study  of  numerous  species  of  this  genus  has 
convinced  the  writer  that  some  classification  other  than  the 
one  in  use  must  be  found.  The  present  grouping  by  shell 
characters  is  totally  unsatisfactory  on  account  of  the  extreme 
variability  of  the  individuals.  For  example,  different  forms 
of  L.  emarginata  Say  v&r.mighelsi  Binney,  recently  examined, 
can  be  placed  in  all  of  the  so-called  subgenera  usually  recog- 
nized (Radix,  Bulimnea,  Limnophysa,  etc.),  and  in  fact  the  typ- 
ical emarginata  is  typical  of  Limnophysa,  and  the  variety 
mighelsi  of  Radix;  all  of  the  intermediate  forms  occur  and 
absolutely  connect  the  extremes.  In  view  of  this  fact  the 
writer  has  discarded  all  subgenera,  using  simply  the  generic 
term  Limnaea.  Some  divisions  of  value  will  undoubtedly  be 
found  when  all  of  the  species  are  examined  anatomically  for 
the  genitalia,  radula,  etc.  There  is  abundant  work  in  this  line 
for  a  naturalist  having  the  time  and  material  at  his  command. 

104.     Limmua  columella  Say,  pi.  xxx,  fig.  26. 

Limncza  columella  SAY.  Journ.  Phil.  Acad.,  Vol.  I,  p.  14,  1817. 

Limncea  navicula  VALENCIENNES,  Rec'd.  Obs.,  Vol.  II,  p.  251,  1833. 

Limncea  chalybea  GOULD,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.,  ed.  1,  Vol.XXXVIII,  p.  196, 
1840.    (Variety.) 

Limncea  acuminata  ADAMS,  1.  c.,  Vol.  XXXIX,  p.  374,  1840. 

Limncea  strigosa  LEA,  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  II,  p.  33,  1841. 

Limncea  coarctata  LEA,  1.  c.,  p.  33,  1841. 

Limncea  casta  LEA,  1.  c.,  p.  33,  1841 .    (Variety.) 

Succinea pellucida  LEA,  Proc.  Phil.  Acad.,  p.  109,  1864. 

Limncea  columellaris  ADAMS,  Amer.  Journ.  Sci.,  ser.  1,  Vol.  XXXVI, 
p.  392,  absq.  descr. 

Limncea  succiniformis  ADAMS,  MS.,  teste  Haldeman. 
Shell:  Ovate,  somewhat  pointed,  thin,  fragile,  transpar- 
ent; color  light  greenish  or  yellowish  horn;  surface  shining, 
covered  with  rather  coarse  growth  lines,  and  encircled  by  im- 
pressed spiral  lines;  whorls  four,  rounded,  rapidly  enlarging, 
the  last  one  three  times  the  size  of  the  rest  of  the  shell;  spires 
sharply  conic,  rather  short;  apex  small,  very  dark  brown;  su- 
tures impressed;  aperture  ovate,  dilated,  expanded  at  the  lower 
part;  the  aperture  varies  from  long  and  narrow  to  wide  and 
somewhat  expanded;  peristome  thin,  acute;  columella  narrow, 
twisted;  terminations  of  peristome  connected  by  a  thin  callus; 
umbilicus  generally  closed  but  sometimes  very  narrowly  per- 
forate where  the  callus  is  not  fully  developed;  the  columella 
is  so  narrow  that  a  view  may  be  taken  from  the  base  nearly  to 
the  apex,  as  in  Succinea  retusa. 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY. 


261 


Length,  16.00;  width,  8.50;  aperture  length,  11.40;  width,  6.00  mill.  (10440.) 
"      14.00;        "      7.75;        "  "        9.50;       "      5.60    "      (10440.) 

Animal:  Almost  transparent,  with  a  short,  wide  foot, 
bluntly  rounded  behind;  head  separated  from  foot  by  a  con- 
striction, wide,  bifurcated;  tentacles  short,  thick,  triangular, 
transparent;  eyes  black,  situated  on  small  prominences  at  the 
inner  base  of  the  tentacles;  color  dirty  white,  darker  on  the 
body  which  is  covered  with  white  spots,  seen  through  the 
transparent  shell;  edge  of  mantle  transparent,  simple;  head 
above  lilac-tinted;  respiratory  orifice  on  right  side  of  body, 
near  the  junction  of  the  upper  part  of  the  columella  with  the 
body  whorl;  the  head  is  not  much  in  advance  of  the  edge  of 
the  shell  when  the  animal  is  in  motion;  the  animal  appears 
much  too  large  for  the  shell.  Length  of  foot  8.00;  width  5.50 
mill.  The  heart  is  situated  on  the  left  side  of  the  animal,  as 
in  desidiosa.  The  pulsations  are  rather  irregular,  three  or  four 
being  quick,  followed  by  a  pause;  they  vary  from  fifty-three  to 
sixty  per  minute. 


FIG.  82. 
Jaws  of  LIMN^EA  COLUMELLA  Say.    (Original.) 


Jaw:  Three,  the  median  elliptical,  smooth,  the  lateral 
jaws  irregular;  finely  striated;  cutting  edges  brownish  black, 
shading  into  yellowish  brown  as  the  base  of  the  cartilege  is 
reached  (Fig.  82). 

Radula  formula:  ff+i+f  +i+f +i+|M35-'  ~35);  cen- 
tral tooth  as  in  the  genus;  lateral  teeth  with  a  quadrate  base 
of  attachment;  reflection  long  and  rather  wide,  reaching  below 
the  base  of  attachment,  bicuspid,  the  inner  cusp  very  large  and 
long,  the  outer  cusp  small  and  sharp;  the  tenth  tooth  is  trifid 
and  connects  the  lateral  and  marginal  teeth;  marginal  teeth 
much  longer  than  wide,  generally  four-cuspid,  the  outer  cusp, 
placed  about  midway  of  the  reflection;  the  other  three  placed 
at  the  distal  end;  there  are  generally  several  small  denticles 


262  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

on  the  upper  outer  edge  of  the  reflection;  the  outer  marginals 
have  all  the  cusps  placed  at  the  distal  end  and  the  margins  are 
simple  (Fig.  83). 

Genitalia:     Not  examined. 

Distribution:  New  England  to  Iowa,  Canada  to  Georgia; 
Tepic,  New  Mexico.* 

Geological  distribution :     Pleistocene;  Loess. 

Habitat:     Found  abundantly   in  small  ponds  and  creeks 


FIG.  83. 

Radula  of  LIMN^A  COLUMELLA  Say.  (Original.)  c,  central  tooth; 
1,  first  lateral;  10,  first  marginal;  12,  13,  16,  typical  marginals;  25,  30,  35, 
outer  marginals. 

where  the  water  is  more  or  less  stagnant.     Particularly  fond 
of  a  locality  where  lily  pads  are  in  abundance. 

Remarks:  This  species  is  very  variable  in  the  shape  of  its 
aperture,  and  several  distinct  species  have  been  made  from 
these  variations,  which  will  stand  simply  as  varieties.  It  is 
very  frequently  taken  for  &  Sue  cine  a,  and  the  shell  bears  a 
very  strong  resemblance  to  that  genus.  The  animal,  however, 
is  quite  different,  and  shows  that  it  is  a  genuine  Limncea.  The 
raised  spiral  lines  are  very  beautiful  and  resemble  those  found 
on  many  land  shells.  So  far  as  known  it  has  only  been  col- 
lected in  the  greenhouses  and  lily  ponds  in  Lincoln  Park. 

*Vide  J.  G.  Cooper,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.,  2nd  Ser.,  Vol.  V,  pt.  i,  p.  167,  1895. 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY   SURVEY.  263 

105.     Limiuea  catascopium  Say,  pi.  xxxi,  fig.  5. 

LimncEa  catascopium  SAY,  Nich.  Encycl.,  ed.  1,  pi.  ii,  fig.  3,  1816. 

Limncea  cornea  VALENCIENNES,  Recueil  d'Observ.  Zool.,  etc.,  Vol.  II, 
p.  251, 1833. 

Limncea  sericata  ZIEGLER,  Rossmassler  Iconog.,  Vol.  I,  p.  98,  1737. 

LiiHH&a  intertexta  CURRIER,  MSS.,  vide  Bryant  Walker,  in  letter. 
Shell:  Rather  solid,  ovate,  inflated;  color  light  horn  to 
blackish;  surface  dull  to  shining,  lines  of  growth  numerous, 
fine,  crowded,  wavy,  crossed  by  numerous  impressed  spiral 
lines;  apex  small,  rounded,  chestnut  colored;  whorls  five, 
rounded,  subinflated,  the  last  large  and  somewhat  inflated;  spire 
sharp  to  obtuse,  conic;  sutures  impressed;  aperture  roundly 
ovate,  large,  from  half  to  three-fourths  the  length  of  the  en- 
tire shell,  rounded  below;  somewhat  narrowed  above;  peris- 
tome  thin,  sharp,  thickened  by  a  light,  whitish  callus  just  within 
the  edge;  columella  oblique,  with  a  heavy  plait  across  the  mid- 
dle; the  lower  part  of  the  columella  has  a  flexure  caused  by 
the  heavy  plait;  the  lower  part  of  the  peristome  and  the  whole 
of  the  columella  is  sometimes  covered  by  a  heavy  coating  of 
white,  testaceous  material,  which  is  reflected  over  the  umbili- 
cus, completely  closing  it. 

Length,  15.00;  width,  7.50;  aperture  length,  8.00;  width,  4.50  mill. 
13.00;      "      7.00;        "  "        7.50;      "       4.00    " 

15.00;      "      8.50;        "  "        9.00;      "       4.50    " 

12.00;      "      7.00;        "  "        7.00;      "       4.00    " 

Animal,  jaw,  radula  and  genitalia  not  examined. 

Distribiition :  New  England  to  Utah,  British  America  to 
Virginia. 

Geological  distribution :     Pleistocene. 

Habitat:  In  the  larger  lakes  and  rivers,  attached  to  sticks, 
stones  and  debris. 

Remarks:  Catascopium  is  readily  distinguished  by  its  large 
aperture,  and  well  rounded  whorls.  The  height  of  the  spire 
varies,  in  some  specimens  being  one-half  the  length  of  the 
aperture  (var.  pinguis}  and  in  others  they  are  about  equal. 
In  the  typical  form  the  spire  is  gracefully  conical,  and  the 
aperture  and  lower  part  of  the  shell  are  evenly  rounded.  The 
only  species  with  which  this  species  can  be  confounded  is 
Limnaa  palustris,  but  that  species  is  generally  larger,  the  spire 
is  sharper  and  generally  longer,  and  the  surface  is  malleated, 
while  catascopium  is  not.  A  comparison  of  the  figures  of  the 
two  species  will  suffice  to  separate  them.  Catascopium  seems 


264  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

to  be  confined  to  the  Northern  and  Southern  regions,  and  has 
thus  far  been  found  only  in  Lake  Michigan  at  Winnetka,  Chi- 
cago and  Miller's,  Ind. 

1053.     Limnaea  catascopium  pinguis  Say,  pi.  xxx,  fig.  27. 

Limna-a  pinguis  SAY,  Journ.  Phil.  Acad.,  Vol.  V,  p.  123, 1825. 
Limn&a  catascopium  BAKER  (non  SAY),  Trans.  Acad.  Sci.,  St.  Louis, 
Vol.  XI,  p.  4,  pi.  i,  fig.  9,  1901. 

Shell:  Solid,  thick,  inflated;  color  light  to  dark  horn;  sur- 
face dull  to  shining,  lines  of  growth  numerous,  fine,  crowded, 
crossed  by  many  impressed  spiral  lines;  apex  of  good  size, 
rounded,  dark  chocolate  colored;  whorls  five,  rounded,  much  in- 
flated; spire  short,  conic;  sutures  impressed;  aperture  subovate 
or  roundly  ovate,  half  the  length  of  the  entire  shell;  peristome 
thin  on  the  edge,  thickened  within  by  a  white  callus;  columella 
reflected  so  as  to  cover  the  umbilicus,  and  with  a  rather  heavy 
plait  across  the  middle. 

Length,  13.50;  width,  8.75;  aperture  length,  8.00;  width,  5.00  mill.  (8388) 
14.50;      "       9.50;        "  "          9.50;      "      5.50     "     (8388) 

14.00;      "       9.00;        "  "          8.75;      "      5.00     "      (8388) 

Animal,  jaw \  radula  and  genitalia:     Not  examined. 

Distribution:     Apparently  the  same  as  typical  catascopium. 

Habitat:     Evidently  similar  to  catascopium. 

Remarks:  Variety  pinguis  may  be  distinguished  from  typ- 
ical catascopium  by  its  shorter  spire,  more  swollen  whorls  and 
generally  heavier  shell.  It  is  not  common  in  the  Chicago  areai 
and  has  been  found  only  in  the  Calumet  River.  In  a  pre- 
vious paper  it  was  referred  to  typical  catascopium  but  it  is 
without  doubt  the  short-spired  variety  -pinguis ;  specimens  re- 
ferred to  Mr.  H.  A.  Pilsbry  were  so  identified. 

106.     Limnaea  woodruff!  Baker,  pi.  xxxi,  fig.  8. 

Limncea  woodruffi  BAKER,  Bull.  Chi.  Acad.  Sci.,  Vol.  II,  No.  4,  p.  229, 
1901. 

Shell:  Ventricose,  very  much  inflated,  solid;  color  green- 
ish-horn or  olivaceous;  surface  shining,  growth  lines  distinct; 
rough  in  some  specimens,  crossed  by  numerous  fine  impressed 
spiral  lines;  apex  small,  rounded,  light  horn  colored;  whorls 
three  to  four,  rounded,  inflated,  the  last  occupying  nearly  the 
whole  of  the  shell;  spire  depressed;  sutures  impressed;  aperture 
very  large,  roundly  ovate,  occupying  about  four-fifths  of  the 
length  of  the  entire  shell,  roundly  shouldered  at  the  upper  part; 
peristome  thin,  sharp;  columella  thickened,  spreading,  with  a 
plait  or  fold  in  the  middle;  the  lower  part  of  the  aperture  is 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY   SURVEY.  265 

expanded,  the  columella  callus  making  a  ridge  which  is  re- 
flected over  the  umbilical  region;  umbilicus  open,  deep. 

Length,  12.50;  width,  8.00;  aperture  length,  8.50;  width,  5.50  mill. 
11.00;       "      8.00;          "  "        8.00;       "       5.00     " 

11.50;       "      8.00;          "  "        8.00;       "      4.75     " 

Animal,  jaw,  radula  and  genitalia  notexamined. 

Distribution:     Southern  part  of  Lake  Michigan. 

Geological  distribution:     Pleistocene. 

Habitat:  Probably  similar  to  catascopium  and  emarginata, 
but  inhabiting  rather  deep  water. 

Remarks:  This  species  has  been  a  puzzle  for  several  years 
and  has  been  referred  to  both  decollata  and  catascopium*  It 
certainly  is  not  any  form  of  catascopium,  and  judging  by  the 
figures  in  Binney,  Haldeman  and  Tryon  it  is  not  decollata. 
Specimens  of  the  latter  received  from  the  Philadelphia  Acad- 
emy of  Sciences  are  decidedly  different,  the  spire  being  longer, 
the  number  of  whorls  less  and  the  shape  of  the  aperture  dif- 
ferent. The  principal  characteristics  of  woodruffi  are  its  very 
short  spire,  rapidly  increasing  and  swollen  whorls,  and  its 
roundly  oval  aperture  with  its  broad  shoulder  at  the  upper  part. 
It  looks  not  unlike  a  miniature  Limnaa  emarginata  var.  mighelsi, 
Specimens  sent  to  Mr.  Bryant  Walker  were  declared  by  him  to 
be  distinct  from  anything  he  had  seen.  The  present  species 
has  been  described  as  new,  for  the  reason  that  in  a  lot  of  some 
two  hundred  specimens  no  individuals  have  been  found  con- 
necting it  with  any  known  form.  It  has  been  found  at  Miller's, 
Ind. ,  and  along  the  lake  shore,  in  Chicago,  by  Mr.  F.  M.  Wood- 
ruff, to  whom  the  species  is  dedicated. 

107.     LimnEea  desidiosa  Say,  pi.  xxx,  fig.  20;  pi.  xxxi,  fig.  7. 

Limncea desidiosa  SAY,  Journ.  Phil.  Acad.,  Vol.  II,  p.  169,  1821. 
Limncea  modicella  SAY,  Journ.  Phil.  Acad.,  Vol.  V,  p.  122,  1825. 
Limncea  acuta  LEA,  Trans.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  V,  p.  114,  pi.  xix,  fig. 

81,  1837. 

Limncea  Philadelphia  LEA,  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  II,  p.  32, 1841. 
Limncea  plica  LEA,  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  II,  p.  33,  1841. 
Limncea  rustica  LEA,  1.  c.,  p.  33,  1841. 
Limncea  planulata  LEA,  1.  c.,  p.  33,  1841. 
Limncea  jamesii  LEA,  Proc.  Phil.  Acad.,  p.  113,  1864. 
Limncea  desidiosa  var.  decampi,  L.  H.  STRENG,  The  Nautilus,  Vol.  IX, 

p.  123,  1896.     (Variety.) 

Shell:     Subconic,  pointed,  oblong,  rather  thin,  sometimes 

*ln  the  writer's  paper  on  Limnaea  before  mentioned,  pi.  i,  fig.  12,  this  form  was  referred 
to  variety  pinguis  Say.  The  receipt  of  a  large  number  of  specimens  has  demonstrated  that 
it  is  not  that  form. 


266  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF   SCIENCES. 

inflated;  color  light  or  dark  horn;  surface  shining,  covered 
with  numerous  crowded,  fine  lines  of  growth,  which  can 
scarcely  be  discerned  on  the  apex;  whorls  five,  somewhat 
shouldered  in  some  forms,  the  shoulder  being  near  the  suture; 
the  last  whorl  is  very  large,  half  the  length  of  the  entire  shell; 
each  whorl  is  double  the  size  of  the  one  preceding;  spire 
sharply-conical;  sutures  very  deeply  indented;  aperture  elon- 
gately  ovate,  somewhat  expanded;  peristome  thin,  acute;  col- 
umella  thickened  by  a  testaceous  deposit,  and  bearing  a  heavy 
plait  across  the  middle;  the  columella  is  reflected  at  the  lower 
end,  the  reflection  almost  covering  the  umbilicus,  which  is 
narrowly  open;  the  umbilical  region  is  somewhat  indented. 
The  surface  is  sometimes  broken  up  by  coarse,  spiral  semi- 
ridges  into  facets,  forming  a  somewhat  reticulated  surface. 

Length,  12.00;  width,  6.00;  aperture  length,  6.00;  width,  3.00  mill.  (8457.) 

12.00;       "        5.25;        "  "        6.00;       "        3.50     "      (8457.) 

10.00;       "        4.00;        "  "        5.50;       "        2.50     "      (8457.) 

8.75;       "        5.00;        "  "        4.50;       "        2.50     "      (8457.) 

13.00;       "        5.75;        "  "        7.50;       "        4X)0     "      (8468.) 

Animal  (Fig.  84):  With  a  very  small,  more  or  less  oblong 
foot,  when  viewed  from  the  base,  the  anterior  and  posterior 
borders  rounded;  color  dark  gray  or  blackish,  lighter  below; 


FIG.  84. 
Animal  of  LIMN^EA  DESIDIOSA  Say.    (Binney,  Fig.  25.) 

the  whole  surface  is  dotted  with  whitish,  which-  is  specially 
noticeable  about  the  eyes;  tentacles  triangular,  flat,  short,  more 
or  less  transparent;  the  black  eyes  are  placed  on  prominences 
at  the  inner  base  of  the  tentacles;  respiratory  orifice  on  the 
right  side,  near  the  angle  of  the  peristome  and  body  whorl. 
Length  of  foot  5.00,  width  3.00  mill.  The  heart  is  situated  near 
the  umbilicus  and  the  pulsations  are  very  rapid;  the  writer 
counted  one  hundred  and  fifty  to  one  hundred  and  fifty-five 
per  minute. 

Jaw:     As  usual. 

Radula  formula:  f £+!+•£+  };+-H-f+f£  (46-1-46);  cen- 
tral tooth  as  usual;  lateral  teeth!  with  a  subquadrate  base  of 
attachment,  the  reflection  very  broad,  bicuspid,  the  inner  cusp 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  267 

long,  reaching  below  the  lower  margin  of  the  base  of  attach- 
ment, the  side  cusp  smaller;  the  eight  to  sixteen  laterals  are 
tricuspid,  the  inner  cusp  very  small;  these  may  be  called  inter- 
mediate marginals;  marginals  at  first  (seventeen  to  twenty) 
modified  laterals,  with  a  long,  bifid  inner  cusp  and  two  very 
short  outer  cusps;  balance  ot  marginals  long  and  narrow,  ser- 
rated, generally  three  short  cusps  at  the  distal  end  and  two 
short  cusps  at  the  outer  side;  these  latter  disappear  toward  the 
outer  part  of  the  membrane  (28-45);  all  have  cutting  points, 
especially  well  developed  on  the  laterals  and  first  marginals 
(Fig.  85). 

Genitalia:     Not  examined. 

Distribution:  New  England  to  Iowa,  Canada,  Manitoba 
and  California,  south  to  Virginia,  Kentucky  and  New  Mexico. 


Fig.  85. 

Radula  of  LIMN.EA  DESIDIOSA  Say.  (Original.)  c,  central  tooth; 
1,  first  lateral;  8,  lateral  tooth;  17-20,  modified  marginals;  21-45,  various 
types  of  marginals. 

Geological  distribution:     Pleistocene;  Loess. 

Habitat:  In  small  bodies  of  water,  clinging  to  submerged 
stones  and  sticks.  It  occasionally  inhabits  the  larger  rivers. 
Prefers  still  water,  and  has  been  dredged  in  Lake  Superior  at 
a  depth  of  8  to  13  fathoms. 

Remarks:  This  species  is  subject  to  some  little  variations 
and  numerous  names  have  been  given  to  these  forms.*  In  the 
main,  however,  it  may  be  recognized  by  its  long,  pointed  apex, 

*It  is  evident  from  a  study  of  present  material  and  the  original  figures  and  descrip- 
tions, that  several  other  species  will  have  to  become  synonyms  o\desidiosa;  L.  cfaussaSay 
and  L.fusiformis  Lea  may  be  considered  doubtful  species. 


268  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

and  elongately-ovate  aperture.  It  approaches  Z.  humilis  in  some 
of  its  forms,  but  that  species  is  much  smaller,  has  a  shorter, 
more  obtuse  spire,  and  a  more  rounded  base  and  aperture;  the 
lower  part  of  the  latter  is  not  produced  as  in  desidiosa.  When 
in  motion  the  animal  is  slow  and  deliberate,  the  shell  being 
pulled  forward  by  a  series  of  jerks.  It  is  a  very  common  Lim- 
ncea,  and  is  found  in  all  parts  of  the  area.  Fossil  forms  occur 
in  sand  banks  on'the  lake  shore  north  of  Graceland  avenue. 

The  spire  and  shell  vary  greatly  in  length  and  width,  in 
some  cases  being  long  and  narrow  while  in  others  they  are 
shorter  and  the  whorls  more  rounded.  So  great  is  this  varia- 
tion that,  did  not  intermediate  forms  occur,  the  extremes  would 
be  worthy  of  specific  distinction.  The  rounder,  more  graceful 
forms  are  figured  on  PI.  xxxi,  Fig.  7. 

108.     Limnaea  humilis  Say,*  pi.  xxx,  fig.  21. 

Limncsa  humilis  Say,  Journ.  Phil.  Acad.,  Vol.  II,  p.  378,  1822. 

Limncea parva  LEA,  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  II,  p.  33, 1841. 

Limncea  curta  LEA,  1.  c.,  p.  33,  1841. 

Limncea exigua  LEA,  1.  c.,  p.  33. 1841. 

Limncea  griffithi an  a,  LEA,  I.e.,  p.  33,  1841. 

Limncea  linsleyi  DE  KAY,  Moll,  of  New  York,  p.  72,  pi.  iv,  fig.  74, 1843. 

Limncea  lecontiiLv.\t  Proc.  Phil.  Acad.,  p.  113,  1864. 

Shell:  Thin,  transparent  to  translucent,  ovate-conic;  color 
light  horn,  sometimes  reddish;  surface  shining,  covered  with 
numerous  crowded  lines  of  growth,  which  are  not  much  ele- 
vated and  which  disappear  on  the  apex;  whorls  five,  well- 
rounded,  the  last  being  a  trifle  longer  than  the  spire  in  most 
specimens;  spire  obtusely  conic;  sutures  impressed,  sometimes 
indented;  aperture  oblong-ovate,  somewhat  expanded,  nar- 
rowed at  the  upper  part,  generally  a  little  longer  than  the 
spire;  peristome  thin,  acute;  columella  oblique,  covered  with 
a  thin  testaceous  deposit;  the  columella  is  reflected  along  the 
lower  third,  the  reflection  nearly  covering  the  umbilicus  which 
is  narrowly  open. 

Length,  8.50;  width,  4.00;  aperture  long,  4.50;  width,  2.75  mill.  (10488.) 
8.00;      "       450;        "  "       4.50;      "       2.25    "      (10488.) 

7.25;      "      3.50;        "  "      3.75;      "        2.00    "      (10488.) 

Animal:  In  general  form  similar  to  desidiosa;  color  light 
brown  or  blackish,  lighter  on  the  foot,  translucent  about  the 
edges  of  the  body.  Heart  situated  as  in  the  last  species,  pul- 

*It  is  probable  that  some  names  here  given  as  synonyms  will  be  found  to  constitute 
good  varieties  when  a  revision  of  the  genus  is  made  from  abundant  and  authentic  material. 
The  same,  is  true  of  L.  desidiosa. 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  269 

sations  regular,  one  hundred  and  forty  to  one  hundred  and 
forty-six  per  minute. 
Jaw:     As  usual. 

Raduta  formula:  ^+|+|+|-j-|+^+^(22-i-22);  cen- 
tral tooth  as  usual;  lateral  teeth  bicuspid,  the  inner  cusp  very 
long  and  wide,  bifid,  the  outer  cusp  smaller;  marginal  teeth  long 
and  narrow,  the  distal  end  four-cuspid,  and  two  small  denticles 
on  the  center  of  the  outer  margin  ( Fig.  86).  A  second  example 
gave  15-1-15  teeth  with  six  laterals.  This  latter  was  probably 
an  incomplete  membrane,  as  several  examinations  gave  the 
result  recorded  above. 

Genitalia:     Not  examined. 

Distribution:  New  England  to  California,  Canada  to  Geor- 
gia, Texas  and  New  Mexico. 

Geological  distribution:     Pleistocene;  Loess. 

Habitat:  Similar  to  that  of  desidiosa.  It  seems  to  prefer 
the  under  side  of  boards,  sticks  and  lily  pads. 


\  15 

Fig.  86. 

Radula  of    LIMN^A    HUMILIS  Say.     (Original.)     c,  central   tooth;    1, 
first  lateral;  15,  ninth  marginal. 

Remarks:  As  remarked  under  the  last  species,  humilis  is 
closely  related  to  desidiosa.  It  is  always  smaller  (about  one- 
half),  is  rarely  malleated,  and  the  spire  is  shorter  and  more 
conic  and  the  aperture  more  rounded.  This  is  one  of  our  most 
abundant  species  and  may  be  found  by  the  hundred  in  any 
small  pond  or  ditch,  attached  to  submerged  sticks,  stones  or 
vegetation.  It  is,  like  all  the  Limnasids,  very  sociable,  and  is 
always  found  in  communities.  L.  desidiosa,  caperata  and  palus- 
tris  are  almost  always  found  associated  with  the  species.  It  is 
as  frequently  out  of  water  as  in  it,  and  this  fact  has  led  some 
conchologists  to  identify  it  as  Pomatiopsis.  Not  long  ago  a 
number  of  specimens  were  given  to  the  Academy  by  a  gentle- 
man who  said  they  were  found  in  wet  moss,  but  not  in  the 
water  at  all.  He  thought,  from  this  fact,  that  they  must  cer- 
tainly be  a  land  mollusk.  The  writer  has  had  this  species 


270  THE   CHICAGO  ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES. 

crawl  over  his  desk  like  some  of  the  land  snails,  which  fact  is 
true,  in  a  lesser  degree,  of  L.  caperata  and  desidiosa.  A  form 
occurs  at  Berry  Lake  in  which  the  spire  is  quite  short,  and  the 
aperture  longer  than  in  the  typical  form.  It  is  universally  dis- 
tributed. 

109.     Limnasa  caperata  Say,  pi.  xxx,  fig.  18. 

Limncea  caperata  SAY,  New  Harm.  Diss.,  Vol.  II,  p.  230,  1829. 

Shell:  Ovately  elongate,  rather  solid,  translucent;  color 
yellowish  horn  to  brown,  sometimes  black;  surface  shining  or 
dull;  lines  of  growth  numerous  and  very  fine;  shell  encircled 
by  numerous  irregular,  raised  spiral  lines,  which  give  the  shell 
a  somewhat  latticed  appearance;  these  spiral  lines  are  placed 
on  the  epidermis  and  may  be  rubbed  off  with  a  brush;  whorls 
five  to  six,  convex,  the  last  less  than  half  the  length  of  the  shell; 
spire  long,  somewhat  acute;  sutures  very  heavily  impressed; 
aperture  ovate,  its  terminations  more  or  less  rounded,  fre- 
quently reddish  or  purplish;  peristome  thin,  sharp;  columella 
strong,  white,  reflected  so  as  to  cover  the  umbilicus;  there  is  a 
small  fold  crossing  the  center  of  the  columella;  umbilicus  small, 
narrow,  deep,  frequently  covered  by  the  reflected  columella. 

Length,  12.00;  width,  5.50;  aperture  length,  5.50;  width,  3.00  mill.  (10656.) 

10.50;      "       5.00;          "          "         5.00;      "       2.50    "  (10656.) 

9.00;      "       4.50;          "          "         4.00;      "       2.50    "  (10656.) 

11.00;      "       5.50;          "          "         5.50;      "       3.00    "  (10437.) 

13.00;      "       6.00;          "          "         6.00;      "       3.50    "  (12337.) 

15.50;      "       7.00;         "         "         7.50;     "      4.00     "  (12687.) 

Animal:  Black  or  bluish  black,  lighter  below  and  minutely 
flecked  with  small,  whitish  dots,  which  are  scarcely  visible  ex- 
cept on  the  top  of  .the  head;  head  distinct;  tentacles  short,  flat, 
triangular;  foot  short  and  wide,  8  mill,  long  and  3  mill.  wide. 
Heart  placed  a  trifle  below  the  center  of  the  columella,  the 
pulsations  ranging  from  one  hundred  and  twenty-nine  to  one 
hundred  and  thirty-three,  somewhat  irregular  in  movement. 

Jaw:     As  usual. 

Radula  formula:  $|+f+|+i+|+f+f$  (32-1-32);  cen- 
tral tooth  as  usual;  lateral  teeth  with  a  subquadrate  base  of  at- 
tachment, the  reflection  longer  than  wide  and  bicuspid;  the 
inner  cusp  very  large,  the  outer  cusp  short;  the  eighth  to  tenth 
teeth  are  modified  from  laterals  to  marginals  by  the  bifurcation 
of  the  inner  cusp,  and  the  splitting  up  of  the  upper  part  of  the 
outer  cusp  into  small  denticles;  the  tenth  tooth  is  trifid  on  the 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY   SURVEY  271 

inner  cusp  and  the  eleventh  and  all  that  follow  are  of  the  usual 
form  (Fig.  87). 

Genitalia:     Not  examined. 

Distribution:  New  England  to  California  and  Hudson  Bay 
to  Louisiana;  Alaska  (Randolph). 

Geological  distribution:     Pleistocene;  Loess. 

Habitat:  Found  in  small  colonies  in  ditches  and  clear 
patches  of  swamp.  It  prefers  submerged  pieces  of  wood. 

Remarks:  This  species  is  distinguished  by  its  heavy  spiral 
lines  and  long,  acute  spire.  The  animal  is  very  rapid  and  de- 
cisive in  its  movements.  Several  specimens,  kept  together  in 
captivity,  ate  holes  in  each  other's  shell  for  the  lime  for  their 
own  shells.  This  was  at  first  attributed  to  cannibalism,  but 


Fig.  87. 

Radula  of  LIMN^A  CAPERATA  Say.  (Original.)  c,  central  tooth;  1-7, 
lateral  teeth;  8,  9,  modified  marginals;  10,  first  true  marginal;  12,  14,  17, 
intermediate  marginals;  20,  25,  outer  marginals. 

upon  investigation  this  supposition  was  found  to  be  incorrect. 
It  is  quite  abundant  and  is  one  of  the  neatest  Limnasids  found 
in  this  area.  An  egg  mass  of  this  species  was  laid  March  16, 
1897.  I*  contained  forty-five  eggs,  distinctly  nucleated,  and  in 
a  jelly-like  mass  measuring  1 1  by  2  mill. 

On  March  i8th  a  second  egg  mass  was  laid,  and  on  the 
igth  three  more  masses.  On  the  22d  three  individuals  were  seen 
in  coitu,  each  one  endeavoring  to  play  the  active  part.  Of  the 
five  egg  masses  laid  each  contained  the  following  number  of 
eggs:  42,  42,  35,  45,  28.  The  eggs  were  spherical  in  shape  and 
very  distinctly  nucleated.  One  set  of  eggs  was  laid  the  morn- 
ing of  the  igth,  and  at  noon  of  the  20th  embryos  were  seen 
slowly  rotating  about,  propelled  by  numerous  cilia.  The 
writer  regrets  that  through  some  accident  which  occurred  while 


272 


THE    CHICAGO   ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 


moving  from  one  house  to  another,  the  eggs  became  lost,  so 
that  he  is  unable  to  record  any  exact  observations  on  the  em- 
bryology of  caperata. 

looa.     Limnaea  caperata  umbilicata  Adams,  pi.  xxx,  fig.  19. 

Limtuza  umbilicata  ADAMS,  Amer.  Journ.  Sci.,  ed.  1,  Vol.  XXXIX, 

p.  374, 1840. 
Limnaa  cubensis  BAKER  (non   PFR.),   Trans.   St.   Louis   Acad.  Sci., 

Vol.  XI,  p.  12,  pi.  i,  fig.  1, 1901. 

Shell:  Ovate,  solid,  translucent;  color  yellowish  or  brown- 
ish horn;  surface  shining,  growth  lines  fine  and  numerous;  shell 
encircled  by  raised  spiral  lines;  whorls  five,  very  convex,  the 
last  whorl  inflated,  occupying  from  one-half  to  three-fifths  of 
the  total  length  of  the  shell;  spire  short,  obtuse;  conic,  sutures 
much  impressed;  aperture  roundly  ovate,  one-half  to  three- 


FIG. 


Radula  of  LIMN^EA  CAPERATA  UMBILICATA  Adams.  (Original.)  c, 
central  tooth;  1-4,  lateral  teeth;  5,  6,  7,  transition  teeth;  8,  9,  12,  20,  mar- 
ginal teeth. 

fifths  the  length  of  the  shell,  the  terminations  rounded;  peri- 
stome  thin,  sharp,  thickened  inside  by  a  reddish  deposit; 
columella  strong,  reflected  over  the  narrowly  open  umbilicus; 
columella  with  a  small  fold. 


Length,  10.00;  width,  5.00;  aperture  length,  5.50; 

6.00;      "       4.00;        "  "        3.50; 

6.75;  "  4.00;  "  "  4.00; 

"  11.25;  "  6.50;  "  "  6.50; 

"  14.00;  "  6.00;  "  "  7.00; 

Animal:     Similar  to  that  of  caperata. 
Jaw:     As  usual,  striated. 
Radula  formula: 


vidth,  2.75  mill.  (10655.) 

2.00    "  (10655.) 

2.00    "  (10492.) 

3.50    "  (12475.) 

3.50    "  (12686.) 


THE   NATURAL   HISTORY   SURVEY.  273 

central  tooth  as  usual;  first  four  laterals  with  a  quadrate  base 
of  attachment,  about  as  wide  as  high;  reflection  bicuspid,  the 
inner  cusp  very  large,  the  outer  cusp  smaller;  fifth  to  seventh 
transitory,  the  inner  cusp  becoming  split  up  into  two  cusps 
and  a  smaller  cusp  appearing  on  the  outer  side  of  the  outer 
cusp;  eighth,  and  all  after  true  marginals,  long  and  narrow, 
with  from  five  to  seven  cusps;  at  first  two  of  the  cusps  are 
situated  some  distance  up  the  outer  margin  of  the  cusp,  but 
finally  (20)  they  appear  only  on  the  distal  end  (Fig.  88). 
Genitalia:     Not  examined. 
Distribution:     Same  as  caperata. 
Geological  distribution :     Pleistocene;  Loess. 
Habitat:     Similar  to  and  almost  always  associated  with 
caper ata. 

Remarks:  This  variety  was  formerly  identified  as  cubensis 
Pfr.,  but  that  species  has  a  smooth  shell  and  is  more  robust, 
grouping  with  humilis  and  desidiosa  rather  than  with  the  caperata 
section.  Umbilicata  is  doubtless  a  form  of  caperata,  but  seems 
distinct  enough  to  constitute  a  separate  variety  characterized 
by  a  short  spire  and  swollen  whorls.  Like  caperata,  the  variety 
is  universally  distributed  throughout  the  area,  but  is  not  quite 
so  common.  Fossil  specimens  have  been  found  in  sand  banks 
along  the  lake  shore  north  of  Graceland  avenue. 
no.  Limnsea  palustris  Muller,  pi.  xxxii,  fig.  1. 

Limncea palustris  MULLER,  Zool.  Dan.  Prodr.,  2934,  1776. 

Limnceus  elodes  SAY,  Journ.  Phil.  Acad.,  Vol.  II,  p.  169,  1821. 

Limncea  umbrosa  SAY,  Amer.  Conch.,  pi.  xxxi,  fig.  1,  1832. 

Limncea  plebeia  GOULD,  Invert,  of  Mass.,  1841. 

Limncea  fragilis  HALDEMAN  (non  Linne),  Mon.  p.  20,  pi.  vi  (non  figs. 

10,  11),  1842. 

Limncea  sumassi  BAIRD,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  London,  p.  68, 1863. 
Limncea  palustris  var.  zebra  J.  W.  TAYLOR,  British  Mollusca  (vide 
Walker,  in  letter). 

Shell:  Varying  from  elongate  to  elongate-ovate,  rather 
thin;  color  varying  from  pale  brown  to  almost  jet  black;  sur- 
face dull  to  shining,  covered  with  numerous  crowded  growth 
lines  crossed  by  several  elevated  spiral  lines  and  by  numerous 
very  fine  impressed  spiral  lines,  which  give  the  surface  a  mal- 
leated  aspect;  the  whorls  are  sometimes  encircled  by  coarse 
wrinkles,  and  frequently  the  epidermis  is  so  arranged  as  to 
show  longitudinal  stripes  of  white  and  horn  color,  alternating; 
whorls  six,  rounded,  the  last  varying  in  its  rotundity;  spire 
sharp  and  pointed,  varying  from  over  half  to  three-fifths  the 


274  THE   CHICAGO   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES. 

length  of  the  entire  shell;  sutures  well  impressed;  aperture 
roundly-ovate,  more  or  less  expanded;  peristome  thin,  acute, 
sometimes  expanded,  in  old  specimens  thickened  by  a  heavy 
deposit  within;  the  peristome  is  white  and  there  is  a  band  of 
very  dark  brown  which  edges  the  callus  deposit;  columella 
oblique,  reflected,  with  a  large  fold  across  the  middle,  and  cov- 
ered by  a  heavy,  whitish,  testaceous  deposit  which  is  more  or 
less  spreading;  umbilicus  closed  by  the  spreading  callus  and 
reflected  columella,  but  the  region  is  indented  and  the  umbili- 
cus is  sometimes  narrowly  open. 

Length,  27.50;  width,    9.50;  aperture  length,  12.00;  width,  5.00  mill.  (9323.) 

"   '    23.00;  "  9.00;  "  "  11.00;  "  5.00  "  (8114.) 

24.00;  "  10.00;  "  "  11.50;  "  5.50  "  (9884.) 

30.00;  "  12.00;  "  "  14.00;  "  7.10  "  (8115.) 

26.00;  "  12.00;  "  "  12.25;  "  7.00  "  (8115.) 

20.00;  "  9.00;  "  "  9.00;  "  4.50  "  (9695.) 

15.50;  "  7.00;  "  "  8.50;  "  3.50  "  (9695.) 

26.50;  "  11.00;  "  "  11.00;  "  6.00  "  (9695.) 

Animal:  With  a  short,  wide  foot,  rounded  before  and  be- 
hind; tentacles  short,  triangular;  color  black,  lighter  below, 
the  body  spotted  with  white  which  shows  through  the  shell. 
Heart  situated  as  usual,  pulsations  regular,  eighty  to  eighty- 
one  per  minute.  Length  of  foot  8.00,  width  3.00  mill. 

Jaw:     As  usual. 

.fa^/tf  formula:  ii+f+f+l+l+f+fi  (34-l~34)l  cen- 
tral tooth  as  usual;  lateral  teeth  of  the  usual  type,  bicuspid; 
transition  teeth  at  first  like  laterals  but  tricuspid,  the  central 
cusp  the  largest  (eleven)  but  soon  (thirteen)  the  inner  cusps 
become  more  equal  and  the  outer  cusp  small;  marginal  teeth 
of  the  usual  type  (Fig.  89).  In  one  membrane  examined 
(Fig.  90)  the  first  lateral  to  the  right  of  the  central  tooth  had  a 
bifid  outer  cusp.  This  was  observed  in  all  the  first  laterals  in 
this  membrane. 

Genitalia:     Not  observed. 

Distribution:  North  America,  Europe,  Asia;  circumpolar. 
Alaska  (Randolph). 

Geological  distribution :     Pleistocene;  Loess. 

Habitat:  Found  in  small  streams  and  rivers,  ponds  and 
lakes,  attached  to  floating  sticks  and  submerged  water  plants. 

Remarks:  This  is  a  very  common  and  also  a  very  variable 
species.  It  is  always  a  wide,  more  or  less  fusiform  species, 
with  the  aperture  and  spire  equal,  or  the  latter  a  trifle  longer, 


THE   NATURAL   HISTORY  SURVEY. 


275 


but  never  twice  as  long,  as  in  reflexa.  The  malleation  is  usually, 
though  not  always,  present.  There  seem  to  be  no  geographic 
races  to  this  form,  as  several  varieties  may  be  found  in  a  single 
small  pool,  as  is  the  case  near  Bowmanville.  The  lip  may  be 
thin  or  thickened,  without  regard  to  size.  Some  forms  are 
ornamented  by  numerous  fine,  incremental  lines,  much  as  in 
some  land  shells. 

The  food  of  the  Limnceids  is  supposed  to  be  exclusively 


Fig.  89. 

Radula  of  LIMN.EA  PALUSTRIS  Miiller.  (Original.)  c,  central  tooth; 
1,  first  lateral;  7,  seventh  lateral:  12-13,  intermediate  teeth;  14,  15,24,26, 
30,  marginal  teeth. 

vegetable,  but  from  some  recent  observations  and  from  late 
notes  of  other  naturalists  it  would  seem  that  the  group  is  car- 
niverous  as  well  as  scavengiferous.  The  writer  has  noted  this 
species  feeding  upon  dead  carcasses  (dogs,  cats,  etc.),  and 


FIG.  90. 

First  lateral  tooth  of  LIMN^EA  PALUSTRIS  Miiller,  with  bifid  outer 
cusp.     (Original.) 

Dr.  Sterki  (The  Nautilus,  Vol.  V,  p.  94,  1891)  has  seen  it  in  the 
act  of  eating  a  living  leech.  The  species  is  found  in  almost  all 
parts  of  the  area  and  in  some  localities  is  the  predominating 
form. 


276  THE    CHICAGO   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES. 

The  animal  of  palustris  is  very  rapid  in  movement.  It 
crawls  out  of  the  water  and  will  remain  in  this  position  for  a 
long  time.  When  crawling,  the  shell  is  frequently  moved  rap- 
idly from  side  to  side,  and  is  carried  at  all  conceivable  angles. 
It  is  a  very  rapid  feeder  and  will  soon  clear  up  the  sides  of  an 
aquarium.  Like  other  species  of  the  genus,  palustris  has  the 
habit  of  rising  very  suddenly  from  the  bottom  to  the  top  of  the 
water  where  it  will  then  float  shell  downward. 

noa.     Limniea  palustris  michiganensis  Walker,  pi.  xxxii,  fig.  5;  pi.  xxxi, 

fig.  25. 

Limnaa  palustris  michiganensis  WALKER,  The  Nautilus,  Vol.  VI,  p.  33, 
pi.  i,  figs.  9,  10,  1892. 

This  form  is  characterized  by  the  aperture  being  about 
one-half  the  total  length,  the  outer  lip  is  thickened  within  by  a 
bluish-white  callus  edged  with  brownish  black;  this  shows  as 
a  white  longitudinal  band  on  the  outside  of  the  shell;  spire 
acute,  sutures  impressed.  Mr.  Walker  mentions  very  fine  spiral 
lines,  but  these  are  as  fully  developed  in  the  typical  forms  as 
in  the  variety. 

Length,  20.00;  width,  8.00;  aperture  length,  9.00;  width,  4.50  mill.      (12083.) 
"      17.00;      "       7.00;        "  "        8.50;    '  "       4.00    "         (12083.) 

"      15.00;      "       7.00;        "  "        8.00;      "       4.00    "         (12082.) 

Habitat:  Associated  with  the  type,  but  not  as  numerous 
in  individuals,  and  found  from  Michigan  to  Washington. 

nob.    Limiuea  palustris  nutalliana  Lea,  pi.  xxxi,  fig.  6. 

Limncea  nutalliana  LEA,  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  II,  p.  33,  1841; 
BINNEY,  L.  &  Fr.,  Wat.  Sh.  N.  A.,  p.  42,  fig.  62, 1865. 

Several  specimens  apparently  referable  to  this  form  (which 
would  appear  to  be  a  good  variety  of  palustris}  were  collected 
recently  by  Mr.  J.  H.  Ferriss,  at  Rock  Run,  near  Joliet.  The 
whorls  in  this  species  are  more  swollen  and  the  sutures  less 
impressed  than  in  typical  palustris.  The  epidermis  is  also 
peculiarly  banded,  the  bands  showing  very  plainly  in  the  aper- 
ture. It  has  been  found  only  at  the  above  locality. 
Length,  20.00;  width,  8.50;  aperture  length,  10.00;  width,  5.00  mill.  (12343.) 
18.00;  "  8.50;  "  "  9.50;  "  5.00  "  (12343.) 

Mr.  Lea's  description  is  appended  for  comparison. 

"Shell  ovately  conical,  rather  thin,  striate,  subdiaphanous, 
pale  brown,  imperforate;  spire  rather  short;  apex  red;  sutures 
impressed;  whorls  six, convex;  aperture  ovate,  inflated;  banded 
within." 

The  original  specimens  were  from  Oregon. 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY   SURVEY.  277 

noc.     Limmea  palustris  expansa  Hald.,  pi.  xxxii,  fig.  2. 

Limncea  expansa  HALDEMAN,  Mon.,  p.  29,  pi.  ix,  figs.  6-8,  1842. 
Limnceus  sufflatus  W.  W.  CALKINS,  MSS. 

This  form  seems  distinct  enough  to  constitute  a  variety. 
It  is  characterized  by  the  spire  and  aperture  being  of  equal 
length,  the  whorls  inflated  and  the  aperture  expanded  and 
shouldered  at  the  upper  part.  In  this  area  it  has  been  found 
only  in  the  Calumet  River.  The  figure  is  from  Calkins'  type  of 
sufflatus. 
Length,  26.00;  width,  13.00;  aperture  length,  15.00;  width,  8.00  mill.  (8375.) 

111.  Limnaea  ferrissi,  N.  Sp.,  pi.  xxxi,  fig.  26. 

Shell:  Rather  thin,  elongated,  scalariform,  rimate;  color 
light  horn;  surface  dull  to  shining,  lines  of  growth  conspicuous, 
crossed  by  impressed  spiral  lines;  whorls  six,  regularly  in- 
creasing, convex,  the  last  almost  round;  spire  sharply  conic, 
two-thirds  the  length  of  the  entire  shell;  sutures  deeply  im- 
pressed; apex  rounded,  deep  wine  color;  aperture  roundly 
oval,  one-third  the  length  of  the  shell,  brownish  within;  peri- 
stome  thin,  sharp,  continuous;  columella  reflected,  thickened 
by  a  callus,  and  with  a  faint  plait;  umbilicus  narrow,  deep. 

Length,  11.00;  width,  5.50;  aperture  length,  4.50;  width,  3.00  mill. 

Animal,  jaw,  radula  and  genitalia  not  examined. 

Distribution:     Rock  Run,  Joliet,  111. 

Habitat:     Similar  to  Limncea palustris. 

Remarks:  Ferrissi  has  a  strong  resemblance  to  Limncea  hol- 
bollii  Beck  and  Moll.,  and  if  collected  in  Siberia  or  Greenland 
would  certainly  be  so  identified.  The  specimens  under  con- 
sideration were  collected  by  Mr.  J.  H.  Ferriss  in  Rock  Run, 
near  Joliet,  and  seem  to  constitute  a  very  distinct  species, 
characterized  by  rounded,  scalariform  whorls.  It  does  not 
seem  to  be  common  and  has  been  found  only  in  Rock  Run. 

112.  Limnaea  reflexa  Say,  pi.  xxxii,  fig.  6;  pi.  xxxi,  fig.  1. 
Limncea  reflexus  SAY,  Journ.  Phil.  Acad.,  Vol.  II,  p.  167,  1821. 
LimncEiis  elongatus  SAY,  1.  c.,  p.  167, 1821. 

Limnceus  palustris  var.  distortus  ROSSMASSLER,  Icon.,  Vol.  I,  p.  97, 

pi.  ii,  fig.  52,  1835. 
Limncea  lanceata  GOULD,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  N.  H.,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  64,  1848. 

(Variety.) 
Ltmncea  zebra  TRYON,  Amer.  Journ.  Conch.,  Vol.  I,   p.  228,  pi.  xxiii, 

fig.  4,  1865. 

Shell:  Very  much  elongated,  narrow,  thin,  sometimes 
scalar;  color  honey-yellow  to  black,  sometimes  obscurely  Ion- 


278  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

gitudinally  banded;  surface  shining,  covered  with  numerous 
closely  crowded  growth  lines,  sometimes  showing  very  fine 
impressed  spiral  lines  which  reticulate  the  surface;  the  growth 
lines  are  also  wavy  and  elevated,  in  some  specimens  forming 
elevated  ridges  of  considerable  size;  apex  smooth,  brownish 
or  blackish;  whorls  six  to  seven,  elongate-rounded,  last  whorl 
dilated  (compressed  in  some  forms),  reflexed;  spire  very  long 
and  pointed,  occupying  about  two-thirds  of  the  entire  length 
-of  the  shell;  sutures  impressed;  aperture  lunate  or  elongate- 
ovate,  narrowed  at  the  upper  part,  very  oblique  in  some  speci- 
mens; peristome  whitish,  thin,  sharp,  thickened  by  a  heavy 
callus  on  the  inside,  the  callus  chocolate  or  purplish  in  color; 
lower  part  of  peristome  dilated;  columella  oblique,  with  a 
heavy  plait  across  its  center,  running  up  into  the  whorl  and 
extending  to  the  apex;  the  columella  callus  is  heavy,  wide  and 
spreading,  and,  with  the  columella,  is  reflected  so  as  to  com- 
pletely cover  the  umbilicus;  umbilical  region  indented. 

Length,  36.50;  width,  11.00;  aperture  length,  14.00;  width,  7.00  mill.  (8111.) 
34.00;       "       10.00;          "  "        13.00;        "      6.00     "     (8111.) 

"        30.50;       "         9.50;         "  "        12.50;       "      5.50     "     (8109.) 

40.00;       "       13.00;         "  "        15.00;       "      8.50     "     (8109.) 

38.00;       "       10.00;         "  "        13.50;       "      6.50     "     (8110.) 

31.00;       "         9.50;         "  "        12.00;       "      7.00     "     (8110.) 

Animal:  Bluish-black  or  black;  foot  short  and  wide,  12.50 
mill,  long,  6.50  mill,  wide;  other  characters  as  \n palustris.  The 
head  is  carried  but  little  in  advance  of  the  edge  of  the  shell. 

Jaw:     As  usual. 

Radula  formula:  ft  +  f+  V+1+  V+t+i*  (40-1-40); 
central  tooth  as  usual;  lateral  teeth  with  asubquadrate  base  of 
attachment;  reflection  large,  a  little  longer  than  wide;  bicus- 
pid, the  inner  cusp  very  large  and  sub-bifid,  the  second  part 
represented  only  by  a  swelling  on  the  inner  side  of  the  cusp; 
the  outer  cusp  is  short  and  narrow,  and  pointed;  intermediate 
laterals  and  marginals  tricuspid,  the  center  cusp  long,  the  outer 
cusps  short;  as  the  marginals  are  approached  the  reflection 
becomes  narrow  and  the  outer  cusp  is  placed  nearer  the  top  of 
the  tooth;  marginal  teeth  long  and  narrow,  of  the  usual  type 
(Fig.  91). 

Genitalia:     Not  observed. 

Distribution:  Northern  United  States  and  Canada,  from 
the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific. 

Geological  distribution:     Pleistocene;  Loess. 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY   SURVEY. 


279 


Habitat:  Found  plentifully  in  creeks,  ponds,  lakes  and 
rivers,  attached  to  pieces  of  floating  wood,  submerged  vegeta- 
tion, stones,  etc.  Also  found  attached  to  floating  garbage, 
such  as  decaying  apples,  vegetables,  etc. 

Remarks:  This  is  one  of  our  most  common  species,  and, 
excepting  L.  stagnalis,  is  the  finest  and  largest  Limncea  we  have. 
It  is  always  characterized  by  a  long  and  attenuated  spire  which 
is  generally  twice  as  long  as  the  aperture.  In  palustris  the  spire 
and  aperture  are  nearly  equal,  and  the  shell  is  wider  in  proper- 


FIG. 91. 

Radula  of  LIMN^A  REFLEXA  Say.  (Original.)  c,  central  tooth;  1, 
first  lateral;  11,  14,  intermediate  teeth;  18,  24,  29,  37,  39,  marginals. 

tion  to  its  length-than  in  reflexa,  and  the  latter  is  very  rarely 
malleated.  There  is  great  variation  in  the  attenuation  of  the 
spire,  which  the  figures  well  illustrate.  The  lip  is  sometimes 
continuous  and  entirely  separated  from  the  body  whorl,  and 
the  whorls  are  swollen  and  separated  by  a  deep  suture,  as 
shown  on  plate  xxxi,  Fig.  I.  This  is  intermediate  between  the 
typical  form  and  variety  scalaris. 

The  animal  is  generally  rather  sluggish  in  movement,  but 
sometimes  moves  with  considerable  rapidity,  especially  when 
feeding.  The  species  is  as  widely  distributed  in  the  present 
area  as  pahistris. 

Dr.  Howard  N.  Lyon  has  raised  this  species  from  the  egg 


280  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

and  has  presented  the  set  showing  age-development  to  the 
Academy.  Considerable  variation  is  shown  in  the  form  ot  the 
shell,  the  young  (twelve  to  sixteen  weeks)  looking  very  likeZ. 
palustris,  the  characteristic  "twist"  of  reflexa  not  appearing  until 
the  twenty-first  week.  The  measurements  of  the  successive 
stages  are  as  follows: 


Weeks;  length,  2.00;  width,  1.50  mill. 


^•OO;  2.75  "        )  This  set  shows  that  some  indi- 

10.00;  "  5.00  "        )  viduals  grow  iaster  than  others. 

13.00;  "  6.00  " 

20.50;  "  7.50  " 

21.50;  "  9.00  " 

25.00;  "  9.00  " 

26.50;  "  9.50  " 

26.00;  "  11.50  " 

28.50;  "  10.50  " 


Another  remarkable  set  showing  development  was  pre- 
sented by  Dr.  Lyon.  The  tablet  contains  fifteen  specimens 
which  were  all  killed  when  seventeen  weeks  old,  yet  the  small- 
est is  4  mill,  long  and  the  largest  27  mill.  All  were  fed  on 
lettuce  and  contained  in  a  4-quart  battery  jar,  under  equal  con- 
ditions of  heat  and  light,  and  the  brood  was  from  a  single  egg 
capsule. 

ii2a.     Limiwea  reflexa  jolietensis  Baker,  pi.  xxxii,  fig.  4. 

Limncea  attenuata  BAKER  (non  SAY),  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  Vol. 

IX,  p.  20,  pl.i,  fig.  4,  1901. 
Limncea  reflexa  jolietensis  BAKER,  The  Nautilus,  Vol.  XV,  p.  17,  1901. 

Shell:  With  an  attenuated  spire,  which  is  more  pointed 
than  in  reflexa;  whorls  seven,  somewhat  loosely  coiled,  very 
convex;  leaving  a  well-marked  suture;  apex  small,  rounded, 
prominent;  aperture  about  a  third  the  length  of  the  entire 
shell,  lunate,  thickened  on  the  inside  by  a  heavy  callus;  peri- 
stome  thin;  columella  covered  by  a  heavy  callus  and  with  a 
prominent  plait;  color  light  horn,  sometimes  darker,  aperture 
dark  horn,  the  callus  yellowish,  bordered  with  dark  brown; 
other  characters  as  in  reflexa. 

Length,  24.00;  width,  8.00;  aperture  length,  9.50;  width,  5.25  mill.  (12309.) 

23.00;        "     7.75;          "  "  9.00;        "      5.00    "      (12309.) 

22.00;        "     7.00;          "  "  8.75;        "      4.75    "      (12309.) 

29.00;   mill.  (Walker  collection). 

Animal,  jaw  and  dentition  as  in  reflexa. 
Genitalia:     Not  examined. 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  281 

Distribution:  Joliet,  Illinois  (  Ferriss) ;  Saginaw  River,  Mich. 
(Walker). 

Habitat:     Same  as  reflexa. 

Remarks:  This  variety  was  erroneously  identified  as  atten- 
uata  Say  in  a  paper  on  Limnaea  in  the  St.  Louis  Academy.  Mr. 
Bryant  Walker  called  the  writer's  attention  to  this  error  and 
suggested  its  description  as  a  new  variety,  characterized  by  an 
attenuated  spire,  rounded  whorls  and  a  general  scalariform  as- 
pect. It  is  fairly  common  at  Joliet,  but  has  not  been  found  in 
any  other  part  of  the  area. 

Jolietensis  has  a  close  resemblance  to  variety  kirtlandiana, 
but  in  the  former  the  whorls  are  more  rounded,  increase  more 
rapidly  in  size  and  the  last  whorl  is  differently  shaped.  The 
varieties  scalaris,  kirtlandiana  and  Jolietensis  are  very  closely  re- 
lated but  seem  to  be  easily  distinguished. 

ii2b.     Limnaea  reflexa  walker!  Baker,  pi.  xxxi,  fig.  2. 

Limnaa  reflexa  var.  scalaris  BRYANT  WALKER,  The  Nautilus,  Vol.  VI, 
p.  33,  pi.  i,  fig.  7,  1892. 

Not  scalaris  VAN  DEN  BROECK  (Ann.  Soc.  Mai.  Belg.,  Vol.  V,  p. 
37,  pi.  ii,  fig.  1, 1870,  Vol.vii,  p.  89,  1872),  a  variety  of  Limnaa 
stagnalis. 

This  form  is  intermediate  between  the  typical  reflexa  and  the 
variety  Jolietensis.  It  is  in  reality  a  scalariform  condition,  the 
whorls  being  well  rounded  and  divided  by  a  deep  suture.  The 
variety  does  not  seem  to  be  very  common,  and  is  always  found, 
at  least  in  this  area,  associated  with  the  type.  It  may  be  col- 
lected sparingly  in  Lake  Calumet  and  near  Joliet. 

Length,  37.00;  width,  11.00;  aperture  length,  12.00;  width,  6.00  mill. 
28.00;      "         9.00;         "  "        10.00;        "     5.50     " 

M2c.     Limnaea  reflexa  kirtlandiana  Lea,  pi.  xxxi,  fig.  4. 

Limncea  kirtlandiana  LEA,  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  II,  p.  33,  1841. 

"Shell:  Turreted,  thin,  irregularly  striate,  pale  horn  color, 
imperforate;  spire  attenuated;  sutures  impressed;  whorls  six, 
slightly  convex;  aperture  narrow-elliptical.  Diameter,  .26, 
length  .70  of  an  inch."  (Lea.) 

A  number  of  shells  answering  in  a  general  way  to  Lea's 
description  were  collected  by  the  writer  in  Mud  Lake,  near 
Grand  Crossing.  They  are  small,  none  of  them  exceeding 
four-fifths  of  an  inch  in  length.  The  whorls  seem  to  be  more 
rounded  in  some  individuals  than  Lea's  figure  (Binney,  Fig. 
in)  would  indicate,  but  aside  from  this  they  agree  very  well. 
In  some  specimens  the  outer  lip  is  thickened  within  by  a  heavy, 


282  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

white  callus,  bordered  internally  with  very  deep  red  or  chest- 
nut. The  original  locality  was  Poland,  Ohio,  and  it  has  since 
been  found  in  Michigan,  Utah  and  Nebraska,  w-hich  distribution 
shows  that  it  is  likely  to  be  found  anywhere  within  the  area 
bounded  by  these  localities.  In  the  present  region  it  has  been 
found  in  Mud  Lake,  Berry  Lake  (collected  by  Prof.  W.  K. 
Higley),  and  in  a  ditch  at  Robey. 

Length,  20.00;  width,  7.00;  aperture  length,  7.50;  width,  3.75  mill.  (8382.) 
18.00;      "      6.00;        "  "         7.00;      "      2.50     "      (8382.) 

ii2d.     Limnaea  reflexa  exilis  Lea,  pi.  xxxii,  fig.  3;  pi.  xxxi,  fig  3. 

Limn&a  exilis  LEA,  Trans.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  V,  p.  114,  pi.  xix,  fig. 

82,  1837. 

Limncea  reflexa  variety  BAKER,  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  Vol.  IX, 
p.  19;  pi.  i,  fig.  3,  1901. 

Shell:  Elongated, attenuated,  thin;  color  light  corneous  or 
honey-yellow;  surface  shining,  growth  lines  distinct,  crowded, 
crossed  by  numerous  very  fine  incremental  striae;  apex  smooth, 
very  dark  brown;  whorls  six  to  seven,  flat-sided,  rapidly  in- 
creasing in  size,  the  last  a  little  over  one-third  the  length  of 
the  entire  shell;  spire  long  and  very  much  attenuated;  sutures 
impressed,  margined  below  by  a  white  band  which  is  frequently 
edged  with  chestnut;  aperture  elongate-ovate,  slightly  con- 
tracted at  the  upper  part;  peristome  sharp,  thin,  a  rather  heavy 
callus  within  which  is  dark  chestnut  colored,  the  remainder  of 
the  aperture  being  brownish  or  horn  color;  this  color  shows  on 
the  outside  as  a  light  band;  umbilicus  closed;  columella  oblique, 
not  twisted,  covered  with  a  thin  callus  and  with  a  light  plait. 
Length,  37.00;  width,  11.00;  aperture  length,  14.00;  width,  6.00  mill. 
«  30.00;  "  9.00;  "  "  13.00;  "  5.00  " 

24.00;      "        7.50;          "  "        10.50;      "       4.50    " 

Distribution:  Mississippi  Valley,  occurring  also  in  Michi- 
gan. 

Remarks:  This  variety  in  its  typical  form  is  almost  dis- 
tinct enough  to  constitute  a  species,  and  might  be  so  designated 
did  not  intermediate  forms  occur.  The  most  pronounced  dis- 
tinguishing characters  are  the  flat-sided  whorls,  particularly 
the  last,  the  long,  steeple-shaped  spire  and  the  shallow  sutures. 
The  peculiar  twist,  so  characteristic  of  typical  reflexa,  is  absent, 
as  is  also  the  wide  aperture.  The  animal  is  similar  to  reflexa; 
the  radula  has  the  formula  it+f+-V+i+¥+t+l+  (40-1-40), 
the  teeth  being  the  same  as  those  of  reflexa. 

This  very  distinct  variety  has  been  found  only  in  the  Cal- 
umet River,  so  far  as  at  present  known. 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  283 

Among  a  lot  of  specimens  from  Calumet  River,  the  indi- 
vidual which  is  here  figured  (PI.  31,  Fig.  3)  was  found.  It  is  the 
slenderest  specimen  of  reflexa  yet  seen,  the  whorls  (seven  and 
one-half)  are  just  a  trifle  convex,  the  sutures  somewhat  im- 
pressed, and  the  spire  very  attenuated. 

Length,  36.00;  width,  9.50;  aperture  length,  14.00;  width,  6.00  mill. 
ii 3.     Limna>a  stagnalis*  appressa  Say,  pi.  xxxiv,  fig.  1. 

Ltmncea  appressa  SAY,  Journ.  Phil.  Acad.,  Vol.  II,  p.  168,  1821. 
Limn&a  speciosa  ZIEGLER  of  ROSSMASSLER,  Icon,  und  Siissw.  Moll., 

pt.  I,  p.  96,  pi.  ii,  fig.  50, 1835. 

Limnaa  jugularis  SAY,  Nich.  Encycl.,  Amer.  ed.,  1816.    (Variety.) 
Limncea  stagnalis  var.  occidentalis  HEMPHILL,  The  Nautilus,  Vol.  IV, 

p.  26, 1890.    (Variety.) 

Limnaa  stagnalis  var.  sanctamarice  WALKER,  1.  c.,  Vol.  VI,  p.  31,  pi.  i, 
figs.  4,  5,  1892.    (Variety.) 

Shell:  Elongated  (or  oval),  ventricose  at  the  anterior  end, 
thin;  color  yellowish-horn  to  brownish-black;  surface  shining, 
growth  lines  numerous,  crowded,  more  or  less  elevated,  crossed 
by  numerous  fine,  impressed  spiral  lines;  apex  smooth,  brown- 
ish horn  color;  whorls  six  and  one-half,  rapidly  increasing,  all 
but  the  last  two  rather  flat  sided;  last  whorl  very  large,  con- 
siderably dilated  and  inflated;  spire  long,  pointed,  acute,  occu- 
pying about  half  the  length  of  the  entire  shell  (sometimes  very 
short);  sutures  distinct,  sometimes  impressed;  aperture  large, 
broadly  ovate,  dilated,  particularly  at  the  upper  part;  peris- 
tome  thin,  acute,  in  some  specimens  thickened  by  an  internal 
callus;  lower  part  rounded;  columella  crossed  in  the  middle  by 
a  very  heavy  plait,  which  starts  from  the  base  of  the  aperture 
and  runs  obliquely  into  the  aperture  of  the  shell  about  10  mm. 
from  the  junction  of  the  peristome  with  the  body  whorl;  there 
is  a  spreading  callus  on  the  columella  and  labrum;  which  com- 
pletely covers  the  umbilicus. 

Lgth.,  48.00;  width,  21.50; aperture  Igth.,  26.00;  width,  14.00  mill.     (8113.) 
"      51.00;      "      22.50;       "  "      26.50;      "      15.00    "         (8113.) 

"      33.00;      "      16.75;       "  "      18.50;      "        9.50    "         (8113.) 

"      50.00;      "      20.00;       "  "      26.00;      "      12.00    "         (8113.) 

"      62.50;      "      25.50;       "  "      33.00;      "       17.00    "    (coll.  Jensen.) 

"      57.00;      "      24.00;       "  "      31.00;      "      14.50    "         (12315.) 


*It  seems  hardly  necessary,  or  worth  the  time  expended,  to  name  the  numerous  varie- 
ties of  this  species  recognized  by  European  writers,  and  yet  it  may  be  of  some  interest  to 
tabulate  the  names  of  some  of  these  varieties  as  recorded  in  the  Annales  de  la  Societe  Mala- 
cologique  de  Belgique,  Voll  VII,  1872,  p.  81,  et  seq.  These  are:  sinistraa.  Jtff.  (reversed), 
lutea,  maxima,  expansa.  quadrangulata,  alba,  erosa,  regularis,  disiorta,  aferta,  btfluata, 
costulata,  all  of  Collin;  minima,  gibbosa,  illaqueata,  aquarii.  arenaria,  ftoditcta,  all  of  J. 
Colb.;  rosea  Gass.,  sitbfusca,  major,  pumila,  turgida,  all  of  Moq.-Jan.,  var.  roseo-labiata 
Wolf  (Moq.),  fragilis  L.  (Moq.),  scalaris  Broeck.  This  list  simply  shows  to  what  extent 
the  system  of  varietal  naming  may  be  carried. 


284  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

Animal:  Dark  horn-colored,  tinged  with  bluish  on  the 
foot;  head. distinct,  separated  from  the  body  by  a  constriction 
or  neck,  and  produced  into  lateral  flaps  or  vela;  tentacles  tri- 
angular, rather  long,  flat,  the  eyes  placed  on  their  bases;  foot 
short  and  wide,  truncated  before  and  roundly  pointed  behind, 
20.00  mill,  long  and  Q.OO  mill,  wide;  respiratory  orifice  very 
large,  placed  near  the  junction  of  the  peristome  with  the  body 


FIG.  92. 
Animal  of  LIMN^EA  STAGNALIS  Linn6.  (Canadian  Naturalist.Vol.  II,  p.  196.) 

whorl.  Heart  situated  midway  between  upper  and  lower  ends 
of  columella,  pulsations  varying  from  thirty-seven  to  forty- 
eight  per  minute  (Fig.  92). 

Jaw:     As  usual. 

Radula  formula:  £9+A+¥+i.+¥.+A+f 9  (46-1-46); 
central  tooth  as  usual,  a  single  membrane  examined  had  the  cen- 
tral tooth  abnormal  in  possessing  a  denticle  on  the  left  side  of 
the  reflection  (Fig.  93,  c.);  lateral  teeth  with  a  quadrate  base 
of  attachment,  the  reflection  very  large,  reaching  far  below  the 
base  of  attachment,  bicuspid,  the  inner  cusp  very  large,  the 
outer  cusp  very  small  (the  first  lateral  has  a  bifid  inner  cusp); 
intermediate  teeth  very  long  and  narrow,  bi-  or  tricuspid;  mar- 
ginal teeth  very  long  and  narrow,  four  or  more  cuspid,  the  cusps 
being  very  blunt  and  small  and  extending  irregularly  along 
the  outer  edge  of  the  teeth.  The  number  of  teeth  seems  to 
vary  in  different  individuals:  the  writer  has  counted  from  46- 
1-46  to  54-1-54;  Binney  (L.  and  F.  W.  Sh.,  p.  28)  gives  40-1-40 
and  (p.  155)  47-1-47  teeth;  Bland  and  Binney  (Am.  Journ. 
Conch.,  Vol.  VII.,  p.  161)  give  40-1-40.  It  is  probable  that 
the  membrane  having  54-1-54  teeth  was  abnormal.  46-1-46 
is  the  number  generally  counted  by  the  writer  (Fig.  93). 

Genitalia:     Not  examined. 

Distribution:  North  America,  from  the  Atlantic  to  the 
Pacific  Oceans. 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY. 


285 


Geological  distribution:     Pleistocene;  Loess. 

Habitat:  Found  generally  in  stagnant  spots  of  ponds  and 
rivers  about  decaying  vegetation.  Rotting  fruit  or  vegetables 
floating  in  the  water  will  be  found  a  good  habitat  for  this  spe- 
cies. Dredged  from  a  depth  of  ten  meters  at  High  Island 
Harbor,  Lake  Michigan.  (Vide  Bryant  Walker.) 

Remarks:  This  is  our  largest  and  finest  Limncea,  easily 
distinguished  by  its  great  size,  pointed  spire  and  ample  aper- 
ture. It  varies  to  a  great  extent,  principally  in  the  form  and 
size  of  the  aperture,  which  is  normally  about  the  same  length 
as  the  spire,  but  may  be  twice  its  length;  it  may  also  be  elon- 
gately  rounded  or  spreading  and  flaring.  With  all  its  variation, 


FIG.  93. 

Radula  of  LIMN/EA  STAGNALIS  Linne.  (Original.)  c,  central  tooth 
(abnormal);  1,  first  lateral;  2,  second  lateral;  14,  fourteenth  lateral  or  first 
intermediate  tooth;  19,  23,  marginal  teeth. 

however,  it  is  easily  identified  and  cannot  be  mistaken  for  any 
other  shell.  This  species  may  be  classed  with  palustris,  under 
the  remarks  on  the  latter  species,  in  regard  to  its  food.  It  has 
been  seen  about  dead  carcasses  of  a  number  of  animals.  So 
far  as  known  it  is  confined  to  the  southern  and  western  regions. 
Mr.  Bryant  Walker  has  called  the  writer's  attention  to  the 
fact  that  the  typical  stagnalis  of  Europe  is  not  found  in  Amer- 
ica. A  study  of  numerous  specimens  has  convinced  the  writer 


286  THE   CHICAGO   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES. 

that  this  is  true  and  that  the  typical  American  forms  should  be 
called  var.  appressa,  as  distinguished  by  Say  years  ago. 
Subfamily  Planorbinae. 

"Lateral  jaws  present,"  "Tentacles  filiform."  "Foot  short." 
(Ball.)  Genitalia  on  the  right  or  left  side. 

GENUS  PLANORBIS  Guettard,  1756. 

Shell:  Dextral  or  sinistral,  discoidal,  with  a  flat,  depressed 
spire  which  is  visible  from  both  sides;  aperture  crescent  shaped 
or  oval;  peristome  thin,  simple,  more  or  less  expanded. 

Animal:  (Fig.  94.)  With  a  short,  ovate  foot;  tentacles 
slender,  filiform,  the  eyes  sessile  at  their  inner  bases;  genitalia 
on  left  or  right  side;  lateral  jaws  present;  radula  with  sub- 
quadrate  teeth,  the  central  being  bicuspid,  the  laterals  tricuspid, 
and  the  marginals  serrated;  ova  deposited  in  a  thin  envelope. 

Genitalia:  (Planorbis  corneus,  Bronn,  Klassen  und  Ordnun- 
gen  der  Weichthiere,  taf.  ciii,  Fig.  10.)  The  ovotestis  is  long 


FIG.  94. 
Animal  of  PLANORBIS.    (Binney,  Fig.  175.) 

and  made  up  of  a  number  of  minute  tubes;  it  is  buried  in  the 
liver,  as  in  Limnaea;  the  ovisperm  duct  is  very  long,  convoluted 
at  its  upper  part  and  terminates  just  below  the  albuminiparous 
gland,  which  is  rounded  and  made  up  of  rather  large  cells;  the 
vas  deferens  is  very  long,  thick  at  its  upper  part  and  narrow 
at  its  lower  part,  and  enters  the  penis  near  its  summit;  the 
prostate  is  placed  near  the  center  of  the  vas  deferens,  and  is 
about  three  times  as  long  as  wide;  the  oviduct  is  rather  long, 
swollen  at  its  lower  part,  where  it  enters  the  cylindropyriform 
vagina;  the  receptaculum  seminis  is  cylindrical,  and  its  duct  is 
short  and  thick  and  enters  the  atrium  near  the  female  oriface 

(Fig-  95)- 

Distribution:     World  wide. 

KEY   TO   SPECIES   OF    PLANORBIS. 

A.    Shell  large,  sinistral. 

a.    Aperture  not  expanded. 

1.  Apex  sunk  below  the  last  whorl trivol-vis 

2.  Apex  flush  with  the  last  whorl truncatus 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY. 


287 


b.    Aperture  expanded  or  bell-shaped. 

1.  Both  upper  and  lower  surface  forming  a  cone-shaped 
depression,  the  edge  of  the  last  whorl,  above  and  be- 
low, bordered  by  a  sharp  carina bicarinatus 

2.  Upper  and  lower  surface  on  same  plane,  not  form- 
ing a  depression;  all  of  the  whorls  visible  above  and 

two  rounded  whorls  visible  below.     No  carina.  ..campanulatus 


FIG.  95. 

Genitalia  of  PLANORBIS  CORNEUS.  (Bronn,  Klassen  und  Ordnungen 
der  Weichthiere,  Malacozoa,  taf.  CIII,  Fig.  10.)  dh,  ovisperm  duct;  gh, 
ovotestis;  gal,  albuminiparous  gland;  od,  oviduct;  p,  penis;  pr,  prostate; 
rs,  receptaculum  seminis. 

B.4    Shell  small,  dextral. 

a.  Periphery  acutely  keeled. 

1.    Umbilicus  narrow  and  rather  deep exacutus 

b.  Periphery  rounded  or  obtusely  keeled. 
1.    Umbilicus  shallow  and  broad. 

| Whorls  well  rounded,  aperture  ovate .parvus 

ttWhorls  angular,  aperture  deflected deflectus 

SUBGENUS  HELISOMA  Swainson,  1840. 
"Shell  ventricose,  whorls  angulated.     Spire   sunk   below 
the  body  whorl."     (Dall.) 


288  "THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

114.     Planorbis  trivolvis  Say,  pi.  xxxii,  figs.  7,  8,  9,  10. 

Planorbis  trt 'volvis  SAY,  Nich.  Ency.,  pi.  ii,  fig.  2,  1817. 

Bulla  fluviatilis  SAY,  Journ.  Phil.  Acad.,  Vol.  II,  p.  178,  1821 

Planorbis  lentus  GOULD,  Invert,  of  Mass.,  p.  202,  fig.  132,  1841.  (Not  of 
Say.) 

Planorbis  regularis  LEA,  Trans.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  IX,  p.  6,  1841. 
(Juvenile?) 

Planorbis  megastoma  DE  KAY,  N.  Y.  Moll.,  p.  61,  pi.  iv,  figs.  60,  61, 1843. 

Physa planorbula  DE  KAY,  N.  Y.  Moll.,  p.  76,  pi.  v,  fig.  83,  1843  (juve- 
nile). 

Planorbis  trivolvis\&t.fallax  HALDEMAN,  Mon.,  p.  15,  pi.  iii,  figs.  1-3, 
1844. 

Planorbis  macrostomus  WHITEAVES,  Can.  Nat.,  Vol.  VIII,  p.  113,  fig. 
1853.  (Variety.) 

Planorbis plexata  INGERSOLL,  Survey  of  the  Terr,  p,  402,  1874. 

Planorbis  distortus  W.  W.  CALKINS,  MSS. 

Cochlea  trium  orbum  LISTER,  Conch.,  pi.  cxl,  fig.  46. 

Shell:     Sinistral,*  discoidal,  flat,  carinate  above,  subcari- 
nate  below;  color  brownish  or  chestnut  horn;  surface  shining, 


FIG.  96. 

Radula  of  PLANORBIS  TRIVOLVIS  Say.    (Original.)    c,  central  tooth; 
1,  first  lateral;  8,  intermediate  marginal;  14,  seventh  marginal. 

lines  of  growth  oblique,  numerous,  raised,  equidistant;  apex 
almost  submerged  in  the  coils  of  the  whorls;  whorls  four,  dis- 
coidal, rounded,  subcarinate  below,  carinate  above;  spire  flat, 
in  the  young  perfectly  flat,  but  in  the  adult  sunk  below  the  level 
of  the  last  whorl,  always  exhibiting  all  the  volutions;  sutures 
rather  deeply  indented;  periphery  rounded;  base  of  shell  in- 
dented, showing  from  two  and  a  half  to  three  volutions,  which 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  289 

are  rounded  and  have  very  deep  sutures  between  them;  aper- 
ture broadly  lunate,  somewhat  expanded  below,  and  with  a 
v-shaped  angle  above;  the  aperture  is  exactly  the  height  of  the 
body-whorl;  peristome  acute,  thin,  rounded,  a  little  thickened 
on  the  inside  and  bordered  within  by  a  wide  chocolate  or  yel- 
lowish band  extending  from  one  termination  to  the  other;  ter- 
minations approaching  and  connected  by  a  very  thin  callus; 
interior  of  aperture  bluish-white  or  horn  colored;  umbilicus 
narrow,  deep,  funnel-shaped. 


Length. 

Width. 

Aperture  Length. 

Width,  Mills. 

9.50 

26.00 

9.50 

8.00 

(8118.) 

8.00 

23.00 

8.50 

7.50 

(8118.) 

9.00 

20.00 

8.50 

5.50 

(8116.) 

7.00 

18.00 

6.50 

5.50 

(8396.)  (distortus.) 

8.50 

18.00 

7.00 

5.50 

(8119.) 

8.00 

17.00 

7.00 

6.50 

(8119.) 

7.50 

21.00 

7.00 

7.00 

(8117.) 

8.00 

22.00 

8.00 

7.00 

(8117.) 

8.50 

17.00 

7.00 

6.50 

(8389.) 

4.50 
6.50 

5.50 

7.00 

4.25 
6.00 

2.00 
2.50 

(8732.)  1      Age 
(8732.)   j-develop- 

7.25 

12.00 

7.00 

4.50 

(8732.)  j   merit. 

Animal:  Dark  brown,  sometimes  dotted  with  yellowish; 
foot  short,  wide,  rounded  before  and  behind;  tentacles  long, 
filiform,  always  in  motion;  head  not  separated  from  the  rest  of 
the  body  by  a  constriction;  eyes  situated  on  prominences  at 
the  inner  base  of  the  tentacles.  Length  of  foot,  13.00,  width 
4.50  mill.;  tentacles  I  i.oo  mill,  in  length.  Mantle  margin  sim- 
ple. Heart  pulsations  seventy  to  seventy-four,  very  regular. 

Jaw:  With  a  median  arcuated,  crenulated  plate  and  two 
narrow  accessory  plates. 

Radula  formula:  ^-V+l+l+t+^-V  09- 1-19);  central 
tooth  with  a  base  of  attachment  longer  than  wide,  swollen  and 
rounded  on  the  lower  half;  reflection  bicuspid,  broad,  the  cusps 
long  and  narrow,  fang-like;  lateral  teeth  with  a  quadrate  base 
of  attachment  and  a  large,  square  reflection  which  is  tricuspid, 
the  center  cusp  being  very  wide  and  blunt  and  the  side  cusps 
long  and  narrow;  intermediate  teeth  similar  to  laterals,  but 
varying  in  the  number  and  arrangement  of  the  cusps;  some- 
times the  change  from  laterals  to  marginals  is  abrupt,  at  others 
it  is  very  gradual,  and  in  some  membranes  there  appear  to  be 
no  two  marginals  alike;  the  large,  blunt,  central  cusp  in  the  lat- 
eral teeth  becomes  a  long  and  narrow  cusp  in  the  intermediate 


290  THE    CHICAGO   ACADEMY    OF   SCIENCES. 

teeth  and  the  side  cusps  become  much  larger,  so  that  all  three 
cusps  are  about  equal;  in  addition  to  this  the  outer  edge  of  the 
cusp  develops  several  small  denticles;  marginal  teeth  long  and 
narrow,  with  three  small  cusps  at  the  distal  end,  and  several 
(three  to  four)  small  denticles  on  the  outer  edge  (Fig.  96). 

Genitalia:     Not  examined. 

Distribution:  Eastern  North  America,  west  to  the  Rocky 
Mountains;  Manitoba.  (Hanham.) 

Geological  distribution:     Pleistocene;  Loess. 

Habitat:  Found  abundantly  in  the  small  streams  and 
large  bodies  of  water,  either  crawling  on  the  muddy  bottom  or 
on  sticks  or  other  submerged  objects,  including  vegetation. 

Remarks:  This  is  the  most  common,  and  at  the  same 
time  one  of  the  most  variable,  species  found  in  the  area  under 
consideration.  It  is  subject  to  much  distortion,  and  several 
malformations  have  been  given  specific  names  (plexata,distorta); 
its  size  is  extremely  variable,  and  giant,  or  especially  corpulent 
specimens,  or  those  with  an  expanded  peristome,  have  been 
described  as  distinct  (macro stomus} .  It  may  always  be  distin- 
guished by  its  sharp,  simple  lip,  and  by  both  sides  showing  al- 
most the  same  number  of  whorls.  The  young  shell  looks  like 
a  Physa  with  the  apex  cut  off.  The  animal  is  quite  rapid  in 
movement,  and  it  is  an  interesting  sight  to  observe  one  of  these 
creatures  moving  along  the  glass  side  of  an  aquarium,  with 
its  long,  filiform  tentacles  waving  about,  and  its  shell  carried 
perfectly  perpendicular.  Dr.  Sterki  (Nautilus,  Vol.  V,  p.  94), 
speaks  of  the  peculiar  "stepping"  of  this  species.  He  says: 
"He  goes  a  'step/  as  far  as  he  conveniently  can,  with  the  shell 
deep  down  and  close  to  the  head;  then  he  pushes  it  forward 
and  upward,  thus  shoving  the  sand  away  and  making  room  for 
another  'step.'  It  is  more  than  probable  that  this  digging  is 
done  not  merely  for  locomotion  — for  he  could  do  it  much 
easier — but  in  search  of  food."  The  other  species  also  per- 
form this  "stepping"  act.  The  species  is  universally  distributed 
throughout  the  area.  During  progression  the  shell  is  carried 
almost  perfectly  perpendicular,  and  the  spire  and  base  become 
the  right  and  left  side. 

115.     Planorbis  truncatus  Miles,  pi.  xxx,  fig.  28. 

Planorbis  truncatus  MILES,  in  WINCHELL'S  Geological  Survey,  Mich., 
p.  238,  1861. 

Shell:  Sinistral,  orbicularly  discoidal,  angulated  and  flat 
above,  subcarinated  and  rounded  below;  color  light  chestnut  or 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  291 

brownish;  surface  shining,  lines  of  growth  numerous,  vertical, 
raised,  equidistant,  crossed  by  raised,  equidistant  spiral  lines, 
giving  the  surface  a  latticed  aspect;  these  spiral  lines  are  de- 
veloped on  the  lower,  rounded  surface  and  on  the  peripheral 
portion  of  the  whorl,  but  not  on  the  flat  upper  surface;  apex 
distinct,  pearly,  a  little  raised  above  the  whorls;  whorls  four, 
carinated  above,  subcarinated  below;  periphery  rounded;  spire 
flat,  as  though  cut  off,  exhibiting  all  the  volutions  in  the  same 
plane;  sutures  separated  by  a  raised  carina;  base  of  shell 
rounded,  last  whorl  strongly  keeled;  umbilical  opening  round, 
wide,  rather  deep;  aperture  ovate,  deflected  and  rounded  at  the 
lower  part,  flat  and  shouldered  at  the  upper  part;  peristome 
thin,  acute,  not  expanded,  thickened  by  a  heavy,  white  callus 
on  the  inside,  which  is  bordered  by  a  purplish  band;  interior  of 
aperture  whitish,  showing  the  spiral  and  growth  lines. 
Length,  6.00;  width,  11.00;  aperture  length,  6.00;  width,  5.00  mill.  (8397.) 
6.00;  "  10.50;  "  "  5.50;  "  4.00  "  (8397.) 

7.00;     "         11.00;        "  "          6.50;     "         4.00    "        (8397.) 

Animal:  Brownish  in  color,  lighter  on  sides  of  foot  and 
tentacles;  tentacles  one-half  the  length  of  foot,  rather  thick 
and  blunt;  foot  wide,  short,  rounded  at  both  ends  (4.50  mill. 
Jong,  2.00  mill,  wide,  small  specimen) ;  head  broad,  auriculated; 
respiratory  tube  very  large. 

Jaw:     As  in  trivolvis. 

Radula  formula:  P+f+m+i+f +**  (22- 1-22);  the 
teeth  seemed  to  be  in  all  respects  like  trivolvis. 

Genitalia:     Not  examined. 

Distribution:  Saginaw  Bay,  Mich.  (Miles);  -  Elk  River, 
Antrim  County,  Mich.  (Walker);  Miller's,  Ind.  (W.  K.  Higley); 
North  Branch  Chicago  River  (T.  Jensen);  George  Lake  (T. 
Jensen);  Chicago  Drainage  Canal,  Summit,  111.  (Baker). 

Geological  distribution:     Pleistocene. 

Habitat:     Found  under  conditions  similar  to  P.  trivolvis. 

Remarks:  This  seems  to  be  a  very  distinct  species  and  is 
quite  rare.  While  examining  young  specimens  of  trivolvis  the 
writer  was  struck  by  the  very  close  similarity  between  them  and 
tmncatus.  This  fact  leads  him  to  believe  that  the  present  spe- 
cies is  a  recent  offshoot  or  variation  from  trivolvis,  which  is  the 
parent  stock.  The  truncated  spire  and  latticed  sculpture  serve 
to  distinguish  this  very  beautiful  species.  It  seems  to  be  an 
inhabitant  of  deep  water  and  only  a  very  few  specimens  have 
thus  far  been  collected  in  this  area.  The  animal  is  very  slow 


292  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF   SCIENCES. 

in  movement  and  carries  its  shell  at  an  angle  of  45°.  While 
watching  this  species  (as  well  as  others)  feeding  upon  the 
glass  sides  of  a  jar,  it  seems  evident  that  the  entire  radula  is 
exserted  when  eating  the  growths  on  the  glass,  in  exactly  the 
same  manner  that  a  cat  laps  up  milk.  While  feeding,  the  su- 
perior jaw  may  be  plainly  seen,  as  well  as  the  radula. 
116.  Planorbis  bicarinatus  Say,  pi.  xxxii,  fig.  12. 

Planorbis  bicarinatus  SAY,  Nich.  Encycl.,  pi.  i,  fig.  4,  1817. 

Helix  angulata  RACKETT,  Linn.  Trans.,  Vol.  XIII,  p.  42,  pi.  v.,  fig.  1, 
1822. 

Planorbis  engonatus  CONRAD,  N.  Fresh  Sh.  Suppl.,  p.  8,  pi.  ix,  fig.  8, 
1834. 

Planorbis  antrosus  CONRAD,  Amer.  Journ.  Science,  I  ser.,  Vol.  XXV, 
p.  343,  1834. 

Planorbis  lautus  H.  ADAMS,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  p.  145,  1861. 

Planorbis  bicarinatus  corrugatus  CURRIER,  Walker,  The  Nautilus,  Vol. 
VI,  p.  136,  1893.    (Variety.) 

Planorbis  bicarinatus  major  WALKER,  1.  c.,  p.  136,  1893.    (Variety.) 

Planorbis  bicarinatus  var.  aroostookemis  PILSBRY,  The  Nautilus,  Vol. 
VIII,  p.  115,  1895.    (Variety.) 

Planorbis bicarinatus striatus  BAKER,  I.e., Vol.  XV,  p.  120, 1902.  (Variety.) 
Shell: — Sinistral,  discoidal,  angulated;  color  yellowish  or 
brownish  horn,  sometimes  dark  brown  or  reddish;  surface  shin- 
ing, lines  of  growth  oblique,  numerous,  strong  elevated,  crossed 
by  very  minute  striae;  apex  small,  but  visible  at  the  base  of 
the  cone-shaped  depression  formed  by  the  spire;  whorls  three, 
discoidal,  sharply  carinated  above  and  below;  periphery 
rounded;  spire  exhibiting  all  of  the  volutions  but  forming  a 
cone-shaped  depression;  sutures  impressed;  base  of  shell  form- 
ing a  deep  umbilical  depression  which  exhibits  all  of  the  volu- 
tions; aperture  lunately-ovate,  rounded  below  and  v-shaped 
above,  where  it  rises  far  above  the  body  whorl;  the  aperture 
(usually)  forms  a  slight  bell-shaped  enlargement,  higher  than 
wide;  peristome  thin,  acute,  expanded,  thickened  within  by  a 
bluish-white  callus,  and  with  a  band  of  reddish-brown  just  back 
of  this;  extending  from  the  termination  above  to  the  v-shaped 
depression  below;  terminations  connected  by  a  thin  callus;  in- 
terior of  aperture  whitish  or  brownish;  sometimes  there  are 
two  whitish  spiral  bands  within  the  aperture,  where  the  superior 
and  inferior  carinations  make  a  shoulder,  and  extend  far  within 
the  throat. 
Length,  6.50;  width,  13.00;  aperture  length,  6.00;  width,  5.00  mill.  (8487.) 

"       5.50;       "        9.00;  "  4.00;         "     3.00-    "       (8488.) 

"       5.50;       "      10.50;  "  5.00;         "     3.50     "       (8486.) 

"       5.50;       "      10.00;  "  5.50;         "     4.00     "       (9349.) 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY   SURVEY.  293 

Animal:  With  a  rather  wide  foot  (6x35^  mill.)  rounded  be- 
fore and  behind;  tentacles  rather  long  and  filiform,  as  long  as, 
or  longer  than,  the  foot;  head  rounded  and  not  so  much  auric- 
ulated  as  in  trivolvis ;  color  blackish,  flecked  with  white  on  the 
foot  and  tentacles;  respiratory  tube  large,  blackish,  flecked 
with  white;  eyes  placed  as  usual. 

Jaw:     As  in  the  genus. 

Radula  formula:  $j+f-ff+^+£+f+n  (30-  i  -30);  cen- 
tral tooth  as  usual;  lateral  teeth  of  the  usual  shape,  but  reflec- 
tion with  a  large,  squarish  central  cusp,  a  large,  rounded  inner 


FIG.  97. 

Radula  of  PLANORBIS  BICARINATUS  Say.  (Original.)  c,  central  tooth; 
1,  first  lateral;  9,  intermediate  tooth;  12,  third  marginal;  25,  outer  marginal. 

cusp  and  a  smaller  outer  cusp;  intermediate  teeth  with  three 
nearly  equal,  rather  sharp  cusps;  marginal  teeth  as  usual  (Fig. 
97).  The  writer  counted  136  rows  in  one  membrane. 

Genitalia:     Not  examined. 

Distribution:  United  States  and  Canada,  from  New  Eng- 
land to  Manitoba,  and  south  to  New  Mexico. 

Geological  distribution :     Pleistocene. 

Habitat:  In  rivers  and  ponds,  in  water  from  two  to  ten  or 
fifteen  feet  in  depth,  on  a  muddy  bottom. 

Remarks:  Bicarinatus  is  at  once  distinguished  by  the  pecu- 
liar, cone-shaped  depression  on  both  the  upper  and  lower  sur- 
face, and  by  the  characteristic  v-shaped  part  of  the  aperture 
which  rises  above  the  body  whorl.  The  species  is  quite  abun- 
dant but  is  difficult  to  obtain  alive  on  account  of  its  preferring 
deep  water.  The  animal  is  rather  slow  in  movement,  the  head 
is  carried  much  farther  in  advance  of  the  foot  than  in  trivolvis. 
It  is  an  interesting  sight  to  see  one  of  this  species  crawling  up 


294  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

the  side  of  an  aquarium,  eating  everything  in  its  path.  If  a 
morsel  that  is  distasteful  is  taken  into  the  mouth,  it  will  be 
immediately  "spit  out."  In  one  specimen  examined,  the  man- 
tle cavity  was  infested  by  a  small  parasite  (or  messmate) 
which  came  out  and  went  into  the  mantle  chamber  without 
causing  the  snail  any  apparent  discomfor.t.  Bicarinatus  is  found 
in  all  regions  of  the  area,  and  has  been  collected  fossil  in  sand 
banks  on  the  lake  shore,  north  of  Graceland  avenue,  by  Mr- 
Jensen. 

SUBGENUS  PLANORBELLA  Haldeman,  1844. 

"Shell  few-whorled,  aperture  campanulate."     (Dall.) 
117.     Planorbis  campanulatus  Say,  pi.  xxxii,  fig.  11. 

Planorbis  campanulatus  SAY,  Jour.  Phil.  Acad.,  Vol.  II,  p.  166,  1821. 
Planorbis  bellus  LEA,  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  II,  p.  32,  1821. 
Planorbis  bicarinatus  SOWERBY,  Genera,  pi.  iv  (non  Say). 
Helix  angulata  SHEPPARD,  teste  J.  de  C.  Sowerby,  Fauna   Boreali- 

Americana,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  315. 

Planorbis  campanulatus  minor  CURRIER,  Walker,  The  Nautilus,  Vol. 
VI,  p.  137. 


Fto.98. 

Radula  of  PLANORBIS  CAMPANULATUS    Say.    (Original.)    c,  central 
tooth;  1,  first  lateral;  9,  intermediate  tooth;  13,  third  marginal. 

Shell:  Sinistral,  discoidal,  more  or  less  rounded;  color 
brownish-horn,  sometimes  reddish;  surface  shining,  lines  of 
growth  oblique,  very  numerous,  raised,  equidistant  for  the 
most  part;  whorls  four,  discoidal.  rounded  above  and  below, 
rarely  subcarinated;  spire  flat,  on  a  level  with  the  general  plane 
of  the  whorls,  exhibiting  all  the  volutions;  sutures  deeply  im- 
pressed; periphery  rounded;  base  of  shell  rounded,  showing 
two  volutions  with  a  deep  umbilicus  in  the  middle;  aperture 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY   SURVEY.  295 

lunate,  the  terminations  of  about  the  same  shape,  but  rather 
more  expanded  below;  the  mouth  of  the  aperture  dilates  to  a 
great  extent,  forming  a  bell-shaped  projection,  a  little  wider 
than  high;  peristome  thin,  sharp,  somewhat  expanded,  the  ter- 
minations joined  by  a  distinct  callus;  just  within  the  aperture 
there  is  a  heavy  ridge,  where  the  bulging  begins;  the  diameter 
of  the  aperture,  where  the  dilation  begins,  is  but  one-half  that 
of  the  aperture  at  the  ending  of  the  dilation;  interior  of  aper- 
ture bluish-white. 

Length,  6.00;  width,  11.00;  aperture  length,  5.00;  width,  4.00  mill.  (8481.) 

6.50;  "        10.00;        "              "         5.50;      "       5.00      "  (8481.) 

7.00;  "       15.50;        "              "         5.50;      "       5.00      "  (8484.) 

7.00;  "        14.50;        "             "         4.75;      "       4.75 


Animal:  Similar  to  that  of  trivolvis ;  color  blackish  all 
over;  tentacles  rather  short  and  blunt;  head  very  wide  and 
auriculated;  foot  rounded  before  and  rather  pointed  behind; 


V 

*  3 

FIG.  99. 

Under  surfaces  of  the  animals  of  PLANORBIS,  showing  variation  in  the 
shape   of  the   foot  while   in   progression.     (Original.)     1,    BICARINATUS; 

2,  TRIVOLVIS;  3,  CAMPANULATUS;  4,  TRUNCATUS. 

8  mill,  long  and  4  mill.  wide.  Heart  beats  seventy-two  per 
minute.  Some  specimens  appear  of  a  greenish  color  when 
viewed  through  the  shell. 

Jaw:     As  usual. 

.  Radula  formula:  i^+|+|+i+l+f+K(25- I -25);  cen- 
tral tooth  as  usual;  lateral  teeth  with  three  very  nearly  equal 
cusps;  intermediate  teeth  and  marginals  as  usual.  The  lateral 
teeth  of  this  species  differ  considerably  from  those  of  trivolvis, 
bicarinatus  and  truncatus  in  having  three  very  nearly  equal  cusps. 
Several  examinations  have  been  made  to  verify  this  statement 
and  there  seems  to  be  no  doubt  of  the  accuracy  of  the  same 
(Fig.  98). 

Genitalia:     Not  examined. 

Geological  distribution :     Pleistocene;  Loess. 


296  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

Habitat:     Same  as  bicarinatus. 

Remarks:  Campanulatus  is  distinguished  from  all  other 
Planorbes  by  its  curious  bell-shaped  aperture.  The  flatness  of 
the  whorls  will  also  help  to  distinguish  it.  This  species,  like 
bicarinatus^  is  an  inhabitant  of  rather  deep  water  and  it  is  diffi- 
cult to  obtain  alive  without  a  dredge.  It  is  universally  dis- 
tributed throughout  the  area.  The  animal  of  campanulatus  is 
slow  in  movement  and  the  shell  is  carried  almost  perpendicular. 

In  studying  the  last  four  species  the  writer  has  noted  that 
there  is  considerable  variation  in  the  shape  of  the  foot  and 
head.  Bicarinatus  has  a  long  foot  and  a  large,  rounded  head, 
both  flecked  with  white,  and  the  tentacles  are  very  long  and 
filiform;  trivolvis  has  a  broad,  rounded,  blackish  foot,  a  wide 
head  and  rather  short,  thick  tentacles;  in  campamdatus  the  foot 
is  pointed  behind  and  is  very  black;  and  in  truncatus  it  is  nar- 
rower behind  than  before  and  is  of  a  brownish  color  (see 
Fig-  99)-  If  these  four  species  be  placed  side  by  side  these 
differences  may  be  plainly  seen. 

SUBGENUS  MENETUS  H.  and  A.  Adams,  1855. 

"Shell  depressed,  whorls  rapidly  increasing.  Periphery 
angulated."  (Dall.) 

118.     Planorbis  exacutus  Say,  pi.  xxvi,  fig.  5. 

Planorbis  exacutus  SAY,  Jour.  Phil.  Acad.,  Vol.  II,  p.  165,  1821. 
Planorbis  lens  LEA,  Trans.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  VI,  p.  68,  pi.  xxiii, 

fig.  83,  1839. 
Paludina  hyalina  LEA,  Trans.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  VI,  p.  17,  pi.  xxiii, 

fig.  81,  1839.      (Monstrosity.) 
Planorbis  brogniartiana  LEA,  1.  c.,  Vol.  IX,  p.  24,  1844;  Froc.,  Vol.  II, 

p.  242,  1842. 
Planorbis  lenticularis  LEA,  1.  c.,  Vol.  IX,  p.  6,  1844. 

Shell:  Dextral,  very  much  depressed,  with  an  acute  per- 
iphery; color  pearly  white;  surface  shining,  slightly  polished, 
lines  of  growth  numerous,  oblique,  slightly  elevated;  apex  dis- 
tinct, on  a  level  with  the  spire;  whorls  four,  rapidly  increasing, 
sloping  in  a  well-rounded  curve  to  the  acutely  keeled  per- 
iphery; spire  very  flat,  all  the  whorls  in  the  same  plane,  or 
very  slightly  depressed  at  the  apex;  sutures  impressed;  base 
of  shell  flatly  convex;  umbilicus  rather  narrow,  deep,  exhibit- 
ing all  the  volutions;  aperture  obliquely  ovate,  sometimes 
obtusely  triangular;  peristome  thin,  acute,  the  superior  part 
produced  very  much  over  the  inferior  part  and  expanded  near 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY   SURVEY.  297 

the  periphery;  peristome  a  little  thickened  on  the  inside;  inte- 
rior of  aperture  pearly. 

Length,  1.50;  width,  5.00;  aperture  length,  1.40;  width,  2.25  mill.     (10278.) 
2.00;      "       7.50;        "  "         1.75;       "      3.00    "        (12359.) 

Animal:  Similar  to  P.  parvus;  color  brownish;  the  foot  is 
very  short  and  rounded 

Jaw:     As  usual. 

Radula:     In  all  respects  like  that  of  parvus, 

Genitalia:     Not  examined. 

Distribution:  Northern,  Middle  and  Western  States  and 
Canada,  south  to  New  Mexico. 

Geological  distribution:     Pleistocene. 

Habitat:  Found  quite  abundantly  in  rivers  and  ponds  in 
water  from  four  to  five  feet  in  depth,  either  on  a  muddy  bot- 
tom or  crawling  among  algae. 

Remarks:  This  is  a  distinct  species  easily  known  by  its 
narrow  umbilicus  and  very  acute  periphery.  It  is  subject  to 
considerable  variation,  and  a  number  of  names  have  been  given 
to  the  different  forms.  Some  of  these  forms  are  pure  mon- 
strosities and  others  simple  local  variations.  In  the  present 
area  it  is  found  in  the  southern  and  western  region. 

SUBGENUS  QYRAULUS  Agassiz,  1837. 

"Shell:     Rounded  above,  flat  beneath,  whorls  few,  rapidly 
increasing."     (Dall.) 
119.     Planorbis  parvus  Say,  pi.  xxvi,  fig.  7. 

Planorbis parvus  SAY,  Nich.  Encycl.,  pi.  i,  fig.  5,  1817. 

Planorbis  vermicularis  GOULD,  Proc.  Bos.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  Vol.  II,  p., 

212,  1847.     (Variety.) 

Planorbis  billingsii  LEA,  Proc.  Phil.  Acad.,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  109,  1864. 
Planorbis  circumstriatus  TRYON,  con.  HALDEMAN'S  Mon.,  p.  212,  pi. 

vii,  figs.  14-16,  1870.     (Variety.) 
Planorbis  concavus  ANTHONY,  Cat.  of  Shells  of  Cin.    (No  descr.),  187-. 

Shell:  Small,  dextral,  depressed,  with  a  well-rounded  per- 
iphery; color  bright  horn  to  jet  black;  surface  shining  in  the 
light  colored  specimens  but  dull  in  the  black  examples;  lines 
of  growth  oblique,  numerous,  fine,  slightly  elevated,  frequently 
crossed  on  the  base  by  several  raised  spiral  lines;  apex  not  dis- 
tinct, generally,  but  on  a  level  with  the  rest  of  the  spire;  whorls 
four,  rapidly  enlarging;  periphery  rounded;  spire  flat,  all  the 
whorls  in  the  same  plane;  sutures  very  deeply  impressed;  base 
concave,  sometimes  with  raised  revolving  lines;  umbilicus  very 
wide,  shallow,  exhibiting  all  the  volutions;  aperture  broadly- 


298  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

ovate,  expanded,  very  nearly  in  the  same  plane  as  the  last 
whorl;  peristome  acute,  thin,  the  superior  margin  produced 
very  much  over  the  inferior  margin,  and  expanded  near  the 
junction  with  the  body  whorl;  interior  of  aperture  yellowish- 
white  or  whitish;  terminations  of  peristome  connected  by  a 
thin  callus. 

Length,  1.00;  width,  3.00;  aperture  length,  .95;  width,  1.30  mill.    (10242.) 
1.25;      "       4.10;         "  "        1.10;       "      1.25    "        (10243.) 

1.25;     "       4.00;         "  "        1.10;       "      1.10    "        (10245.) 

1.50;      "       5.00;         "  "        1.53;       "      1.50    "        (12360.) 

Animal:     Dark  brown,  lighter  below;  toot  short,  rounded; 
tentacles  filiform,  whitish,  with  a  dark  line  on  the  center  of  the 
dorsal  surface;  respiratory  groove  long  and  narrow,  whitish. 
Jaw:     With  lateral  plates  present. 

Radula  formula  :     ^-V+f +i+t +^-*V  ( 1 8  —  I  —  1 8 ) ;  central 
tooth  with  a  base  of  attachment  longer  than  wide,  produced  at 


FIG.  100. 

Radula  of  PLANORBIS  PARVUS  Say.  (Original.)  c,  central  tooth; 
1,  first  lateral;  9,  first  marginal;  10,  13,  marginals. 

the  lower  outer  corner  and  excavated  in  the  center  of  the  lower 
margin;  reflection  bicuspid,  the  cusps  short  and  wide;  lateral 
teeth  with  a  subquadrate  base  of  attachment;  reflection  wide, 
tricuspid,  the  center  cusp  long  and  rather  wide,  the  side  cusps 
shorter;  marginal  teeth  modified  laterals  in  being  low  and  very 
wide,  the  outer  cusp  splitting  into  2-3-4  small  cusps  (Fig.  100.) 

Genitalia:     Not  examined. 

Distribution:  Whole  of  eastern  North  America,  west  to 
Manitoba  and  California.  Dredged  in  Lake  Superior,  at  a 
depth  of  eight  to  thirteen  fathoms. 

Geological  distribution :     Pleistocene;  Loess. 

Habitat:  Found  in  great  abundance  on  the  stems  of  water 
plants,  submerged  objects  and  among  floating  vegetation,  such 
as  Spirogyra. 

Remarks:  This  is  our  most  common  small  Planorbis,  dis- 
tinguished by  its  rounded  aperture  and  periphery.  It  is  so 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY   SURVEY.  299 

common  in  some  localities  that  several  thousand  may  be  gath- 
ered in  a  few  hours;  the  writer  has  observed  them  by  hundreds 
in  tangled  masses  of  Spirogyra.  The  animal  is  quite  active 
when  temperature  and  external  conditions  are  favorable.  It 
progresses  by  a  series  of  "steps"  or  jerks  and  pulls  the  shell 
after  it,  the  latter  being  carried  almost  flat.  Parvus  is  infested 
with  two  species  of  flukes  which  occur  in  great  numbers  in  the 
muscular  tegument  of  the  lobes  of  the  liver  and  the  folds  of 
the  intestines.  They  have  been  named  Monostomalncanica  and 
Distoma  ascoidea  by  Dr.  Leidy  (Proc.  Phil.  Acad.,  p.  200-201, 
1877.)  It  has  been  found  in  the  ditches  at  East  Chicago  on 
submerged  parts  of  Utricularia  vulgaris  Linne. 

Several  erratic  forms  (monstrosities)  of  this  species  have 
been  found.  Dr.  H..  N.  Lyon  found  three  specimens  at  the 
Chicago  Avenue  Water  Works  among  some  ten  thousand  nor- 
mal specimens  examined.  The  monstrosities  are  scalar  for 
the  most  part,  although  one  specimen  was  normal  to  the  last 
half  of  the  last  whorl,  when  it  suddenly  became  deflected. 
These  erratic  forms  seem  to  be  very  rare. 

120.     Planorbis  deflectus  Say,  pi.  xxvi,  fig.  6. 

Planorbis  deflectus  SAY,  Long's  Expedition,  Vol.  II,  p.  261,  pi.  xv,  fig. 

8,  1824. 
Planorbis  obliquus  DE  KAY,  N.  Y.  Moll.,  p.  62,  pi.  iv,  fig.  57,  a,  b,  1843. 

Shell:  Small,  dextral,  depressed,  with  an  obtuse  keel  at 
the  periphery;  color  light  to  dark  horn,  rarely  jet  black;  surface 
shining,  lines  of  growth  numerous,  fine,  oblique;  apex  not  dis- 
tinct, sunk  below  the  level  of  the  whorls;  whorls  four  to  four 
and  one-half,rapidly  enlarging;  peripheryobtuselykeeled;  spire 
flat,  all  of  the  whorls,  excepting  the  apical,  in  the  same  plane; 
sutures  impressed;  base  concave;  umbilicus  wide,  shallow,  ex- 
hibiting all  the  volutions;  aperture  suboval,  deflected,  much 
wider  than  high  (or  long);  peristome  acute,  thin,  the  superior 
portion  produced  as  in  parvus,  thickened  on  the  inside;  termin- 
ations connected  by  a  heavy  white  callus;  interior  of  aperture 
yellowish-white  or  brownish. 
Lgtb.,  2.00;  width,  6.00;  aper.  Igth.,  1.50;  width,  2.00  mill.  (12120.) 

2.50;      "        5.75;      "        "       1.50;      "       2.00     "        (12120.)  distorted. 
2.00;     "       6.00;     "       "      1.50;      "       2.00     "        (12362.) 

Animal:  Similar  to  that  of  parvus;  color  blackish  above, 
lighter  on  base  of  foot. 

Jaw:     As  usual. 

Radula:    Similar  to  that  of  parvus.   In  a  number  of  exami- 


300  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF   SCIENCES. 

nations  the  writer  failed  to  note  any  differences  of  importance  in 
the  radulae  of  these  small  species.  The  number  of  teeth  seemed 
to  be  always  17-1-17  or  18-1-18. 

Genitalia:     Not  examined. 

Distribution:  Maine  west  to  Nebraska,  Great  Slave  Lake 
south  to  Maryland. 

Geological  distribution:     Pleistocene;  Loess. 

Habitat:  Same  as  parvus,  but  preferring  sticks  and  stones, 
and  frequenting  deeper  water. 

Remarks:  This  is  the  largest  of  our  small  Planorbies,  dis- 
tinguished from  P. parvus  by  its  obtuse  peripheral  keel  and  de- 
flected aperture.  Some  distorted  specimens  show  a  scalariform 
tendency  (No.  12120).  Particularly  large  specimens  have  been 
collected  at  Bowmanville. 

GENUS  SEQMENTINA,  Fleming. 

Shell:  Dextral,  discoidal,  depressed;  spire  on  a  plane  with 
all  the  whorls;  the  interior  of  the  whorls  with  numerous  trans- 
verse teeth;  aperture  circular  or  oval;  peristome  simple. 

Animal:  Similar  to  that  of  Planorbis  ;  foot  narrow  ante- 
riorly, but  wider  and  larger  behind. 

Jaw:  Narrow,  arched,  pointed.  For  Kadula,  see  under 
armigera. 

Distribution:     Europe,  Asia,  Australia,  North  America. 

SUBGENUS  PLANORBULA  Haldeman,  1844. 

All  of  the  teeth  in  the  aperture,  except  the  last  row,  ab- 
sorbed in  the  aduk. 

121.    Segmentina  armigera  Say,  pi.  xxx,  fig.  32. 

Planorbis  armigerus  SAY,  Journ.  Phil.  Acad.,  Vol.  11,  p.  164,  1818. 

Shell:  Dextral,  flat,  somewhat  carinated  above  and  be- 
low the  periphery;  color  pearl-white  to  reddish-brown,  some- 
times black;  surface  smooth,  shining,  lines  of  growth  very  fine, 
oblique;  apex  sunken  below  the  level  of  the  whorls,  very  small 
and  rounded;  whorls  four,  regularly  and  slowly  increasing,  ob- 
tusely carinated  above  and  below  the  rounded  periphery;  spire 
concave,  exhibiting  all  the  whorls;  sutures  impressed;  base  of 
shell  rounded;  umbilicus  round,  deep,  rather  wide,  concave, 
showing  nearly  all  the  volutions;  aperture  subovate,  a  trifle 
oblique,  armed  with  five  teeth,  one  on  the  parietal  wall  long, 
thin,  S-shaped,  extending  in  an  oblique  direction  from  a  point 
near  the  upper  carination  of  the  body-whorl  to  a  point  near 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  301 

the  lower  carination;  three  on  the  peripheral  wall,  the  two 
upper  ones  being  prominent,  short,  thick  and  triangular,  and  the 
lower  one  more  or  less  lamelliform  and  situated  on  the  base 
of  the  aperture,  and  one  small  conic  tooth  near  the  superior 
junction  of  the  peristome  with  the  body-wall;  peristome  thin, 
acute,  slightly  thickened  inside,  the  superior  margin  a  trifle 
produced;  interior  of  aperture  pearly- white,  with  a  band  of 
reddish  just  within  the  aperture  extending  parallel  to  the  edge 
of  the  aperture.  In  some  specimens  there  is  a  sixth  tooth, 
small,  acute,  elevated,  just  below  the  large  one  on  the  parietal 
wall;  this,  however,  is  not  always  developed  (Fig.  101). 

Length,  2.50;  width,  6.00;  aperture  length,  2.50;  width,  1.25  mill.     (8473.) 

"      2.00;         "  5.00;  "  "        2.00;  "      1.00    "        (8478.) 

"      2.75;         "  6.00;  "  "        2.25;  "      1.50    "        (8474.) 

"      3.00;         "  8.00;  "  "        2.50;  "      2.00    "      (12363.) 

Animal:     With  a  rounded  foot  which  is  rather  wide;  head 
distinct,  somewhat   auriculate;    tentacles  very  long  and  fili- 


FIG.  101. 

Aperture  of  SEGMENTINA  ARMIGERA  Say,  showing  number  and  posi- 
tion of  teeth.     (Original.) 

form,  one  and  one-half-times  as  long  as  the  foot;  eyes  placed 
as  in  Planorbis ;  color  blackish,  lighter  on  edge  of  foot  and  ten- 
tacles; respiratory  groove  long  and  pointed,  thin  and  transpar- 
ent. The  foot  measures  2l/2  by  */2  mill. 

Jaw:     Not  differing  from  that  of  Planorbis. 

Radula  formula:  ^++1+1+1+^+  (18— I  — 18);  central 
tooth  with  a  long,  narrow  base  of  attachment,  expanded  on  the 
lower,  outer  corners;  reflection  wide,  bicuspid;  lateral  teeth 
wide,  a  trifle  longer  than  wide,  tricuspid,  the  center  cusp  long, 
wide  and  sharp,  and  the  side  cusps  short  and  sharp;  marginal 
teeth  at  first  similar  to  laterals  with  the  addition  of  a  second 
small  outer  cusp;  the  marginals  become  wide  and  low  toward 
the  margin  and  three  small  outer  cusps  are  developed  (Fig. 
102). 

Genitalia:     Not  examined. 


302  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

Distribution:  Eastern,  Middle  and  Western  States  and 
Canada. 

Geological  distribution :     Pleistocene ;  Loess 

Habitat:  Found  plentifully  in  the  smaller  streams,  crawl- 
ing over  submerged  sticks,  stones  and  water  plants. 

Remarks:  This  interesting  species  is  at  once  known  by  the 
denticles  within  the  aperture,  which  can  only  be  seen  with  a 
good  lens.  It  is  quite  a  common  species,  under  favorable  cir- 
cumstances congregating  by  hundreds.  Its  movements  are 
rather  rapid,  and  when  in  progression  its  tentacles  are  con- 
stantly moving  about.  When  eating,  the  mouth  opens  and 


FIG.  102. 

Radula  of  SEGMENTINA  ARMIGERA  Say.  (Original.)  c,  central  tooth; 
1,  first  lateral;  10,  first  marginal;  11,  second  marginal;  15,  outer  marginal. 

closes  very  rapidly.     It  is  found  in  the  three  regions  of  the 
area. 

FAMILY  ANCYLID^:. 

"Lateral  jaws  present.  Teeth  resembling  Limncea.  Shell 
patelliform.  Hermaphrodite,  but  not  capable  of  simultaneous 
reciprocal  impregnation,  as  in  the  Limnaeans."  Dall. 

GENUS  ANCYLUS  Geoffrey,   1776. 

Shell:  Patelliform,  thin,  conic;  apex  turned  to  the  left, 
posterior;  aperture  as  wide  as  the  whole  shell;  peristome  en- 
tire, simple;  interior  of  shell  with  a  subspiral  muscle-scar. 

Animal  (Fig.  103):  With  a  very  large  foot,  oval  in  shape; 
tentacles  short,  stout,  triangular,  eyes  situated  at  their  inner 
bases;  mantle  margin  simple;  pulmonary  orifice  protected  by  a 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY   SURVEY.  303 

small  lobe;  genitalia  on  the  left  side;  jaws  three,  thin,  lateral 
plate  fused  with  the  superior  jaw,  ornamented  with  papillae; 
lingual  membrane  broad,  with  numerous,  crowded  teeth;  cen- 
tral tooth  small,  narrow,  simple;  lateral  teeth  broad,  bicuspid, 
the  inner  cusp  much  the  larger  and  bifid;  marginal  teeth  ser- 
rated, longer  than  wide. 

Genitalia:     The  genitalia  of  Ancylus  is  peculiar;    the  ovo- 
testis  is  globular  and  the  albuminiparous  gland  is  very  large, 


FIG.  103. 
Animal  of  ANCYLUS.    (After  Binney.) 

tubular,  and  placed  very  near  the  ovotestis;  the  oviduct  and 
vas  deferens  are  long  and  the  penis  is  very  long.  The  figure, 
from  Bronn,  is  sufficiently  characteristic  without  further  de- 
scription (Fig.  104). 

Distribution:     North  and  South  America,  Europe  and  Aus- 
tralia. 

KEY   TO   SPECIES   OF   ANCYLUS. 

A.  Apex  placed  centrally,  shell  conic tardus 

B.  Apex  placed  posteriorly  and  directed  to  one  side. 

a.  Apex  placed  near  the  posterior  end  and  a  little  to  one 

side  of  the  center.    Shell  depressed-conic rivularis 

b.  Apex  placed  near  the  posterior  end,  at  or  close  to  the 

margin  of  one  side.     Shell  very  oblique shimekii 


FIG.  104. 

Genitalia  of  ANCYLUS  FLUVIATILIS.  (Bronn,  Klassen  und  Ordnungen 
der  Weichthiere,  Malacozoa,  taf.  CIII,  Fig.  16.)  gh,  ovotestis;  gal,  albu- 
miniparous gland;  nb,  radula  sac;  p,  penis;  rs,  receptaculum  seminis; 
s,  salivary  glands. 

122.    ANCYLUS  RIVULARIS  Say,  pi.  xxx,  fig.  29. 

Ancylus  rivularis  SAY,  Journ.  Phil.  Acad.,  Vol.  I,  p.  125,  1819. 


304  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

Shell:  Small,  depressed-conic,  fragile,  sides  nearly  parallel, 
a  trifle  rounded  but  narrowed  posteriorly;  anterior  slope  long, 
convex,  with  a  decided  "hump"  toward  the  apex;  posterior 
slope  short,  concave;  sides  convex;  apex  prominent,  elevated, 
obtuse,  directed  posteriorly  and  a  little  to  the  right  side;  the 
apex  divides  the  shell  into  about  three  equal  parts,  one  poste- 
rior and  two  anterior;  aperture  as  large  as  the  shell,  narrowed 
posteriorly;  peristome  entire,  simple,  acute;  color  light  horn; 
interior  of  aperture  whitish. 

Length,  3.00;  width,  2.00;  height,  1.25  mill.     (12143.) 

2.75;        "      1.50;        "        1.00     "        (12143.) 

"       5.00;        "      2.75;        "        2.00     "        (13051.) 

Animal:  With  a  rather  short  and  wide  foot,  emarginate  in 
front,  rounded  behind;  color  plumbeous,  finely  dotted  with 
white,  with  a  yellowish  line  extending  longitudinally  on  the 
head;  head  emarginate  in  front  with  lateral  flaps;  mantle 


FIG.  105. 

ANCYLUS  RIVULARIS  Say.  (Original.)  Animal  viewed  from  the  under 
side  (enlarged).  • 

simple,  of  good  size ;  tentacles  short,  tapering,  eyes  placed  near 
the  inner  bases  of  the  tentacles;  shell  attached  by  a  single 
large  muscle  in  the  apex  of  the  shell.  The  foot  measures  3.2 
mill,  in  length  and  F.OO  mill,  in  width  in  an  animal  contained 
in  a  shell  5.00  mill,  in  length  by  2.75  mill,  in  width  (Fig.  105). 

yaws:  Thin,  covered  with  papillae;  the  lateral  jaws  are 
fused  with  the  large  upper  jaw. 

Radula  formula  :  ^3  +jf  +  \ ,+^f-  +^5  ( 1 6  -  I  -  1 6) ;  the 
central  tooth  is  simple  as  in.Limnaea;  the  lateral  teeth  have  a 
base  of  attachment  longer  than  wide,  the  lower  outer  angle 
expanded;  the  reflection  is  very  broad  and  bicuspid,  the  in- 
ner cusp  being  very  large  and  semibifid  while  the  outer  cusp 
is  smaller;  there  are  also  two  very  small  denticles  on  the  edge 
of  the  upper  part  of  the  outer  cusp;  the  fifth  lateral  is  some- 
what narrower  and  the  inner  cusp  is  decidedly  bifid,  making 
the  tooth  practically  tricuspid;  the  marginal  teeth  are  very 
narrow,  with  a  long,  narrow  reflection  which  is  distally  tri- 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY   SURVEY.  305 

cuspid,  the  central  cusp  being  the  larger,  and  the  outer  edge 
of  the  reflection  serrated  by  about  five  small  denticles.  The 
bifurcation  of  the  inner  cusp  of  the  lateral  teeth  is  difficult  to 
see,  but  the  writer  is  certain  of  the  fact,  as  it  has  been  dis- 
tinctly seen  on  a  number  of  teeth.  The  cutting  points  are  very 
well  developed  but  are  also  difficult  to  see  clearly.  90  rows 
were  counted,  and  in  one  individual  20-1-20  teeth  (Fig.  106). 

Genitalia:     Not  examined. 

Distribution:  Northern,  Middle  and  Western  United  States 
and  Southern  Canada  south  to  New  Mexico. 

Geological  distribution :     Pleistocene. 

Habitat:  Found  on  living  and  in  dead  shells  and  on 
stones  in  small  ponds  and  streams. 


FIG.  106 

Radula  of  ANCYLUS  RIVULARIS  Say.  (Original.)  c,  central  tooth; 
1,  first  lateral;  5,  fifth  lateral;  9,  fourth  marginal;  13,  eighth  marginal. 

Remarks:  This  small  but  distinct  species  may  be  known 
by  its  almost  straight  lateral  outline  and  its  apex,  which  is  di- 
rected posteriorly  and  to  the  right  side.  It  is  quite  abundant, 
but  is  almost  always  overlooked  owing  to  its  peculiar  shape  and 
inconspicuous  habitat.  The  animal  is  very  slow  in  movement 
and  progresses  similar  to  Planorbis ;  it  is  able  to  turn  its  body 
half  way  around  without  moving  its  shell.  The  buccal  organs 
can  be  plainly  seen  while  the  animal  is  feeding.  This  species 
was  noticed  using  its  lingual  membrane  with  a  "lapping"  mo- 
tion, as  described  tor  some  of  the  Planorbes.  Large  specimens 
have  recently  been  found  by  Mr.  F.  M.  Woodruff,  in  the 
sloughs  back  of  Miller's,  Ind. 

123.     Ancylus  tardus  Say,  pi.  xxx,  fig.  30. 

Ancylus  tardus  SAY,  New.  Harm.  Dissem.,  Jan.  15,  1830;  Mrs.  Say's 
reprint,  p.  26. 

Shell:  Small,  conic,  fragile,  sides  rounded;  anterior  a 
trifle  longer  than  posterior,  convex;  posterior  slope  straight 
or  a  trifle  concave;  sides  rectilinear;  apex  prominent,  elevated, 
obtuse,  rounded,  a  little  posterior  of  the  center  but  not  directed 
laterally;  the  apex  very  nearly  divides  the  shell  into  two  equal 


306  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

parts;  aperture  as  large  as  the  shell,  rounded;  peristome  sim- 
ple, entire,  acute;  color  greenish-horn. 

Length,  6.00;  width,  4.00;  height,  3.00  mill. 

Animal:     Not  examined. 

yaw:     Not  examined. 

Radida:     Not  examined. 

Genitalia:     Not  examined. 

Distribution:     Same  as  rivularis. 

Geological  distribution :     Pleistocene. 

Habitat:     Similar  to  rivularis. 

Remarks:  This  species  is  wider  and  more  conical  than 
rivularis,  and  the  apex  is  more  central  and  not  directed  later- 
ally. It  seems  to  be  very  rare  and  has  been  found  only  in  the 
DuPage  River. 

124.     Ancylus  shimekii  Pilsbry,  pi.  xxxi,  figs.  9,  10. 

Ancylus  obliquus,  SHIMEK,  Bull.  Lab.  Nat.  Hist.  Univ.  of  Iowa,  Vol.  I, 

Nos.  3-4,  p.  214,  pi.  iii,  figs.  5»  ,  5*>  ,  5c  ,  1890.    (Preoccupied.) 
Ancylus  shimekii  PILSBRY,  The  Nautilus,  Vol.  IV,  p.  48, 1890. 

"Shell:  Elevated,  thin,  transparent,  horn-colored,  with  a 
yellowish-brown  epidermis;  aperture  ovate,  conspicuously  wider 
anteriorly,  in  many  (especially  young)  specimens  slightly  reni- 
form  by  a  barely  perceptible  incurving  of  the  right  margin, 
the  anterior,  left  and  posterior  margins  regularly  rounded,  the 
right  slightly  incurved,  straight,  or  but  slightly  convex;  apex 
somewhat  acute,  elevated,  strongly  deflected  posteriorly  and 
to  the  right,  and  curved  downward,  in  most  specimens  quite 
overhanging  the  posterior  right  margin  of  the  shell;  the  apical 
portion  of  the  shell  (one-half  or  more)  is  strongly  laterally,  or 
rather,  obliquely,  compressed,  a  character  which  makes  the 
young  appear  proportionally  much  narrower  than  the  adults; 
the  anterior  slope  of  the  shell  is  long  and  strongly  convex,  the 
posterior  being  short  and  concave.  The  surface  is  marked  by 
fine  lines  of  growth."  (Shimek.) 

Length,3.50;  width,  1.80;  height,  1.50  mill.  (Shimek.)  Large  specimen. 

"      2.70;      "       1.70;        "      1.20    "      (Shimek.)  Average  measurement. 
"     3.10;      "      1.70;        "      1.10    "     Joliet  specimen. 

Animal:  "Uniform  bluish-white  color;  the  foot  is  ovate, 
wider  anteriorly,  and  rather  narrow  for  an  Ancylus."  (Shimek.) 

Radula:  "Rather  narrow,  the  dental  formula  being  12-1- 
12."  (Shimek.) 

Distribution:     Five  miles  east  of  Lincoln,   Neb.,  in  Dead 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  307 

Man's  Run  (Shimek);  Rock  Island,  111.  (Pilsbry);  Rock  Run, 
Joliet,  111.  (Ferriss). 

Geological  distribution :     Unknown. 

Habitat:  Found  at  all  seasons  of  the  year  adhering  to 
shells  of  Anodonta  plana,  sticks,  leaves,  etc.  (Shimek.)  Found 
at  Rock  Run  on  sticks  and  leaves. 

Remarks:  This  comparatively  rare  species  is  known  by  its 
very  oblique  shell;  in  some  individuals  the  apex  fairly  over- 
hangs the  margin.  It  has  been  found  only  at  Rock  Run,  Joliet, 
but  will  probably  be  discovered  at  other  localities  by  careful 
and  patient  search.  The  shell  has  some  resemblance  to  the 
genus  Gundlachia,  and  Mr.  Pilsbry  (Nautilus,  IV,  48)  says  of  it: 
"Certain  indications  led  me  at  the  time  of  rinding  this  shell" 
(speaking  of  a  specimen  found  at  Rock  Island,  111.),  "to  refer 
it  to  Gundlachia  instead  of  Ancylus ;  and  it  may  be  worth  while 
to  follow  this  clew  further.  If  my  supposition  proves  to  be 
correct,  Gundlachia  will  furnish  the  most  extraordinary  case  of 
dimorphism  known  among  American  mollusks."* 

FAMILY  PHYSID^E. 

"Foot:  Pointed  behind.  Buccal  plate  (when  present)  with- 
out accessory  laterals.  Lateral  teeth  comb-like,  alternating 
with  simple  cusps.  Base  of  central  tooth  broad,  bifid;  cusp 
with  several  denticles."  (Dali.) 

"Genifalia:     On  the  left  side."     (Ball.) 

GENUS  PHYSA  Draparnaud,  1801. 

Shell:  Thin,  polished,  sinistral;  spire  more  or  less  acute; 
aperture  oval,  rounded  in  front;  colurnella  provided  with  a  cal- 
lus which  is  spread  over  the  last  whorl;  peristome  acute. 

Animal:  With  a  long  foot,  rounded  before,  pointed  be- 
hind; mantle  reflected  over  a  portion  of  the  shell  and  fringed 
with  finger-like  filaments;  tentacles  long,  slender,  pointed; 
eyes  situated  at  their  inner  bases;  genitalia  on  leftside;  jaw 
chevron-shaped  or  absent,  finely  striated,  with  a  central  fibrous 
projection;  radula  as  described  for  the  family  (Fig.  107). 

The  Physae  are  the  most  difficult  to  study  of  the  fresh 
water  shells.  So  variable  are  their  specific  characters  that  no 
less  than  seventy  species  have  been  described,  and  the  sub- 
ject is  in  such  confusion  that  few  students  care  to  attempt  their 
study  or  collection. 

*See  also  The  Nautilus,  Vol.  IX,  p.  63,  1895,  for  further  notes  on  this  subject  by  Mr. 
Pilsbry. 


308  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF   SCIENCES. 

The  writer  has  attempted  to  revise  the  species  found  in 
Northern  Illinois,  and  the  late  Mr.  O.  A.  Crandall,  of  Sedalia, 
Mo.,  has  published  some  very  valuable  notes  on  the  American 
Physae  in  The  Nautilus  for  1901.  This  gentleman  believed  that 
the  most  reliable  characteristics  for  determination  were  tex- 
ture, structure  and  sculpture.  He  also  considered  that  the 
length  of  time  required  for  a  species  to  reach  maturity  might 
also  serve  as  a  character  of  importance.  He  found,  as  have 
other  students  of  this  family,  that  some  species  attain  their  full 
growth  in  one  year  while  others  require  two  or  three.  He 
therefore  proposed  the  terms  annuan,  biannuan  and  triannuan 
for  the  species  which  reach  maturity  in  one,  two  and  three 
years.  As  a  whole,-the  writer  agrees  with  the  conclusions  of 
Mr.  Crandall. 


FIG.  107. 
Animal  of  PHYSA.    (Binney,  Fig.  123.) 

Distribution:     North  America,  Europe,  East  Indies. 

KEY  TO   SPECIES   OF    PHYSA. 

A.  Shell  smooth,  broad,  spire  short.    Annuan heterostropha 

B.  Shell  with  impressed  spiral  lines. 

a.  Shell  rather  broad,  ovate,  spire   short,  acute;  aperture 
wide  and  spreading;  whorls  four  and  one-half  to  five; 
shell  thinner  than  b;  peristome  callus  bordered  by  red. 
Annuan sayii 

b.  Shell  elongated  or  cylindrical,  narrow,  spire  generally 
long;    aperture   very   narrow;  whorls  five  to   six;  peri- 
stome callus  bordered  by  red.    Triannuan gyrina 

c.  Shell  broad,  inclining  to  be  shouldered;  spire  sharply 
conic;  aperture  roundly   oval;  peristome  callus  white, 
without  red  border.     Biannuan Integra 

125.     Physa  heterostropha  Say,*  pi.  xxxiv,  fig.  2. 

Limncea  heterostropha  SAY,  Nich.  Encycl.,  Amer.  ed.,  pi.  i,  fig.  6,  1817. 
Physa  fontana  HALDEMAN,  Mon.,  pt.  2,  p.  3  of  cover;  Physa    p    26 

1841. 
Physa  heterostropha  alba  CRANDALL,  The   Nautilus,  Vol.   XV,  p.  29, 

1901. 

Shell:     Polished,  subovate,  whorls  four  to  four  and  one- 
half;  spire  moderately  elevated,  acute,  the  whorls  slightly  con- 

*The  greater  part  of  the  subject-matter  on  Physa  was  published  in  The  Nautilus,  Vol. 
XIV,  pp.  16-24. 1900- 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  309 

vex;  color  varying  from  light  horn  to  greenish;  sculpture  con- 
sisting only  of  fine  growth  lines  (Fig.  108);  sutures  impressed, 
margined  by  a  white  line  which  is  frequently  bordered  by  a 
dark  chestnut  line;  protoconch  consisting  of  one  whorl,  which 
is  smooth  and  varies  from  porcelain-white  to  rather  dark  horn 
color;  aperture  rather  large,  oval,  occupying  from  two-thirds  to 
three-fourths  of  the  length  of  the  entire  shell;  peristome  thin, 
acute,  thickened  on  the  inside  by  a  whitish  or  bluish  callus, 
which  is  bordered  on  .the  inside  with  red;  columella  almost 
straight,  with  a  whitish  callus  which  is  sometimes  lined  with 
red. 


Length. 

Width.        Aperture  Length.              Width. 

14.00 

8.50 

10.00 

4.00  mill. 

(Rochester.) 

13.00 

8.50 

10.00 

'4.50     " 

(Rochester.) 

13.50 

9.00 

10.50 

4.50     " 

(La  Porte,  Ind.) 

9.00 

6.00 

6.50 

3.00     " 

(13361.) 

Animal:     Similar  to  that  of  gyrina. 


FIG.  108. 
Surface  sculpture  of  PHYSA  HETEROSTROPHA  Say.    (Original.) 

Jaw  and  Radula:     In  all  respects  like  those  of  gyrina. 

Genitalia:     Not  observed. 

Distribution:  Eastern  and  Southern  States;  Maine  to 
Georgia  and  west  to  Michigan  and  Illinois;  Southern  Canada. 

Geological  distribution:     Pleistocene;  Loess. 

Habitat:  In  ponds  and  streams,  adhering  to  sticks  and 
stones  and  crawling  over  the  muddy  bottom. 

Remarks:  During  a  visit  to  the  Philadelphia  Academy  of 
Sciences  some  time  ago,  Mr.  Pilsbry  called  the  writer's  atten- 
tion to  the  fact  that  heterostropha  had  a  smooth  shell,  while 
gyrina  and  some  others  had  a  shell  with  raised  (or,  as  the  writer 
would  describe  them,  impressed)  spiral  lines.  Following  up 
this  suggestion  a  large  number  of  Physce  have  been  examined 
with  the  result  that  instead  of  there  being  two  species  in  the 
present  area,  as  was  at  first  supposed,  there  are  four,  with  one 
or  more  varieties.  Heterostropha  is  an  annuan,  attaining  full 
maturity  in  one  year. 


310  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

Only  a  single  lot  of  shells  has  been  found  which  could  be 
referred  to  this  species,  and  that  was  collected  in  the  drift 
along  the  shores  of  Lake  Michigan,  at  Miller's,  Ind.  The 
nearest  of  typical  heterostropha  have  been  found  living  in  Pine 
Lake,  La  Porte  County,  Ind.  It  is  very  probable  that  this  spe- 
cies is  not  found  in  any  abundance  west  of  Indiana,  its  place 
being  taken  by  gyrina,  sayii  and  Integra.  Under  distribution, 
above,  only  those  "states  are  given  from  which  the  writer  has 
seen  authentic  specimens. 

126.     Physa  sayii  Tappan,  pi.  xxxiv,  fig.  3,  7;  pi.  xxxii,  fig.  13. 

Physa  sayii  TAPPAN,  Amer.  Journ.  Sci.  (i),  Vol.  XXXV,  p.  269,  pi.  iii, 

fig.  3,  1889. 
Physa  warreniana  LEA,  Proc.  Phil.  Acad.  Sci.,  p.  115,  1864. 

Shell:  Sinistral,  polished,  ovate,  whorls  five  to  five  and 
one-half;  spire  elevated,  very  acute,  the  whorls  moderately 
convex;  color  light  horn  to  light  chestnut;  sculpture  consist- 
ing of  rather  coarse  growth  lines,  crossed  by  numerous  fine, 
impressed  spiral  lines,  giving  the  surface  of  the  shell  a  wavy 
appearance,  as  figured  for  P.  gyrina;  sutures  slightly  impressed, 
bordered  as  in  heterostropha;  protoconch  consisting  of  one  and 
one-half  smooth,  glossy  whorls  of  a  dark  chestnut  color;  aper- 
ture very  large,  long-oval,  three- fourths  to  four-fifths  the  length 
of  the  whole  shell;  peristome  thin,  generally  not  very  much 
thickened  within,  whitish,  sometimes  bordered  with  reddish; 
columella  slightly  twisted  and  covered  with  a  spreading  callus; 
the  lower  part  of  the  aperture  is  somewhat  produced. 

Length,  22.00;  width,  13.50;  aperture  length,  16.00;  width,  7.50  mill. 
19.00;       "       12.00;          "  "       14.00;       "       6.00     " 

16.00;      "       11.00;          "  "       12.00;      "       6.00     " 

Animal:     Similar  in  external  appearance  to  all  Physidae. 

yaw  and  Radula:     As  in  gyrina. 

Genitalia:     Not  observed. 

Distribution:  Northern  United  States  and  Southern  Canada 
west  to  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  south  to  the  Ohio  and  Mis- 
souri Rivers. 

Geological  distribution :     Pleistocene;  Loess. 

Habitat:     In  stations  similar  to  heterostropha  and  gyrina. 

Remarks:  This  species  was  at  first  identified  as  P.  ancil- 
laria  Say,  but  that  species,  while  having  the  same  surface  sculp- 
ture as  sayii,  is  more  inflated,  the  outer  lip  more  spreading  and 
the  body  whorl  more  gibbous,  the  spire  being  always  much 
shorter  and  the  whorls  more  convex.  The  surface  sculpture  is 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY   SURVEY.  311 

very  beautiful  and  precisely  as  described  for gyrina.  This  spe- 
cies has  been  found  in  all  the  regions,  at  Joliet,  Maywood, 
Lake  Calumet  and  Lake  Michigan  near  Oak  street.  Sayii  is 
apparently  closely  related  to  P.  ampullacea  Gould,  a  Pacific 
Coast  species. 

Sayii  appears  like  gyrina  and  some  other  species,  to  be 
dimorphic,  having  a  short-  and  a  long-spiral  form.  Were  it 
not  for  the  closely  connecting  individuals,  the  short-spiral  form 
would  be  worthy  of  varietal  distinction;  see  plate  xxxii,  fig.  13, 
and  plate  xxxiv,  fig.  7,  where  the  short-spired  form  is  figured. 
Sayii  is  an  annuan. 

127.     Physa  gyrina  Say,  pi.  xxxiv,  fig.  4. 

Physa gyrina  SAY,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phi).,  Vol.  II,  p.  171,  1821. 
Physa  striata  MENKE,  Syn.  Meth.,  ed.2,  p.  32,  1830. 
Physa  hildrethiana  LEA,  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  II,  p.  32,  1830. 
Physa  cylindrica  NEWCOMB  in  DE  KAY,  N.  Y.  Moll.,  p.  77,  pi.  v,  fig.  82, 

1843. 

Physa  plicata  DE  KAY,  1.  c.,  p.  78,  pi.  v,  fig.  85,  1843. 
Physa  hawnii  LEA,  Proc.  Phil.  Acad.,  p.  115,  1864. 
Physa  par-va  LEA,  1.  c.,  p.  115,  1864. 


FIG.  109. 
Surface  sculpture  of  PHYSA  GYRINA  Say.    (Original.) 

Shell:  Elongated,  generally  polished,  whorls  five  to  six; 
spire  always  very  long,  as  compared  with  the  last  two  species, 
acute,  the  whorls  in  some  cases  almost  flat,  and  at  best  but 
slightly  convex;  color  varying  between  light  greenish  horn 
and  brick  red;  sculpture  consisting  of  well-marked  growth 
lines,  crossed  by  numerous  fine  impressed  spiral  lines,  giving 
the  shell  a  wrinkled  appearance  (Fig.  109);  these  lines  appear 
at  first  to  be  raised,  but  when  viewed  through  the  microscope 
are  seen  to  be  impressed  between  two  wrinkled  ridges,  as 
shown  in  the  cut;  sutures  scarcely-  impressed,  bordered  by 
a  porcelain-white  line  which  is  rarely  edged  with  chestnut; 
aperture  rather  long,  long-oval  in  form,  much  narrowed  at  the 


312  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF   SCIENCES. 

upper  part,  more  than  a  half  and  less  than  two-thirds  the  length 
the  entire  shell;  peristome  thin,  thickened  on  the  inside  by  a 
callus  which  is  either  bordered  by  a  dark  chestnut  band  or  else 
is  itself  of  that  color;  columella  thickened  with  a  decided 
white  callus  or  plait;  the  lower  part  of  the  aperture  is  produced; 
the  periods  of  winter  hibernation  are  frequently  marked  by  a 
whitish  band  in  the  body  of  the  shell;  protoconch  consisting 
of  a  trifle  more  than  one  smooth,  rounded,  dark  chestnut-col- 
ored whorls. 

Length,  17.00;  width,  9.00;  aperture  length,  11.00;  width,  4.50  mill.  (9331.) 

"       26.00;     "       12.00;         •«           "         14.00;        "      5.50    "  (8493.) 

"       24.00;     "       11.50;         "           "         13.00;        "      5.00    "  (8493.) 

"       19.00;     "       10.00;         "           "         12.00;        "     5.00    "  (8493.) 

"       22.00;   •"       10.00;         "            "         12.50;        "     5.00    "  (8471.) 

Animal:     With  a  long,  rather  narrow  foot,  acutely  pointed 
behind  and  rounded  before,  where  it  is  produced  into  two  lateral 


FIG.  110. 
Animal  of  PHYSA  GYRINA  Say.    (Original.) 

lobes  (vela);  the  foot  does  not  extend  much  beyond  the  edge 
of  the  shell,  color  blackish  or  yellowish  gray,  dotted  or  flecked 
with  whitish  or  yellowish,  the  dots  being  distinctly  seen  through 
the  transparent  shell;  the  front  of  the  head  is  .ornamented 
with  two  yellowish  spots  of  good  size,  composed  of  numerous 
minute  dots;  the  mantle  is  brown,  spotted  with  yellowish,  is 
reflected  over  a  portion  of  the  shell  on  the  right  side  and  pro- 
duced into  4-10  filiform  digitations  arranged  in  two  series 
apical  and  columella;  tentacles  very  long  and  slender,  taper, 
ing  to  a  point;  head  distinct,  separated  from  the  foot  by  a 
short  neck;  mouth  large,  in  the  lower  plane  of  the  head,  show- 
ing plainly  the  jaw  and  radula  while  the  animal  is  grazing 
along  the  side  of  an  aqiiarium;  eyes  placed  on  swellings  at  the 
inner  base  of  the  tentacles;  respiratory  cavity  on  left  side  of 
shell  at  the  lower  .point  where  the  peristome  meets  the  body 
whorl.  Length  of  foot,  15.00  mill.;  width, 4.00  mill.  (Fig.  1 10). 
Jaw:  In  one  piece,  arched,  striated,  provided  with  a  cen- 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  313 

tral  fibrous  projection  from  the  superior  surface;  ends  rounded 
(Fig.  in). 

Radula  formula:  JU+^+if-i-ir+V+¥-  (190-1-190); 
central  tooth  more  or  less  quadrate,  the  lower  outer  corners 
being  very  much  attenuated;  cusp  nine-dentate,  five  denticles 
being  long  and  narrow  and  two  on  each  side  small  and  blunt; 
laterals  in  two  alternate  series,  the  primary  teeth  large,  ob- 
liquely inclined,  comb-like,  five-dentate,  with  a  varying  num- 
ber of  small  denticles  between  the  five  large  cusps.  The  sec- 
ondary teeth  are  long  and  narrow,  with  a  wide,  blunt  cusp. 
These  latter,  as  also  the  central  tooth,  are  very  difficult  to  ob- 
serve (Fig.  in). 

Genitalia:     Not  observed. 

Distribution:  Probably  inhabits  the  whole  of  the  Northern 
and  Central  parts  of  the  United  States  and  Southern  Canada. 

Geological  distribution:     Pleistocene;  Loess. 


FIG. 111. 

Radula  and  jaw  of  PnvSA  GYRINA  Say.  (Original.)  c,  central  tooth 
1,  2,  3,  4,  various  types  of  principal  marginal  teeth;  a,  secondary  teeth; ;  J; 
jaw. 

Habitat:  Found  very  abundantly  in  ponds  and  streams  of 
greater  or  lesser  size,  adhering  to  sticks  or  stones  and  crawl- 
ing over  the  muddy  bottom. 

Remarks:  This  is  a  very  common  and  handsome  species. 
Its  habits  are  active,  moving  with  a  rapid,  steady,  gliding  mo- 
tion. It  is  very  interesting  to  watch  a  number  of  Physce  in  an 
aquarium.  As  they  are  crawling  along  the  bottom  one  will  be 
seen  to  suddenly  rise  to  the  top  of  the  water  and  move  along 
with  the  foot  applied  to  the  surface,  the  shell  hanging  down. 
Again,  they  may  be  seen  descending,  suspended  by  a  thin 
thread  of  mucus.  When  the  animal  rises  suddenly,  the  bran- 
chial cavity  opens  with  a  faint  clicking  sound,  probably  due  to 
the  pressure  of  air  in  the  lung.  Physa  frequently  inhabits 


314  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

water  as  cold  as  the  freezing  point,  and  may  be  observed  in 
winter  gliding  along  the  bottom  of  a  pond  when  the  surface  is 
frozen.  The  eggs  are  deposited  on  stones,  the  under  side  of 
sticks,  etc.,  and  are  composed  of  large,  glairy,  transparent 
masses. 

Several  Physce  kept  in  captivity  laid  four  egg  masses  on 
April  23,  1897.  These  measured  20  by  4  mill.,  and  contained 
from  130  to  200  eggs  (one  membrane  130,  one  160  and  one  200, 
Fig.  112).  On  April  24,  ten  additional  egg  masses  were  laid, 
the  jar  containing  fifteen  individuals.  On  June  3,  in  the  after- 
noon,- the  writer  noticed  a  number  of  young  in  a  jar  containing 
egg  masses  probably  deposited  in  the  latter  part  of  April.  The 
young  were  half  a  mill,  in  length,  vitreous  in  appearance  and 
perfectly  transparent.  They  were  very  lively,  crawling  about 
the  jar  and  eating  voraciously.  The  heart  pulsated  one  hun- 


b 

FIG.  112.       , 

Egg-mass  of  PHYSA  GYRINA  Say.  (Original.)  a,  egg-mass,  showing 
position  of  eggs  in  envelope;  b,  single  egg,  much  enlarged,  showing  posi- 
tion of  rotating  embryo. 

dred  and  twenty  times  per  minute.  On  June  15,  the  young 
had  increased  to  I  mill,  in  length.  Unfortunately,  about  a 
week  later  the  whole  lot  died,  so  no  further  notes  could  be 
taken, 

Physa  gyrina  is  by  far  the  most  common  species  of  the 
genus  (I  might  say  of  any  genus)  found  in  the  area,  and  has 
been  found  in  all  parts  of  the  region.  It  was  at  first  confused 
with  heterostropha,  but'  that  species  has  a  smooth  shell  (see 
above)  and  is  not  found  in  any  numbers  in  the  area;  it  is  very 
probable  \.\\3.\.heterostropha'\s  not  found  west  of  the  Mississippi 
River,  and  the  quotations  of  this  species  from  western  locali- 
ties were  probably  founded  on  gyrina,  sayii,  gabbi,  Integra,  etc. 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  315 

This  species  is  very  variable  in  this  region,  some  forms 
approaching  ampullacea  Gould,  while  others  might  be  taken  for 
gabbi  Tryon  or  virginea  Gould,  so  far  as  form  goes.  It  is  prob- 
able that  some  west  coast  names  will  be  added  to  the  above 
synonymy,  when  more  study  has  been  given  to  this  genus. 
This  species  is  a  triannuan. 

1273.     Physa  gyrina  var.  elliptica  Lea,  pi.  xxxiv,  fig.  5. 

Physa  elliptica  LEA,  Trans.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  V,  p.  115,  pi.  xix,  fig. 

83,  1837. 

Physa  aurea  LEA,  1.  c.,  Vol.  VI,  p.  18,  pj.  xxiii,  fig.  106, 1839. 
Physa  troostiana  LEA,  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  II,  p.  32,  1841. 
Physa  nicklinii  LEA,  Proc,  Phil.  Acad.  Sci.,  p.  114,  1864. 
Physa  altonensis  LEA,  1.  c.,  p.  114,  1864. 
Physafebigerii  LEA,  1.  c.,  p.  114,  1864. 

Physa  oleacea  TRYON,  Amer.  Journ.  Conch.,  Vol.  1 1,  p.  6,  pi.  ii,  fig.  6, 1866. 
Physa  elliptica  minor  CRANDALL,  The  Nautilus,  Vol.  XV,  p.  55, 1901. 

Shell:  Differing  from  typical  gyrina  in  being  more  ellip- 
tical, having  a  shorter,  more  rounded  spire,  and  hence  more 
convex  whorls,  the  spire,  as  described  by  Tryon,  "with  the  out- 
line not  elevated  above  a  continuation  of  the  general  curve 
of  the  body."  The  shell  is  also  more  solid  and  the  outer  lip 
thicker,  with  a  very  heavy,  bluish-white  callus.  The  surface 
sculpture  is  the  same  as  in  gyrina. 

Length,  15.00;  width,  7.50;  aperture  length,  9.50;  width,  3.50  mill.      (8504.) 
11.00;      "       6.00;        "  "        7.00;      "       2.50    "          (8504.) 

12.00;      "       7.50;        "  "        9.00;      "       3.75    "          (8502.) 

Animal,  Jaw,  and  Radula:     As  in  gyrina. 

Distribution:     Evidently  the  same  as  gyrina. 

Geological  distribution:     Pleistocene;  Loess. 

Habitat:     Almost  always  associated  with  gyrina. 

Remarks:  The  typical  form  of  this  variety  seems  at  first 
quite  distinct  from  gyrina,  but  in  a  multitude  of  forms  (the 
writer  has  examined  several  thousand  specimens)  is  seen  to 
fade  imperceptibly  into  gyrina.  From  observations  in  the 
present  area,  gyrina  would  seem  to  be  dimorphic,  consisting  of 
the  typical  gyrina  with  long  spire  and  the^variety  elliptica,  with 
short,  dome-like  spire.  This  belief  is  strengthened  by  the  fact 
that  the  two  forms  are  always  associated  together.  It  is  not 
quite  as  common  as  the  typical  form. 

128.     Physa  Integra  Haldeman,  pi.  xxxiv,  fig.  6. 

Physa  integra  HALDEMAN,  Mon.,  p.  33,  pi.  iv,  figs.  7,  8,  1841. 

Shell:     Oval,  whorls  four  and  one-half  to  five;  spire  short, 


316  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

pointed,  the  whorls  convex;  sutures  well  marked,  sometimes 
bordered  by  a  faint  white  line;  color  varying  from  light  yel- 
lowish horn  to  pale  brown ;  sculpture  as  in  gyri?ia,  the  lines  being 
very  deep  and  the  wrinkled  ridges  very  convex;  protoconch 
consisting  of  one  and  one-half  smooth,  rounded,  wine-colored 
whorls;  aperture  oval,  rather  wide,  produced  at  the  anterior 
end,  about  two-thirds  the  length  of  the  entire  shell;  peristome 
thin,  thickened  within  the  aperture  by  a  heavy  white  or 
yellowish-white  callus,  which  shows  through  the  shell  very 
plainly;  it  is  never  bordered  by  a  color  stripe;  the  callus  of 
two  or  three  former  peristomes  may  always  be  seen  on  the 
body  whorl  and  sometimes  one  or  two  on  the  spire;  columella 
broad,  flat,  white,  a  callus  spreading  over  the  parietal  wall. 

Length,  12.00;  width,  8.00;  aperture  length,  7.50;  width,  3.00  mill.    (12352.) 

10.50;       "      7.50;        "  "         7.50;      "       3.50    "        (12352.) 

"  •      10.00;       "      6.00;        "  "         5.50;      "       3.00    "        (12352.) 

Animal:     Not  differing  essentially  from  gyrina. 

Jaw:     Similar  to  that  of  gyrina. 

Radula:  Similar  in  form  to  that  of  gyrina,  but  differing 
in  having  six  large,  nearly  equal  cusps,  instead  of  five,  in  the 
general  absence  of  small  cusps  between  the  larger  ones,  and 
in  the  reflection  being  wider  than  in  gyrina  or  heterostropha. 
The  radula  of  this  species  is  remarkably  uniform  in  the  form 
of  the  teeth  and  in  the  number  of  the  cusps.  The  central 
tooth  and  secondary  teeth  appeared  to  be  the  same  as  in  the 
species  previously  described. 

Distribution:  Great  Lakes  and  St.  Lawrence  River;  In- 
diana, Illinois,  Tennessee,  Michigan,  and  Wisconsin. 

Geological  distribution :     Pleistocene. 

Habitat:     At  stations  similar  to  gyrina. 

Remarks:  This  species  has  been  generally  confounded 
with  heterostropha,  but  will  at  once  be  separated  from  that  spe- 
cies by  the  spiral  lines;  the  general  form  is  also  different  from 
that  of  any  shell  found  in  this  area,  and  the  white  callus  on  the 
lip  is  peculiar.  It  is  a  common  shell  at  Hickory  Creek,  Lock- 
port  and  Joliet,  and  has  been  found  more  sparingly  at  Calumet 
Grove,  Maywood,  and  Edgewater.  It  is  more  common  than 
sayii,  but  less  so  than  gyrina.  The  specimens  from  Hickory 
Creek  are  quite  typical,  resembling  closely  Haldeman's  figures 
(PI.  4,  Figs.  7,  8)  in  his  monograph  of  fresh-water  Mollusca. 
This  species  is  a  biannuan. 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  317 

GENUS  APLEXA  Fleming,  1828. 

Shell:  Sinistral,  narrow,  elongated,  thin,  polished;  spire 
long;  aperture  narrow,  long;  peristome  acute;  columella  lip 
simple. 

Animal:  With  a  rather  long  foot,  rounded  before  and 
pointed  behind;  mantle  not  reflected  over  the  shell  and  with  a 
simple  edge;  tentacles  long  and  slender,  eyes  at  their  bases; 
genitalia?;  jaw  cartilaginous,  arched,  brown;  radula  with  multi- 
cuspid  central  tooth  and  comb-like  lateral  teeth  resembling 
those  of  Pkysa. 

Distribution:  Europe,  North  America,  Northern  Asia, 
Mediterranean  region,  West  Indies,  Oceanica.* 

129.    Aplexa  hypnorum  Linne,  pi.  xxxii,  fig.  16. 
Bulla  hypnorum  LINNE,  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1185. 
Physa  elongata  SAY,  Journ.  Phil.  Acad.,  Vol.  II,  p.  171,  1821. 
Physaglabra  DE  KAY,  N.  Y.  Moll.,  p.  80,  pi.  V.  fig.  83,  1843. 
Physa  elongatina  LEWIS,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  Vol.  V,   pp.  122, 

298,  1855. 

Physa  turrita  J.  DE  C.  Sows.,  Fauna.  Bor.  Am..  Vol.  Ill,  p.  315. 
Bulinus  tyrant  CURRIER,  Amer.  Journ.  Conch.,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  112,  pi.  vi, 

fig.  2,  1867.    (?) 

Shell:  Very  much  elongated,  thin,  oblong;  color  yellow- 
ish-horn, with  sometimes  a  zigzag,  longitudinal  band  of  bright 
yellow  on  the  last  whorl;  apical  whorls  brownish,  next  black- 
ish and  last  yellowish-horn;  apex  broadly  round;  surface  pol- 
ished, shining,  diaphanous,  growth  lines  numerous,  but  faint; 
whorls  six,  somewhat  regularly  increasing,  flat-sided,  convex; 
spire  long,  acutely  conic;  sutures  but  slightly  impressed,  mar- 
gined; aperture  elongate-ovate,  narrow,  contracted  above, 
somewhat  rounded  below  and  somewhat  expanded,  occupying 
about  half  the  length  of  the  entire  shell;  peristome  thin,  sharp, 
rounded,  no  callosity  on  the  inside;  columella  narrowed  near 
the  base,  simple;  no  umbilicus;  a  view  from  the  base  of  the 
shell  shows  a  perforation  (through  the  aperture)  from  the  base, 
part  way  to  apex. 

Length,  15.00;  width,  6.00;  aperture  length,  8.00;  width,  2.75  mill.    (8507.) 

10.50;        "     4.75;         "  "        5.50;      "      2.25      "       (8506.) 

15.00;        "     7.00;         "  "        7.50;      "      3.50      "     (12314.) 

17.25;        "     8.75;         "  "        8.50;      "      3.50      " 

Animal:     With  a  rather  wide  foot,   rounded    before  and 

pointed  behind;  head  prominent,  separated  from  the  foot  by  a 

*Tryon,  S.  and  S.  Conch.,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  103.' 


318  THE    CHICAGO   ACADEMY   OF    SCIENCES. 

constriction,  and  auriculated;  tentacles  long  and  slender,  taper- 
ing to  a  fine  point,  eyes  placed  on  bulgings  at  their  inner 
bases;  head  and  neck  distinguished  from  foot  by  a  lateral  con- 
striction; color  blackish,  lighter  on  base  and  about  the  eyes 
and  end  of  tentacles;  mantle  margin  simple,  not  reflected  over 
the  shell.  Genital  orifice  on  left  side. 

yaw:  Not  examined  thoroughly,  but  apparently  as  in 
Physa,  and  cartilaginous,  with  no  accessory  plates. 

Radula:  With  a  central  tooth  as  in  Physa  (?)  excepting 
that  it  has  the  cusps  differently  arranged;  teeth  on  either  side 
serrated  (comb-like)  as  in  Physa  (9-10  serrated),  with  a  very 
long,  pedunculated  base  of  attachment,  and  without  interme- 
diate smaller  serrations,  as  in  Physa.  The  writer  counted  78 


FIG.  113. 

Radula  of  APLEXA  HYPNORUM  Linne.    (Original.)    c,  cusp  of  central 
tooth;  L,  lateral  teeth. 

teeth  (39-1-39)  in  a  single  row  and  counted  230  rows  in  a  mem- 
brane which  was  somewhat  broken  on  the  edges.  The  upper 
part  of  the  pedunculated  base  has  a  peculiar  lateral  attachment 
in  the  form  of  a  long,  narrow  projection.  This  membrane  dif- 
fers from  Physa  principally  in  lacking  the  small  cusps  between 
the  longer  ones  and  in  the  absence  of  secondary  teeth.  These 
peculiar  lateral  attachments  maybe  the  secondary  teeth,  but  if 
so  they  are  very  long  and  narrow  (Fig.  113). 

Genitalia:  Not  observed.  Ova  deposited  without  en- 
velope. 

Distribution:     North  America,  Europe,  Asia. 

Geological  distribution:     Pleistocene. 

Habitat:  Found  in  the  smaller  rivers  and  lakes  on  a 
muddy  bottom. 

Remarks:  A  beautiful  species,  easily  known  by  its  long 
and  narrow  shell,  which  is  highly  polished.  It  has  a  strong 
resemblance  to  some  forms  of  Physa,  but  may  always  be  dis- 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  319 

tinguished  by  the  simple  mantle  margin  of  the  animal.  It  is 
found  in  the  three  regions  of  the  area,  but-  is  not  common  ex- 
cept in  a  very  few  localities. 

Superorder  Streptoneura. 

In  this  group  the  nerves  called  the  "visceral  loop,"  being  ad- 
herent to  the  body  wall,  shared  in  the  torsion  of  the  visceral 
hump,  forming  a  figure-of-eight,  the  left  cord  crossing  beneath 
the  right.  (Lankester.) 

ORDER  CTENOBRANCHIATA. 

Animal  breathing  by  a  comb-like  gill-plume  (or  ctenidium) 
which  is  situated  on  the  right  side  of  the  body,  the  left  cten- 
idium having  become  atrophied  by  the  torsion  of  the  visceral 
hump.  The  organs  on  the  right  side  only  are  well  developed. 
Sexes  distinct. 

SUBORDER  STREPTODONTA. 

Lingual  membrane  with  curved  teeth,  generally  broadly 
reflected. 

Superfamily  Taenioglossa.. 

Radula  provided  with  numerous  rows  of  teeth,  with  three 
laterals  on  either  side  of  a  central  tooth  (formula  3-1-3). 

FAMILY  PLEUROCERID^:. 

Shell:  Turreted,  smooth  or  with  rings  and  knobs;  epider- 
mis olivaceous;  aperture  channeled.  Operculum  paucispiral. 

Animal:  With  a  broad,  short  muzzle,  which  is  not  retract- 
ile; foot  short,  wide,  angulated  near  the  anterior  end;  mantle 
margin  not  fringed,  plain;  tentacles  of  medium  size,  cylin- 
drical; eyes  situated  on  short  peduncles  united  to  the  outer 
sides  of  the  tentacles;  lingual  membrane  with  3-1-3  teeth,  of 
which  the  central  is  wider  than  high,  multicuspid,  and  the  lat- 
erals are  long  and  narrow  and  multicuspid.  The  first  lateral 
is  generally  wider  than  the  two  outer  teeth.  The  family  is 
oviparous. 

GENUS  PLEUROCERA  Rafinesque,  1819. 

Shell:  With  a  long  and  conical  spire;  aperture  rather 
small,  the  outer  lip  produced  into  a  canal  about  the  middle; 
columella  without  callosity. 


320  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY   OF    SCIENCES. 

Animal:     See  under  P.  subulare. 

Distribution:  Ohio,  Tennessee,  Alabama,  Illinois,  Indiana, 
etc. 

KEY   TO   SPECIES   OF    PLEUROCERA. 

a.  Last  whorl  rounded  or  subangulated;  whorls  rounded;  aper- 

ture oval , subulare 

b.  Last  whorl  strongly  carinated,  whorls  flat-sided,  often  heav- 

ily spirally  striated;  aperture  triangular elevatum 

130.     Pleurocera  subulare  Lea,  pi.  xxxv,  figs.  1,  2. 

Melania  subularis  LEA,  Trans.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  IV,  p.  100,  pi.  xv, 
fig.  30,  1834. 

Shell:  Smooth,  elevated,  acute,  turreted;  color  pale  brown- 
ish horn,  with  a  yellowish  band  encircling  the  whorls  just  below 
the  suture;  there  is  sometimes  an  indication  of  a  purplish  band 
just  above  the  periphery;  apex  rounded,  smooth,  horn-colored, 
bent  in  toward  the  whorls;  surface  shining,  polished,  lines  of 
growth  oblique,  crowded,  here  and  there  more  elevated  than 
the  average;  sutures  deeply  impressed;  whorls  eleven,  regu- 


FIG. 114. 
Operculum  of  PLEUROCERA  SUBULARE  Lea.    (Original.) 

larly  increasing,  the  upper  seven  carinated  just  above  the  su- 
ture, the  last  four  rounded;  base  of  shell  broadly  conic,  suban- 
gulated; imperforate;  aperture  ovate,  narrowed  above,  white 
or  bluish-white  within,  sometimes  showing  two  spiral,  brownish 
bands,  produced  and  somewhat  canaliculate  below;  peristome 
acute,  sinuous,  rather  thick;  columella  bluish-white,  twisted; 
terminations  of  peristome  and  columella  joined  by  a  thick, 
somewhat  spreading  callus.  Operculum  paucispiral,  chestnut 
brown,  the  nucleus  on  the  lower  margin  of  the  left  side.  The 
lines  of  growth  rather  coarse,  showing  under  a  lens  that  the 
operculum  is  made  up  of  small  plates  or  laminae  (Fig.  114). 
Length,  22.00;  width,  8.00;  aperture  length,  6.50;  width,  4.00  mill.  (9967.) 
21.00;  "  7.00;  "  "  7.00;  "  3.50  "  (9967.) 

24.00;       "      8.00;         "  "       7.00;       "       4.00      "       (9967.) 

18.00;       "      7.50;         "  "       7.00;       "       4.00      "       (9967.) 

20.50;       "      7.50;         "  "       7.00;       "       4.25      "       (9967.) 

Animal:     With  a  wide,  short,  thick  foot,  truncated  before 
and  rounded  behind;  color  blackish  above,  yellowish  under- 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  321 

neath;  there  is  a  black  patch  on  the  top  of  the  rostrum  and 
about  the  eyes,  and  the  sides  of  the  foot  and  body  are  dark, 
mottled  with  light  yellow;  there  is  also  a  yellow  band  from 
the  back  of  the  eyes  to  the  shell;  mantle  dark  or  blackish. 
Operculigerous  lobe  conspicuous;  head  prominent,  with  large, 
somewhat  elongated  rostrum,  subconical  in  form,  which  pro- 
jects far  in  advance  of  the  foot,  particularly  when  the  animal 
is  in  motion;  on  the  upper  surface  it  is  spirally  wrinkled  when 
the  animal  is  at  rest,  but  is  almost  smooth  when  the  animal  is 
in  motion;  the  mouth  is  placed  at  the  tip  of  the  rostrum,  which 
is  disk-like,  and  is  represented  by  a  long,  longitudinal  slit, 
which  makes  the  snout-end  look  like  a  double  disk;  the  radula 
may  be  plainly  seen  in  the  mouth  when  the  animal  is  feeding; 
tentacles  of  medium  length,  somewhat  tapering;  eyes  black, 
placed  on  prominences  at  the  outer  bases  of  the  tentacles. 
Mantle  simple,  folded  on  the  right  side  to  form  the  respiratory 
cavity.  Generative  duct  on  right  side,  opening  at  the  junction 
of  back  with  mantle,  the  duct  is  composed  of  two  laminae 
placed  close  together;  anus  placed  above  the  generative  duct. 
The  gills  (branchiae)  are  two  in  number,  placed,  as  usual,  upon 
the  under  side  of  the  mantle,  and  are  composed  of  a  primary 
(comb-like)  and  secondary  (feather-like)  gill;  the  former  being 
very  long  and  gradually  narrows  toward  the  posterior  end,  and 
the  latter  very  simple  and  running  parallel  with  the  primary 
gill,  and  composed  of  a  midrib,  with  bare  indications  of  the 
"feathers."  In  one  specimen  the  foot  measured  6.00  mill,  in 
length  and  3.50  mill,  in  width.* 

Jaw:  Elongately  ovate,  the  surface  covered  with  numer- 
ous small,  rounded  or  polygonal  scales. 

Radula  formula:  TV  +  i+i+^+t+t+Ar  (3->— 3):  cen- 
tral tooth  with  a  low,  wide  base  of  attachment,  the  reflected 
portion  seven-dentate,  the  central  cusp  very  large,  side  cusps 
very  much  smaller;  intermediate  tooth  almost  square,  five- 
dentate,  the  inner  cusp  small,  the  next  cusp  very  large  and  the 
three  outer  side  cusps  small;  lateral  teeth  more  or  less  sole- 
shaped,  longer  than  wide,  the  first  eight-  and  the  last  ten-den- 
tate; the  outermost  lateral  flares  a  little  at  the  upper  part.  In 
one  membrane  the  writer  counted  43  rows  of  teeth.  The  teeth 
are  in  all  respects  like  those  of  P.  elevatum. 

Genitalia:     Not  examined  thoroughly.     The  sexes  are  dis- 

*The  writer  has  been  very  materially  assisted  in  making  the  anatomical  examinations 
of  this  group  by  an  article  by  Dr.  William  Stimpson,  in  Amer.  Journ.  Sci.  and  Arts,  2nd 
series.  VoL  XXXVIII,  p.  41,  1864. 


322  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

tinct,  but  there  is  a  total  absence  of  copulatory  organ  in  the 
male.  In  the  present  species  there  is  a  peculiar  sinus  in  the 
female,  on  the  right  side  of  the  foot,  between  the  operculiger- 
ous  lobe  and  tentacle;  the  male  is  without  this  sinus.  The 
only  way  to  be  absolutely  sure  of  the  sexes  is  to  crush  the 
body  and  examine  with  a  microscope,  when,  if  a  male,  sperma- 
tozoa will  be  found,  and,  if  a  female,  ova  will  be  found. 

Distribution:  New  York  to  Great  Lakes,  south  to  Ohio 
River  drainage. 

Geological  distribution :     Pleistocene. 

Habitat:  Found  generally  on  a  sandy  or  rocky  bottom  in 
shallow  water,  where  there  is  little  or  no  current. 

Remarks:  This  species  is  subject  to  no  little  variation  in 
its  obesity  and  ornamentation;  the  typical  form  is  almost 
smooth  but  the  variety  intensum  is  more  strongly  keeled  on  the 
periphery  and  has  several  additional  spiral  lines.  It  is  sepa- 
rated from  P.  elevatum  by  its  more  rounded  whorls,  particularly 
the  last,  and  by  its  aperture,  which  is  oval  instead  of  triangu- 
lar. The  animal  is  slow  and  very  sluggish  in  movement,  and 
in  an  aquarium  spends  most  of  the  time  on  the  bottom  of  the 
tank,  with  its  body  half  protruding  from  its  shell  and  with  its 
rostrum  and  tentacles  slowly  moving  about.  The  species 
seems  to  be  confined  to  the  southern  region  and  has  thus  far 
been  found  only  in  Wolf  Lake. 

1303.     Pleurocera  subulare  intensum  Anthony,  pi.  xxxv,  fig.  3. 
Melania  intensum  ANTHONY,  REEVE,  Monog.  sp.  371. 

Shell:  Differing  from  the  typical  form  in  being  of  a  much 
darker  greenish-horn  color,  and  in  having  the  carina  above  the 
suture  extending  in  a  more  prominent  manner  to  the  base  of 
the  last  whorl.  There  are  also  seven  subobsolete  spiral  lines, 
especially  on  the  base,  which  are  not  developed  in  subulare. 
Length,  24.00;  width,  8.00;  aperture  length,  7.00;  width,  4.50  mill.  (8735.) 

Animal,  Dentition,  etc.:     As  in  subulare. 

Distribution  and  Habitat:     As  in  subulare.  (?) 

Remarks:  The  variety  does  not  seem  to  be  as  common  as 
the  typical  form  and  has  been  found  only  in  the  Desplaines 
River.  It  approaches  elevatum  in  form,  particularly  when  there 
is  a  decided  keel  on  the  periphery. 

131.    Pleurocera  elevatum  Say,  pi.  xxxv,  fig.  4. 

Melania  elevata  SAY,  Journ.  Phil.  Acad.,  Vol.  II,  p.  176,  1821. 
Melania  tracta  ANTHONY,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  361, 
1850. 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY   SURVEY.  323 

Melania  elongata  LEA,  Trans.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  IV,  p.  121,  pi.  xv, 
fig.  29,  1834. 

Shell:  Elevated,  acute,  turreted  on  the  upper  whorls; 
color  yellowish-horn,  olivaceous  or  greenish-horn,  encircled  by 
a  yellow  band  just  below  the  suture,  and  with  two  purplish 
bands  encircling  the  whorls  just  above  and  below  a  line  drawn 
about  the  center  of  the  whorl;  apex  sharp;  surface  shining  and 
polished,  encircled  by  from  three  to  five  fine  spiral  raised  lines, 
of  which  the  lower  one  is  the  larger,  situated  just  above  the 
suture,  giving  the  shell  a  carinated  aspect;  this  carina  is  espe- 
cially noted  at  the  periphery;  the  base  of  the  shell  is  encircled 
by  five  spiral  ridges  of  greater  or  lesser  prominence;  lines 
of  growth  numerous,  crowded,  oblique,  giving  the  surface  a 
wrinkled  aspect;  sutures  impressed;  whorls  ten  to  eleven,  flat 
sided,  regularly  increasing,  the  upper  ones  doubly  carinated 
and  the  lower  ones  with  a  single  carina,  although"  in  some  .ex- 
amples the  carina  almost  disappears  on  the  lower  whorls;  spire 
very  long,  long-conic;  base  of  shell  broadly  conic,  angulated, 
imperforate;  aperture  obliquely  triangulate,  produced  at  the 
lower  part  into  a  short  spout;  yellowish-horn  within,  with  a 
broad,  reddish-brown  band  encircling  the  base  near  the  col- 
umella  and  descending  the  spout-like  projection  in  the  lower 
part  of  the  aperture,  with  another  band  near  the  center;  peri- 
stome  thin,  sharp,  simple,  sinuous;  columella  thickened  by  a 
heavy  white  callus  which  is  reflected  over  the  columellar  region 
and  columellar  lip.  Operculum  similar  to  that  of  subulare. 

Length,  21.00;  width,    8.00;  aperture  length,  8.00;  width,  4.00  mill.  (8743.) 

22.00;       "        8.50;          "  "         7.50;       "     4.00     "  (8740.) 

31.00;       "      12.00;          "  "         8.00;       "     4.00     "  (8743.) 

39.00;       "      12.00;          "  "  10.00;       "     5.50     "  (9963.) 

24.50;       "        9.50;          "  "         9.50;       "     4.50     "  (9966.) 

Animal:  Similar  in  general  form  to  subulare ;  color  yel- 
lowish, streaked  with  black  on  top  of  rostrum  and  foot;  the 
rostrum  is  rather  long  and  much  roughened  by  spiral  ridges; 
foot  wide,  short  and  whitish  beneath;  eyes  placed  on  swellings 
on  the  upper  surface  of  the  base  of  the  tentacles.  The  speci- 
mens examined  were  mostly  females,  with  the  lateral  sinus 
very  prominent. 

Jaw:     As  in  subulare. 

Radula  formula :  ^  +  TI¥  +  \  +  *-!-*  +  l+yiir+iV  (3~ ' 
— 3);  teeth  generally  as  '^subulare;  the  intermediate  tooth  has 
five  outer  cusps  instead  of  three,  as  in  subulare;  the  inner  lat- 


324 


THE    CHICAGO   ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 


eral  has  seven  to  nine  cusps,  all  large,' and  the  outer  lateral  has 
eleven  small  cusps.  All  the  teeth  seemed  to  have  well  devel- 
oped cutting  points  (Fig.  115,  Mus.  no.  12770). 

Genitalia:  Not  examined,  but  external  appearance  as  in 
subulare. 

Distribution:  Lake  Michigan,  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Ken- 
tucky, Tennessee. 

Geological  distribution :     Pleistocene;  Loess. 

Habitat:  Found  in  rivers  and  ponds,  in  more  or  less  clear 
water,  on  a  sandy  bottom.  Does  not  like  a  muddy  habitat. 

Remarks:  This  species  is  distinguished  from  subulare  by 
its  very  pronounced  peripheral  carina  and  flat-sided  whorls.  It 


n 


FIG.  115. 

Radula  of   PLEUROCERA    ELEVATUM    Say. 
tooth;  1,  intermediate  tooth;  2,  3,  lateral  teeth. 


(Original.)      C,  central 


also  attains  a  much  larger  size.     When  browsing  on  the  glass 
side  of  an  aquarium,  elevatum  thrusts  out  its  rostrum  to  its  full- 
est length,  the  tentacles  are  drooped  and  it  slowly  proceeds 
in  this  manner,  the  radula  being  plainly  seen  in  action  at  the 
end  of  the  rostrum.     This  species  does  not  seem  to  be  as  com- 
mon in  individuals  as  subulare.     It  has  been  found  fossil  in  a 
cellar  on  the  corner  of  Sheffield  and  Lincoln  avenues. 
1313.     Pleurocera  elevatum  lewisii  Lea,  pi.  xxxv,  figs.  5-6. 
Trypanostoma  Lewisii  LEA,  Proc.  Phil.  Acad.,  p.  172,  1862. 

Shell:  Differing  from  the  typical  form  in  being  strongly 
striate,  the  striae  being  raised  into  heavy  ridges.  The  form  is 
also  heavily  banded  with  brown,  and  the  satures  are  strongly 
impressed. 

Length,  27.50;  width,  10.00;  aperture  length,  8.00;  width,  5.00  mill.  (8745.) 

27.00;  "          9.00;       "              "        8.00;       "      4.50      "  (8745.) 

39.00;  "        15.00;        "              "      12.50;      "      7.50      "  (12312.) 

27.00;  "        13.00;        "              "      11.00;       "       6.00    '"  (12312.) 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY   SURVEY.  325 

Animal,  Radula,  etc.:    As  in  the  typical  form. 

Distribution:     As  in  the  type. 

Remarks:  This.variety  does  not  seem  to  be  as  common  as 
the  typical  form.  It  is  connected  with  elevatum  by  almost  im- 
perceptible degrees,  and  is  simply  a  striate  form,  but  is  worthy 
of  varietal  distinction.  It  is  found  in  the  southern  and  western 
regions.  , 

GENUS  GONIOBASIS  Lea,  1862. 

Elimia*  H.  &  A.  ADAMS,  Genera,  Vol.  I,  p.  300,  1854. 
Goniobasis  LEA,  Proc.  Phil.  Acad.  Sci.,  p.  262,  1862. 

Shell:  Generally  elongated,  spire  long  and  more  or  less 
pointed;  aperture  produced  in  front,  but  not  canaliculate  or 
notched. 

Animal:  Resembling  that^of  Pleurocera;  jaw  and  radula 
same  as  in  the  last  genus. 

Distribution:     Entire  United  States. 

132.     Goniobasis  livescens  Menke,  pi.  xxxv,  fig.  7. 
Melania  livescens  MENKE,  Syn.  Meth.,  p.  135,  1830. 
Melania  niagarensis  LEA,  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  II,  p.  12, 1841. 
Melania  napella  ANTHONY,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  362,  1850. 
Melania  cuspidata  ANTHONY,  1.  c.,  p.  362,  1850. 
Melania  correcta  BROT.,  List,  p.  39. 
Goniobasis  milesti  LEA,  Proc.  Phil.  Acad.,  p.  154,  1863. 
Goniobasis  translucens  ANTHONY,  Amer.  Journ.  Conch.,  Vol.  I,  p.  36, 
pi.  i,  figs.  1,  2,  1865. 

Shell:  Varying  from  elongate  to  ovate,  acuminate,  fre- 
quently turreted  on  the  upper  whorls;  color  varying  from  blu- 
ish flesh  to  light  corneous,  sometimes  greenish,  and  frequently 
with  two  dark  brown  bands;  apex  sharp,  rounded,  turned  down- 
wards; surface  shining,  with  no  spiral  lines  save  a  carina  which 
encircles  the  center  of  all  the  whorls  |but  the  last  two,  and  is 
obsolete  in  the  more  bulbous  forms;  lines  of  growth  oblique, 
wrinkled,  crowded;  satures  well  impressed;  whorls  seven  to 
nine,  more  or  less  rounded,  regularly  and  rapidly  increasing  in 
size,  the  upper  whorls  carinated;  spire  elevated,  either  sharp- 
conic  or  obtuse-conic;  aperture  large,  ovate  or  subrhomboidal, 
produced  at  the  lower  part,  brownish-purple  to  purple  inside; 
peristome  sharp,  thin  on  the  edge,  but  thickened  by  a  callosity 
within  the  outer  lip,  more  or  less  sinuate;  columella  thick,  solid, 

*In  the  first  pages  of  this  work  the  writer  used  Elimia  for  this  well-known  group  of  mol- 
lusks,  following  Mr.  Pilsbry's  suggestion  (Proc.  Phil.  Acad.,  p.  496;  1896);  after  these  pages 
were  in  print  Mr.  Pilsbry.  in  a  letter,  again  suggested  that  it  was  very  probable  that  Elimia 
would  not  stand  after  all,  being  but  a  heterogeneous  assembly  of  different  forms,  in  the 
presence  of  Lea's  excellent  and  well-characterized  diagnosis. 


326  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

tinged  with  blue  or  purple,  and  reflected  over  the  columellar 
region  and  columellar  lip;  last  whorl  usually  very  convex,  in- 
clined to  bulbous.  Operculum  not  essentially  different  from 
that  of  Pleurocera. 

Length,  16.50;  width,  7.00:  aperture  length,  6.50;  width,  3.50  mill.  (8748.) 

18.00;  "  7.50;  "  "  7.00;  "  4.00  "  (8748.) 

12.00;  "  6.00;  "  "  6.00;  "  3.00  "  (8748.) 

11.00;  "  6.00;  "  "  6.00;  "  3.50  "  (8748.) 

13.00;  "  6.00;  "  "  5.50;  "  3.00  "  (8748.) 

15.50;  "  7.00;  "  "  7.00;  "  4.00  "  (8746.) 

20.00;  "  9.50;  "  "  9.00;  "  5.00  "  (12369.) 

Animal:  Similar  to  Pleurocera  in  form;  color  bluish- white 
on  base  of  foot  and  sides;  body  yellowish,  darker  in  places; 
rostrum  blackish  on  middle  portion,  yellowish  at  the  tip;  neck 
yellowish;  the  rostrum  is  not  as  heavy  as  in  the  last  genus. 
There  seems  to  be  little  generic  difference  between  the  animals 
of  these  two  genera. 

Jaw:     Like  that  of  Pleurocera, 

Radula formula:-  TV  +  i  +  i  +  i+i  +  |  +  rV  (3-1-3);  the 
teeth  are  similar  to  those  of  Pleurocera  subulare,  excepting  that 
the  central  tooth  has  four  small  cusps  on  each  side  of  the  cen- 
tral cusp;  the  cusps  are  a  little  rounder  in  the  present  species 
than  in  the  one  mentioned. 

Genitalia:     Not  observed. 

Distribution:  New  York  to  Great  Lakes,  south  to  Ohio 
River  drainage. 

Geological  distribiition :     Pleistocene;  Loess. 

Habitat:  Found  rather  plentifully  on  a  muddy  (some- 
times sandy)  bottom,  in  water  from  two  to  tenor  more  feet  in 
depth.  Prefers  a  bottom  with  water  weeds. 

Remarks:  A  very  distant  species,  at  once  known  by  its 
bulbous  form,  convex  outer  lip  and  bluish  or  purplish  aperture 
and  columella.  The  spire  is  very  broadly  conic.  G.  milesii  is 
simply  a  smooth,  extra  bulbous  form  of  livescens,  not  entitled 
to  even  varietal  rank.  There  is  considerable  variation  in  the 
carination  of  the  upper  whorls,  but  all  of  these  different  forms 
may  be  connected  with  the  type  by  a  series  of  specimens.  The 
individuals  from  Lake  Michigan  are  always  heavier  and  more 
solid  than  those  from  the  smaller  lakes  and  rivers. 

The  animal  moves  slowly,  pushing  its  foot  forward  a  short 
distance  and  then  drawing  the  shell  after  it.  This  is  particu- 
larly noticeable  when  crawling  up  the  side  of  a  glass  jar. 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  327 

While  moving  about,  the  rostrum  is  kept  constantly  in  motion, 
as  well  as  the  long,  filiform  tentacles,  and  the  lingual  apparatus 
may  be  distinctly  seen,  as  in  Limncea,  the  mouth  being  a  long, 
vertical  slit  in  the  end  of  the  rostrum.  The  animal  frequently 
comes  to  the  top  of  the  water  and,  pushing  its  rostrum  above 
the  surface,  will  remain  in  this  way  for  hours. 

Livescens  has  been  found  in  a  fossil  state  on  Balmoral 
avenue,  north  of  Bowmanville,  on  the  corner  of  Sheffield  and 
Lincoln  avenues,  and  in  sand  banks  on  the  lake  shore,  north 
of  Graceland  avenue. 

1323.     Goniobasis  livescens  depygis  Say,  pi.  xxxv,  fig.  8. 
Melania  depygis  SAY,  New  Harm.  Dissem.,  p.  291. 
Melania  occulta  ANTHONY,  Proc.  Phil.  Acad.,  p.  5,  1860. 

Shell:  Differing  from  typical  livescens  in  being  narrower, 
the  two  color  bands  brighter  and  more  conspicuous  and  the 
columella  not  tinged  with  purple. 

Length.  Width.  Aperture  Length.  Width. 

23.00  8.50  9.00  4.50  mill.  (coll.  Ferriss.) 

17.25  7.75  8.00  4.50     "    (coll.  Ferriss.) 

Animal,  Jaw  and  Dentition:     As  in  livescens. 

Genitalia:     Not  observed. 

Distribution:     Same  as  livescens. 

Geological  distribution :     Pleistocene;  Loess. 

Habitat:     Same  as  livescens. 

Remarks:  After  the  examination  of  several  thousand 
specimens  from  Northern  Illinois,  and  after  consulting  with 
several  conchologists,  it  seems  imperative  that  depygis  must 
become  a  variety  of  livescens,  and  it  is  an  open  question  if  it 
is  entitled  to  even  varietal  rank.  The  writer  has  before  him  a 
set  of  Goniobasis  in  which  there  is  a  perfect  gradation  from  the 
heavy,  swollen  livescens,  with  dark  shell  and  purple  tinged  col- 
umella, to  the  most  graceful  depygis,  with  light  shell  and  dark 
spiral  bands,  and  white  columella.  The  variety  has  been  found 
only  at  Hickory  Creek. 

FAMILY  AMNICOLID^:. 

"Tentacles  elongated,  with  eyes  at  their  outer  bases.  Oper- 
culum  subspiral  or  concentric.  Shell  small,  globular  or  elon- 
gated, spiral.  Aperture  broadly  oval,  lip  continuous.  Gener- 
ally umbilicated."* 

*Tryon,  continuation  of  Haldeman's  monograph,  No.  I,  p.  8. 


328  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

"Lingual  teeth  3-1-3;  the  rows  being  more  transverse  and 
less  arcuated  than  in  the  Litlorinidce.  Rhachidian  tooth  broader 
than  long, and  armed  with  basal  denticles(so-called  by  Troschel) 
on  each  side,  which  may  be  either  qn  the  basal  margin,  or  on 
the  anterior  surface  of  the  tooth  above  the  base;  cusp  recurved 
and  denticulated.  Intermediate  tooth  more  or  less  hatchet- 
shaped,  having  a  handle-like  process  (peduncle)  projecting  out- 
wardly from  the  base  of  the  broad  body  which  is  denticulated 
at  the  upper  margin.  Lateral  teeth  generally  slender  and 
armed  with  numerous  minute  denticles  at  their  superior  mar- 
gins. Verge  (male  organ)  exserted,  situated  on  the  back  at  a 
considerable  distance  behind  the  right  tentacle.  Gills  both 
pallial;  the  right  or  principal  one  usuallyrather  short  and  broad, 
and  composed  of  few  laminae,  which  are  much  broader  than 
high.  Foot  oblong,  truncate  before,  rounded  or  pointed  be- 
hind. Operculigerous  lobe  well  developed."  (Stimpson.)* 
"Inhabits  fresh  water  in  all  parts  of  the  world."  (Tryon.) 

Subfamily  Bythiniinas. 

"Shell  small,  conical;  peristome  simple  or  thickened. 
Operculum  calcareous  or  concentric.  Fresh  water."  (Tryon.)f 

GENUS  BYTHINIA  Gray. 

"Shell:  Oval,  turbinated,  thin,  invested  with  a  thin  epi- 
dermis, peritreme  continuous  "  (Tryon.) 

133-     Bythinia  tentaculata  Linne,  pi.  xxx,  fig.  34. 

Turbo  tentaculata  LINNE,  Syst.  Nat.  Ed.  XII,  p.  1249. 

Shell:  Globose,  rather  thick,  transparent  to  opaque;  color 
ranging  from  yellowish  to  greenish,  sometimes  brownish;  sur- 
face shining,  smooth,  lines  of  growth  very  fine;  sutures  very 
deeply  impressed;  whorls  five,  convex,  the  last  rapidly  en- 
larging and  equaling  all  the  others  combined;  spire  elevated, 
broadly  conic;  apex  small,  round,  reddish-brown;  aperture 
broadly  rounded-ovate,  narrowed  above;  peristome  thin, 
rounded,  simple,  continuous,  thickened  a  little  on  the  inside, 
bordered  all  around  with  yellowish;  base  of  shell  rounded, 
imperforate. 

Length,    9.50;  width,  6.00j  aperture  length,  4.50;  width,  S.00jnill.    (10663.) 
11.00;        "      6.50;         "  "       4.50;       "      3.50"  "       (13517.) 

9.00;        "      6.00;          "  "       4.50;       "      3.50    "       (13517.) 

*Binney's  Land  and  Fresh  Water  Shells  N.  A.,  part  III,  p.  65. 
t  S.  and  S.  Conch..  Vol.  II,  p.  260. 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY   SURVEY.  329 

Animal:  Color  yellowish-white  on  foot  and  body;  head 
and  rostrum  black  with  several  yellow  or  golden-yellow  spots, 
the  tip  of  the  rostrum  yellowish-white.  Rostrum  rather  large, 
rounded.  Tentacles  long  and  filiform,  the  black  eyes  placed 
on  swellings  at  their  lower  outer  base.  The  body  appears 
speckled  with  black  and  yellowish-white  through  the  shell. 
Foot  wide,  rather  short,  slightly  auriculated  before,  whitish  on 


FIG.  116. 
Operculum  of  BYTHINIA  TENTACULATA  Linnet   (Original.)    Enlarged. 

edge  with  a  yellowish  part  near  the  center  and  toward  the  an- 
terior end.  Cervical  lobes  (lappets)  round,  wide,  short,  rather 
fully  extended.  Verge  rather  large,  placed  as  usual  in  the 
family.  Operculum  placed  toward  the  posterior  part  of  the 
foot,  calcareous  within,  concentric;  the  rings  of  growth  stand 
up  in  the  form  of  ridges  or  scales,  and  their  arrangement  is 
quite  regular  (Fig.  1 16).  The  foot  measures  6.50  mill,  in  length 
and  4.00  mill;  in  width. 

Radula  formula:  ^  +  ^  +  ^  +  ^  +  1.  +  ^+^  (3- i -3); 
central  tooth  wider  than  high,  ends  produced  and  rounded, 
lower  edge  concave  and  with  a  rounded  process  extending 
from  its  center;  lateral  lobes  armed  with  six  to  seven  denticles 


FIG.  117. 

Radula  of   BYTHINIA   TENTACULATA   Linne.     (Original.)    C.  central 
tooth;  1,  intermediate  tooth;  2,  3,  lateral  teeth. 

which  are  rather  long  and  roundly  pointed,  the  denticulate 
portion  extending  from  just  beneath  the  reflection  to  the  end 
of  the  lobes;  reflection  wide  and  low,  seven-cuspid,  the  center 
cusp  large  and  roundly  pointed  and  the  lateral  cusps  sharply 
triangular;  intermediate  tooth  squarish,  the  lower  outer  corner 
produced;  reflection  wide  and  low,  seven-cuspid,  the  third  cusp 


330  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

from  the  left  very  large  and  roundly  triangular,  the  side  cusps, 
two  on  the  left  and  four  on  the  right,  sharply  triangular;  lateral 
teeth  long  and  narrow,  the  lower  ends  rounded,  the  reflections 
very  wide  and  low,  the  first  twelve-cuspid  and  the  second  six- 
teen-cuspid  (Fig.  117). 

Distribution:  Europe  and  America  (the  latter  introduced), 
New  York,  Ohio,  Illinois,  Michigan,  Wisconsin. 

Geological  distribution :     Pleistocene. 

Habitat:  In  the  larger  lakes,  on  a  sandy  or  muddy  bottom, 
and  attached  to  sticks,  stones,  and  other  submerged  objects. 

Remarks:  This  is  the  largest  species  of  Amnicolidce  found 
in  this  region.  It  may  be  easily  distinguished  by  the  size  of 
the  last  whorl,  which  more  than  equals  in  length  that  of  all 
the  rest.  The  species  was  introduced  into  this  country  many 
years  ago  and  is  now  found  from  Vermont  and  New  York  to 
Wisconsin.  It  is  particularly  abundant  in  Lake  Michigan. 
While  in  motion  the  animal  of  Bythinia  is  rather  slow,  the  ten- 
tacles move  about  nervously  and  the  rostrum  is  thrust  out  to 
its  fullest  extent.  Thus  far  it  has  been  collected  only  in  Lake 
Michigan. 

Recently  the  Lake  View  water  supply  has  been  seriously 
threatened  by  the  presence  of  this  snail.  The  small  service 
pipes  became  choked  and  in  many  private  houses  a  tumbler- 
ful of  these  animals  was  taken  from  the  faucet.  Investigation 
at  the  Lake  View  crib  showed  that  the  screens  were  provided 
-with  such  a  large  mesh  that  the  eggs  gained  access  to  the  main 
tunnel  and  there  developed,  the  force  of  the  water  drawing 
them  farther  and  farther  into  the  tunnel  until  they  finally  ap- 
peared in  the  service  pipes.  Besides  this  species,  Pleurocera 
elevatum  and  Goniobasis  livescens  were  found  about  the  crib, 
but  none  on  the  inside.  These  were  collected  in  August,  1898. 

Subfamily  Hydrobiinae. 

v  Shell:  Small,  elongated  or  globose,  umbilicated  or  rimate; 
aperture  rounded  or  ovate;  peristome  continuous;  operculum 
paucispiral,  corneous  (Tryon),  without  internal  process.  Foot 
without  lateral  sinuses.  (Stimpson.) 

GENUS  AMNICOLA  Gould  and  Haldeman. 

Shell:  Small,  thin,  smooth,  globose,  umbilicated;  spire 
broadly  conic;  aperture  broadly  ovate;  outer  lip  thin;  opercu- 
lum subspiral,  corneous. 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY   SURVEY.  331 

Animal:  With  a  short,  broad  foot  which  is  broadly 
rounded  behind;  rostrum  short;  tentacles  cylindrical,  blunt  at 
their  tips;  verge  short,  bifid,  with  a  globular  base;  jaw  present; 
lingual  dentition  of  A.  porata;  rhachidian  tooth  very  short  and 
broad,  with  a  tongue-shaped  process  from  the  middle  of  the 
anterior  surface,  reaching  beyond  the  base;  intermediate  tooth 
with  a  short,  broad  body  having  a  strongly  projecting  infero- 
interior  angle,  and  a  very  long  peduncle;  formula  of  denticles: 
rhachidian,  Tl¥;  intermediate,  five;  first  lateral  eighteen;  sec- 
ond lateral  thirty.  (Stimpson.)* 

"Ova-capsules  semilenticular  in  form,  with  a  lamniform 
limb.  Each  contains  but  one  egg."  (Stimpson.)* 

Distribution:     North  America. 

KEY   TO   SPECIES   OF   AMNICOLA. 

A.  Shell  5  mill,  or  over  in  length,  whorls  swollen,  spire  some- 

what elongated cincinnatiensis 

B.  Shell  4  mill,  or  less  in  length. 

a.  Shell  swollen,  diameter  and  length  about  equal limosa 

b.  Shell  narrow,  diameter  about  half  of  length. 

1.  Spire  obtuse,  whorls  four emarginata 

2.  Spire  pointed,  whorls  five lustrica 

134.     Amnicola  limosa  Say,  pi.  xxx,  fig.  35. 

Paludina  limosa  SAY,  Journ.  Phil.  Acad.,  Vol.  I,  p.  125, 1817. 

Amnicola  schrokingeri  FRAUENFELD,  Pric.  Zool.  Bot.  Gesell,  Vienna. 

Amnicola  ferruginea  CALKINS,  Valley  Naturalist,  Vol.  II,  No.  I,  p.  6, 

1880. 

Shell:  Conic,  bulbous,  subimperforate,  nearly  as  broad  as 
high;  color  light  or  dark  brown,  without  bands  of  color;  sur- 
face shining  (except  when  covered  by  deposit  of  foreign  mat- 
ter, as  is  frequently  the  case),  lines  of  growth  numerous,  fine, 
wrinkled,  crowded;  sutures  well  impressed;  whorls  four  to  five, 
more  or  less  inflated,  regularly  increasing;  spire  obtusely  conic, 
swollen;  aperture  orbicularly  ovate,  rounded  above  and  below, 
dark  horn-color  within;  peristome  sharp,  simple,  a  little  thick- 
ened on  the  inside,  almost  continuous;  columella  lip  covered 
with  a  thin  callus;  base  of  shell  rounded,  subumbilicate. 

Length,  5.00;   width,  3.25;  aperture  length,  2.10;  width,  1.50  mill.     (10498.) 
5.00;      "        4.00;        "  "         2.60;      "        2.10     " 

5.00;      "       4.00;        "  "         2.80;      "        2.10     "       (13052.) 

Animal:  White  and  transparent,  brownish  on  the  head; 
foot  short,  rather  wide,  about  two  and  one-half  times  as  long  as 
broad,  auriculated  before,  rounded  behind  and  constricted  in 


*Binney,  I.  c.,p.  80-81. 


332  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

the  center;  operculigerous  lobe  oval,  broader  than  the  foot; 
operculum  horny,  thin,  subspiral,  striated  spirally  and  longi- 
tudinally, except  on  the  older  part  which  is  striate  spirally 
(Fig.  118,  i);  rostrum  short,  broad,  emarginate  in  the  middle; 
tentacles  long  and  slender,  cylindrical,  blunt;  eyes  placed  at 
the  inner  base  of  the  tentacles,  in  front  of  a  prominent  tuber- 
cle; mantle  simple  on  the  edge;  verge  placed  on  the  right  side 
of  the  back,  behind  the  right  tentacle,  bifid,  one  part  being 
short,  thick  and  truncated  at  the  extremity,  and  the  other  long, 


FIG.  118. 

AMNICOLA  LIMOSA  Say.      (1,  Binney,  Fig.  159;  2,  3,  Stimpson,  Fig.  7.) 
1,  operculum;  2,  3,  egg-capsule,  dorsal  and  side  views.     (Enlarged.) 

pointed,  and  partly  coiled  about  the  first,  generative  organ  in 
the  female  generally  found  "at  the  junction  of  the  body  with 
the  mantle,  a  short  distance  within  the  margin  of  the  latter"* 
(Fig.  119). 

"The  ova  are  deposited,  in  this  latitude,  during  the  months 
of  April  and  May.  The  ova-capsule  is  thin,  corneous,  of  a 
semilenticular  shape,  and  attached  by  the  cut  face  of  the  lens, 
which  forms  the  base.  The  free  limb  is  margined  with  a  broad, 


A 

FIG.  119. 

Animal   of   AMNICOLA  LIMOSA  Say.     Enlarged.    (Stimpson,   Figs.   1 
and  2.)     1,  dorsal  view;  2,  ventral  view. 

thin  lamina  of  the  same  delicate,  horny  texture  as  the  envel- 
ope of  the  capsule  itself.  In  size  these  ova-capsules  are  a 
little  larger  than  the  head  of  the  animal.  They  are  deposited 
singly  and  each  contains  but  a  single  egg,  which  floats  freely 

*The  writer  must  acknowledge  his  indebtedness  to  the  splendid  work  of  Dr.  William 
Stimpson  (Researches  upon  the  Hydrobiinae,  etc.),  from  whose  pages  much  information  has- 
been  gleaned.  (See  pp.  13-16). 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  333 

about  in  the  fluid  surrounding  it.  Those  which  occurred  to  me 
were  found  sticking  to  the  shell  of  a  female,  although  they 
were  probably  not  deposited  by  the  same  individual  but  by 
some  other,  as  they  were  huddled  together  in  groups  accord- 
ing to  their  practice  at  this  season."*  ( Fig.  1 18,  2,  3). 

Radula  formula :  &  +  A  +  *  +  T*T  +i+TV+^  (3  -  '  -  3)  5 
rhachidian  (central)  tooth  very  wide,  low,  the  ends  much 
rounded  and  produced,  lower  edge  concave;  center  of  concave 
portion  supporting  a  large,  tongue-shaped  process;  ends  sup- 
porting, upon  the  anterior  surface,  four  denticles,  the  two  cen- 
ter ones  small  and  the  outer  ones  larger;  the  ridge  supporting 
the  denticles  extending  from  the  distal  end  of  the  lateral  lobe 
almost  to  the  reflected  cusp;  reflection  small,  seven-cuspid,  the 
cusps  very  small  except  the  center  one,  which  is  rather  large; 


FIG. 120. 

Radula  of  AMNICOLA  LIMOSA   Say.     (From  nature,  after  Stimpson.) 
A,  central  tooth;  2,  3,  lateral  teeth. 

intermediate  tooth  subquadrate,  the  peduncle  very  long  and 
somewhat  enlarged  at  the  distal  end;  body  of  tooth,  at  the 
inner  side,  with  a  peculiar  knob-shaped  projection;  reflection 
low,  wide,  five-cuspid,  the  cusps  subequal;  inner  cusp  bluntly 
rounded,  the  rest  acute;  lateral  teeth  very  long  and  narrow, 
the  reflections  small  and  multicuspid,  the  first  having  eighteen 
and  the  second  thirty  cusps  (Fig.  120). 

Distribution:  New  England  to  Utah  and  Manitoba,  Hud- 
son's Bay  to  Texas. 

Geological  distribution:     Pleistocene;  Loess. 

Habitat:  Found  plentifully  in  lakes  and  streams,  on  the 
muddy  bottom,  or  on  aquatic  plants  and  submerged  objects. 

Remarks:  This  abundant  little  species  is  easily  recognized 
by  its  globose  form.  The  animal  is  very  interesting  in  cap- 
tivity and  wanders  rapidly  about  the  aquarium  with  a  wabbly 


334  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

gait.     It  is  widely  distributed  throughout  the  area.     At  several 
points  in  Chicago  it  has  been  found  among  Pleistocene  fossils. 

1343.     Amnicola  limosa  parva  Lea,  pi.  xxxi,  fig.  11. 

Amnicola  par-va  LEA,  Proc.  Amer.   Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  II,  p.  34,  1841; 
TRYON,  Con.  Haldeman's  Monograph,  pi.  xvii,  fig.  2. 

Shell:  Smaller  than  typical  limosa,  the  whorls  shouldered 
and  tumid  below  the  suture.  Otherwise  like  limosa. 

Length,  3.50;  width,  2.75;  aperture  length,  2.00;  width,  1.50  mill.    (10218.) 
3.25;      "       2.00;         "  "       1.50;       "       1.25    ••        (10218.) 

Animal  and  Dentition:     Same  as  limosa. 

Distribution:     Atlantic  and  Middle  States. 

Geological  distribution:     Pleistocene. 

Habitat:     Same  as  limosa. 

Remarks:  This  form  is  found  at  Joliet,  Salt  Creek  and 
Berry  Lake;  the  writer  has  admitted  it  to  varietal  rank  for  the 
reason  that  it  seems  to  be  always  recognizable,  although  it  is 
apparently  only  a  stunted  form  of  limosa.  It  is  not  common. 

i34b.    Amnicola  limosa  porata  Say,  pi.  xxvi,  fig.  13. 

Paludina  porata  SAY,  Journ.  Phil.  Acad.,  Vol.  II,  p.  174,  1821. 
Amnicola  orbiculata  LEA,  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  II,  p.  34,  1841. 

Shell  differing  from  limosa  in  being  generally  widely  um- 
bilicated,  in  the  whorls  being  more  swollen  and  the  spire 
shorter. 

Length,  5.00;   width,  4.00;  aperture  length,  2.80;  width,  2.10    (13357.) 
5.00;        "      4.50;          "  "        2.80;      "        2.05    (13357.) 

This  variety  is  the  most  common  and  is  universally  dis- 
tributed. 

135.     Amnicola  lustrica  Pilsbry,  pi.  xxvi,  fig.  12. 

Amnicola  lustrica  PILSBRY,  The  Nautilus,  Vol.  IV,  p.  53,  1890  (not  A. 
lustrica  SAY — Pomatiopsis  lapidaria  SAY). 

Shell:  Narrow  (for  the  genus),  thin,  translucent;  color 
waxy,  light  brownish  or  greenish;  surface  smooth  and  shining, 
lines  of  growth  very  fine,  but  distinct  when  viewed  with  a  lens; 
sutures  very  deeply  impressed;  spire  elevated,  conical;  whorls 
five,  rounded,  regularly  increasing  in  size;  aperture  roundly 
ovate,  slightly  angled  above,  waxy  inside;  peristome  continu- 
ous, thin,  appressed  to  the  body  whorl  only  for  a  short  distance 
near  the  upper  terminations;  base  broadly  rounded,  with  a 
narrow  and  deep  umbilicus.  Operculum  similar  to  that  of 
A.  limosa. 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  335 

Length,  4.00;  width,  2.00;  aperture  length,  1.50;  width,  1.10  mill.    (10497.) 

Animal  and  Radula:     Similar  to  A.  limosa. 

Distribution:  New  York  to  Illinois  and  Minnesota.  (Pils- 
bry.) 

Geological  distribution:     Pleistocene. 

Habitat:     Same  as  A.  limosa. 

Remarks:  This  species  is  distinguished  from  all  others  of 
the  genus  by  its  narrow,  elongated  whorls  and  rather  acute 
spire.  It  is  said  by  Mr.  Pilsbry  to  be  the  narrowest  of  the 
genus.  Lustrica  does  not  seem  to  be  at  all  common  and  has 
only  been  found  at  Berry  Lake  and  Joliet. 

SUBGENUS  CINCINNATIA,  Pilsbry,  1891. 
Proc.  Phil.  Acad..  p.  327,  1891. 

Radula  more  minute  and  denticulations  finer  than  in  the 
typical  form. 

136.     Amnicola  cincinnatiensis  Lea,  pi.  xxvi,  fig.  14. 

Cyclostoma  cincinnatiensis  LEA,  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.,  I,  p.  289,  1840; 
Trans.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.,  VIII,  p.  229,  pi.  vi,  fig.  62,  1843. 

Amnicola  sayana  ANTHONY,  in  HALDEMAN,  Mon.,  p.  19,  pi.  i,  fig.  4, 
1844?  (Figs.4  and  11  are  misnamed  in  Haldeman;  4  is  the  present 
species  and  11  is  Pomatiopsis  cincinnatiensis  Anthony.) 

Shell:  Of  good  size,  swollen,  umbilicated,  rather  solid; 
color  ranging  from  greenish  to  yellowish-brown,  translucent; 
surface  smooth  and  shining,  lines  of  growth  well  developed, 
crowded;  sutures  forming  deep  channels  between  the  whorls; 
apex  small,  rounded,  smooth,  brownish;  spire  broadly  conic,  ele- 
vated; whorls  five  to  six,  rapidly  increasing,  swollen,  rounded, 
the  last  somewhat  loosely  coiled  so  that  the  aperture  is  continu- 
ous and  separated  from  the  body-whorl;  aperture  roundly  ovate, 
bluish-white  within;  peristome  continuous,  simple,  thin,  sharp, 
appressed  to  the  body-whorl  only  at  the  upper  part;  base 
rounded,  with  a  small,  rounded  umbilicus  of  great  depth. 

Length,  5.00;  width,  4.00;  aperture  length,  2.00;  width,  1.75  mill.    (10653.) 
5.50;      "        4.00;        "  "        2.00;      "       1.75    "        (10653.) 

Animal:  Yellowish-white  above,  whiter  on  base  of  foot; 
subtransparentjfoot  short  and  wide,  auriculated  before,  rounded 
behind  and  constricted  in  the  center;  operculigerous  lobe  and 
operculum  as  in  limosa;  rostrum  short;  tentacles  long  and  slen- 
der, blunt;  eyes,  mantle  and  verge  as  in  limosa. 

Radula  formula:  TV+iV-f t+^ir+i+A+fr  (3  -  *  -  3); 
(Mus.  No.  12769);  central  tooth  similar  to  that  of  limosa,  but  ends 


336 


THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 


supporting  only  two  denticles,  and  a  bulge  near  the  lower  end; 
process  on  concave  margin  large;  intermediate  tooth  of  the 
usual  shape,  but  the  denticles  longer  and  narrower  than  in 
limosa  and  the  central  denticle  rounded  and  blunt,  the  others 
sharp;  inner  and  outer  lateral  teeth  denticulated  as  in  limosa 
(Fig.  121).  The  figure  of  this  species  in  Binney's  "Land  and 
Fresh  Water  Shells"  (Fig.  162),  taken  from  Troschel,  must  be  an 
error,  for  it  does  not  at  all  correspond  with  the  specimens  ex- 
amined by  the  writer,  which  are  undoubted  cincinnatiensis . 
The  species  is  peculiar  in  having  the  cusps  of  the  intermediate 
tooth  long  and  sharp,  and  in  the  central  cusp  being  wide  and 
blunt.  The  figure  in  Binney's  is  probably  the  radula  of  some 
Pomatiopsis,  perhaps  P.  lapidaria* 


FIG.  121. 

Radula  of  AMNICOLA  CINCINNATIENSIS  Lea.     (Original.' 
tooth;  I,  intermediate  tooth. 


C,  central 


Distribution.     New  York  to  Utah,  south  to  Texas. 
Geological  distribution :     Pleistocene. 
Habitat:     Same  as  limosa 

Remarks:  This  is  the  largest  species  of  Amnicola  found 
in  this  region  and  attains  a  length  of  five  or  six  mill.  Its  large 
size,  swollen  whorls,  and  elevated  co|iic  spire  will  at  once  dis- 
tinguish it  from  related  species.  It  is  rather  common,  espe- 
cially at  Joliet,  where  it  is  the  prevailing  species. 
137.  Amnicola  emarginata  Kuster,  pi.  xxvi,  fig.  10. 

Paludina  obtusa  LEA,  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  II,  p.  84,  1841,  non 

Troschel,  1837. 

Paludina  emarginata  KUSTER,  Paludina,  Conch.  Cab.,  p.  50,  pi.  x,  figs. 
3,  4,  1852. 

*It  should  be  noted  here  that  the  present  figure  is  drawn  to  a  larger  scale  than  that  of 
the  radula  of  Amnicola  limosa.  The  radula  of  A.  cincinnatiensis  is  smaller  and  the  den- 
ticulations  are  smaller,  narrower  and  sharper  than  in  A.  limosa. 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  337 

Amnicola  cincinnatiensis   BINNEY,  L.  and  F.  W.  Sh.,  N.  A.,  p.  85,  fig. 
169,  1863. 

Shell:  Small,  globose,  rather  solid ;  'color,  different  shades 
of  green;  surface  smooth,  polished,  lines  of  growth  very  faint; 
sutures  well  marked;  apex  very  obtuse,  comprising  one  and 
one-half  whorls;  when  viewed  from  the  front  the  shell  appears 
to  have  a  truncated  spire;  spire  very  broadly  truncate-conic; 
whorls  four  to  four  and  one-half,  very  convex;  aperture  nearly 
round,  appressed  to  the  body-whorl;  peristome  continuous, 
rather  thick,  simple;  base  rounded,  with  a  small  umbilicus. 

Length,  4.00;  width,  2.00;  aperture  length,  1.50;  width,  1.10;  mill.    (10241.) 
3.25;      "      1.75;        "  "        1.50;       "      1.10;    "       (10241.) 

Animal:     Not  examined. 

Radula:    'Not  examined. 

Distribution:  New  York  west  to  Iowa  and  Winnipeg,  Can- 
ada, south  to  Kentucky. 

Geological  distribution :     Pleistocene. 

Habitat:     In  rivers  and  ponds,  on  a  muddy  bottom. 

Remarks:  This  species  at  first  sight  might  be  taken  for 
A.  lustrica,  but  the  spire  is  very  obtuse,  while  that  of  lustrica  is 
acute,  and  the  last  whorl  is  appressed  to  the  body-whorl,  at  the 
aperture  in  obtusa,  while  in  lustrica  it  is  entirely  free.  The 
species  seems  to  be  very  rare,  and  living  specimens  have  been 
found  only  in  the  DuPage  River.  It  has  been  collected  on 
the  recent  beach  in  a  subfossil  condition.  Several  dead  speci- 
mens were  obtained  in  the  North  Branch  of  the  Chicago  River 
and  in  beach  drift  at  Miller's,  Ind. 

GENUS  PALUDESTRINA  Orbigny. 

Bythinella  Moquin-Tandon. 

Shell:  Small,  elongately-ovate,  smooth  and  shining,  with 
an  elevated  spire;  sometimes  decidedly  pupiform,  rimate  or 
imperforate;  apex  generally  obtuse;  aperture  ovately-rounded; 
peristome  continuous,  outer  lip  thickened.  Operculum  corne- 
ous, the  nucleus  large  and  placed  rather  near  the  basal  margin. 

Animal:  With  a  narrow  foot  which  is  rounded  behind; 
tentacles  tapering  to  a  blunt  tip;  verge  bifid;  lingual  dentition 
(of  B.  nickliniana) ;  rhachidian  tooth  nearly  as  wide  as  long, 
with  the  lower  lateral  angles  very  much  produced,  basal  teeth 
two  in  number,  situated  one  on  each  side,  reflected  portion 
seven-denticulate;  intermediate  tooth  much  longer  than  broad, 


338  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF   SCIENCES. 

with  a  long  process  extending  laterally  from  the  base,  which 
is  also  provided  with  a  central  cavity  and  a  projection  on  the 
inner  side  of  the  base,  the  reflected  cusp  with  six  denticula- 
tions;  the  inner  lateral  has  a  long  projection  or  shank  to  the 
base,  which  is  greatly  thickened  on  the  outer  margin,  and  the 
reflected  cusp  is  twelve-denticulate;  outer  lateral  very  long 
and  narrow,  arcuate,  apparently  very  finely  denticulate  on  the 
summit  (when  magnified  seven  hundred  diameters.)  With 
low  powers  it  is  apparently  smooth.  Troschel  found  the  for- 
mula of  B.  thermalis,  a  European  form,  to  be  as  follows:  rha- 
chidian,  T£T;  intermediate,  6;  middle  lateral,  18;  outer  lateral 
smooth  (o).  (Vide  Stimpson.) 

Distribution:     Europe  and  America. 

138.    Paludestrina  nickliniana  Lea,  1839.    PI.  xxvi,  fig.  11. 

Paludina  nickliniana  LEA,  Trans.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.,  VI,  p.  92,  pi.  xxiii, 

fig.  109,  1839. 
Amnicola  attenuata^  HALDEMAN,  Monograph,  pt.  4,  p.  3  of  wrapper, 

pi.  i,  fig.  13,  1844.    (Variety.) 


FIG.  122. 

Radula  of  PALUDESTRINA  NICKLINIANA  Lea.     (After  Stimpson.)    C, 
central  tooth;  1,  intermediate  tooth;  2,  3,  lateral  teeth. 

Shell:  Elongately  ovate,  turreted;  color  greenish-horn; 
surface  shining,  lines  of  growth  numerous,  crowded,  raised  so 
as  to  roughen  the  surface  of  the  shell;  sutures  deeply  im- 
pressed; whorls  four  to  four  and  one-half,  very  convex;  spire 
elevated,  rather  sharply  conical;  apex  small,  round,  almost 
concealed  in  the  volution  of  the  second  whorl;  aperture  roundly 
ovate;  peristome  sharp,  a  little  thickened  on  the  inside,  con- 
tinuous, the  columellar  lip  being  covered  with  a  raised  callus 
which  connects  the  terminations;  base  of  shell  rounded;  um- 
bilical region  rimate  and  indented. 

Length,  4.00;  width,  2.00;  aperture  length,  1.25;   width,  1.10  mill.     (9690.) 
4.50;       "      2.00;          "  "         1.50;       "        1.25    "        (9691.) 

4.25;       "      2.00;          "  "         1.25;       "        1.00    " 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY   SURVEY.  339 

Animal:  Not  thoroughly  examined,  but  with  a  narrow, 
rounded  foot,  tapering,  blunt-pointed  tentacles  and  general 
blackish  color. 

Radula formula:  ^+^+£+TiT+i.+1yj-x(3_i_3).  See 
generic  description  (Fig.  122). 

Distribution:  Eastern  part  of  the  United  States  from 
Michigan  to  Florida. 

Geological  distribution:    Pleistocene. 

Habitat:  In  the  smaller  ponds  and  rivers,  clinging  to  water 
weeds  and  algae. 

Remarks:  Nickliniana  is  a  common  little  species,  easily 
recognized  by  its  narrow,  turreted  shell  and  well-rounded 
whorls.  The  animals  are  gregarious,  congregating  together 
by  hundreds.  Frequently  a  piece  of  water-cress  will  be  found 
literally  black  with  the  shells  of  this  species.  It  has  been 
found  only  in  the  southern  region. 

GENUS  SOMATOQYRUS  Gill,   1863. 

"Shell:  Short,  thin,  simply  striate,  distinctly  umbilicated 
and  with  4-6  whorls;  the  body-whorl  subglobose,  more  or  less 
shouldered  above;  the  spire  small  and  the  suture  impressed. 
Aperture  oblique  (upper  part  most  advanced)  rhombo-ovate, 
narrowly  rounded  in  front  and  behind;  peritreme  thin  and 
acute,  appressed  behind,  below  the  upper  angle,  to  the  whorl, 
and  with  its  entire  margin  in  the  same  plan.  Operculum  sub- 
spiral,  corneous,  but  comparatively  thick  and  strong  and  with 
its  inner  margin  convex." 

"Animal:  Foot  short.  Snout  robust  and  considerably 
longer  than  in  Amnicola.  Tentacles  tapering,  pointed.  Verge 
(of  5.  isogona  Say= sub glob >osus  Say)  compressed  and  bifid,  the 
inner  branch  being  much  larger  than  the  outer,  but  no  longer 
than  the  basal  part;  while  the  outer  is  short,  somewhat  trian- 
gular and  pointed,  and  contains  the  canal,  which  is  conspicu- 
ous from  its  white  color." 

"The  lingual  dentition  of  the  type  is  as  follows:  Rhachid- 
ian  tooth  short  and  very  broad  and  trilobed  below,  with  the 
outer  angles  much  produced  and  narrow;  cusp  armed  with 
seven  denticles;  basal  denticles  four  on  each  side,  the  inner- 
most largest  but  not  reaching  the  inferior  margin  of  the  tooth, 
and  the  others  gradually  decreasing  in  size  outwardly,  the 
outermost  being  obtuse  and  rather  a  lobe  than  a  denticle.  In- 


340  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

termediate  tooth  with  the  body  perforated,  and  the  peduncle 
more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  body;  cusp  /-denticulated,  the 
third  denticle  (counting  from  within)  being  twice  as  broad  as 
the  others.  Inner  lateral  tooth  with  fourteen  denticles  at  the 
summit.  Outer  lateral  tooth  also  with  fourteen  denticles." 
(Stimpson.)* 

Distribution:     Central  parts  of  North  America. 

139.     Somatogyrus  subglobosus  Say.    Text  figure  123. 

Paludina  subglobosa  SAY,  Journ.  Phil.  Acad.,  Vol.  V,  p.  25,  1825. 
Melania  isogona  SAY,  New  Harm.  Diss.,  Vol.  II,  p.  227,  1829. 
Paludina  pallida  LEA,  Trans.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  VI,  p.  22,  pi.  xxiii, 
fig.  104,  1839.    (Young.) 

Shell:  Subglobose,  solid,  somewhat  depressed;  coloryel- 
lowish-horn;  surface  shining;  lines  of  growth  fine,  oblique, 
crowded;  sutures  much  impressed;  apex  small,  rounded,  sub- 


FIG.  123. 
SOMATOGYRUS  SUBGLOBOSUS  Say.     (Original.) 

hyaline;  aperture  orbicularly-ovate,  somewhat  produced  at  the 
lower  part,  whitish  inside;  spire  short,  depressed,  rounded; 
whorls  four,  convex,  the  last  swollen  and  all  rapidly  increasing; 
peristome  simple,  sharp,  rather  thick,  the  terminations  joined 
by  a  light  callus;  base  rounded,  umbilicus  small,  narrowly  open. 
Length,  7.00;  width,  6.50;  aper.  length,  5.00;  width,  4.75  mill.  (coll.  Jensen). 

Animal:     Not  examined. 

Radula formula:  &+$+ -J^+lf+jy  (3-1-3);  the  cen- 
tral tooth  almost  square,  the  lower  outer  corners  very  much 
produced  and  the  basal  margin  with  a  projection  of  a  squarish 
shape;  reflection  seven-cuspid,  the  central  cusp  very  long  and 
sharp,  reaching  almost  to  the  basal  margin  of  central  projec- 
tion, side  cusps  shorter;  the  lateral  projections  of  the  base  of 
attachment  are  armed  with  three  blunt,  rounded  denticles,  of 
which  the  highest  is  about  three  times  the  length  of  the  other 

*  Researches  upon  the  Hydrobiinse,  p.  21,  22.  Stimpson  remarks  that  the  holes  in  the 
appendage  of  the  intermediate  tooth  may  be  simply  pits.  I  have  not  been  able  to  either 
prove  or  disprove  this  statement. 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY   SURVEY.  341 

two;  intermediate  tooth  similar  to  that  of  integer,  excepting 
that  the  perforation  has  a  little  lid  or  door  which  hangs  below 
the  base  of  attachment;  lateral  teeth  as  usual,  with  about 
twelve  denticles,  those  of  the  first  tooth  larger  than  those  of  the 
second  (Fig.  124).  (Stimpson.) 

Distribution:  Ohio  Valley;  Ohio  to  Iowa,  Michigan  and 
Wisconsin  south  to  Kentucky. 

Geological  distribution:     Pleistocene. 

Habitat:  Found  in  small  ponds,  ditches,  eloughs  and  riv- 
ers where  there  is  a  muddy  or  clay  bottom. 

Remarks:  This  is  the  largest  species  of  the  genus  found 
in  the  area  under  consideration;  this  fact,  together  with  its 
subglobose  form,  will  distinguish  it.  It  is  three  or  four  times 


FIG.  124. 

Radula  of  SOMATOGYRUS  SUBGLOBOSUS  Say.    (Stimpson,  Hydrobiinae, 
Fig.  14.)     C,  central  tooth;  1,  intermediate  teeth;  2,  3,  lateral  teeth. 

the  size  of  5.  integer.  Subglobosus  is  fairly  common  and  has 
been  found  by  Messrs.  Ferriss  and  Jensen,  the  former  at  Joliet 
and  the  latter  on  the  lake  shore  and  in  George  Lake.  The 
animal  has  not  been  observed.  The  spire  of  the  shell  varies 
considerably  in  height,  some  being  much  more  elevated  than 
shown  in  the  figure. 

It  has  been  found  fossil  by  Mr.  Jensen  in   sand  banks  on 
the  lake  shore  north  of  Graceland  avenue. 
140.    Somatogyrus  integer  Say,  pi.  xxvi,  fig.  2. 

Melania  Integra  SAY,  New  Harm.  Diss.,  Vol.  II,  p.  276,  1840. 

Amnicola  depressa  TRYON,  Proc.  Phil.  Acad.,  p.  452, 1862.     (Variety.) 

Shell:  Orbicular,  solid,  depressed;  color  subhyaline,  some- 
times inclining  to  dark  horn;  surface  shining,  lines  of  growth 
oblique,  fine,  numerous,  crowded,  somewhat  raised;  sutures 
rather  deeply  impressed;  apex  small, rounded;  aperture  roundly 
ovate,  somewhat  produced  at  the  lower  part,  subhyaline  in- 
side; spire  short,  rounded;  whoVls  four,  convex,  the  last  swol- 


342 


THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 


len,  all  rapidly  enlarging  in  size;  peristome  sharp,  simple, 
rather  thick,  the  edge  placed  obliquely  to  the  axis  of  the  shell; 
columellar  lip  thickened  by  a  somewhat  heavy  callus  which 
covers  the  umbilicus,  leaving  only  a  faint  indication  of  perfor- 
ation; base  of  shell  rounded. 

Length,  3.50;  width,  3.00;  aperture  length,  2.50;  width,  1.50  mill.    (10236.) 
"      4.00;        "     3.00;  "  "     2.50;        "     1.75    "        (10236.) 

Animal:  With  a  short,  rounded  foot;  tentacles  of  medium 
size,  rather  thick  at  the  base  and  tapering  to  a  point;  eyes 
placed  on  swellings  at  the  outer,  upper  side  of  the  tentacles; 
rostrum  short,  blunt,  very  large;  verge  very  large,  swollen,  the 


FIG.  125. 

Head  and  verge  of  SOMATOGYRUS  INTEGER  Say. 
Res.  on  Hydorb.,  Fig.  13.) 


(From  Stimpson 


extremity  bifid,  one  bifurcation  being  longer  than  the  other; 
the  inner  bifurcation  is  the  shorter  and  contains  the  canal, 
(vide  Stimpson.)  (Fig.  125.) 


FIG.  126. 
Radula  of  SOMATOGYRUS  INTEGER  Say.  (Stimpson,  Hydrobiinse,  Fig.  11. 

Radula  formula:  ^+^+^+^+1+^+^(3-1-3);  see 
generic  description  (Fig.  126). 

Distribution:  Ohio  Valley;  Ohio  west  to  Iowa,  Michigan 
south  to  Kentucky. 

Geological  distribution:     Pleistocene. 

Habitat:  Found  on  muddy  on  clayey  bottom  in  water 
from  five  or  six  inches  to  five  or  six  feet  in  depth. 

Remarks:     S.  integer  \s  known  by  its  globose  shell  and  pe- 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  343 

culiar  aperture.  The  spire  is  a  trifle  elevated.  The  S.  depressus 
can  be  considered  only  a  variety.  This  species  is  rather  com- 
mon and  widely  distributed,  being  found  in  both  the  southern 
and  western  regions. 

Subfamily  Poraatiopslnae. 

Shell:  Elongated,  perforated;  peristome  continuous. 
Foot  with  lateral  sinuses.  Operculum  paucispiral,  without  in- 
ternal process.  Amphibious.  (Tryon.) 

GENUS  POMATIOPSIS  Tryon. 

Shell:  Elongated,  turreted,  smooth,  subumbilicated;  aper- 
ture roundly  ovate;  peristome  reflected;  operculum  corneous. 

Animal:  With  a  broad  foot,  truncated  before,  rounded 
behind;  tentacles  short,  pointed,  subulate;  rostrum  large,  round, 
blunt;  verge  large,  broad,  rather  flat,  coiled  one  and  one  half 
times  on  itself.  Jaw  as  in  Amnicola,  but  smaller.  Radula 
formula  3-1-3;  central  tooth  rather  small,  square,  but  a  little 
broad  at  the  base,  where  are  two  denticles,  reflected  cusp  tri- 
dentate;  laterals  long  and  somewhat  narrow,  the  inner  lateral, 
however,  being  broader  than  the  two  outer,  reflected  cusp  den- 
ticulate. The  intermediate  lateral  is  four-dentate,  and  the 
outer  laterals  five-dentate. 

Distribution:     Eastern  North  America. 

KEY   TO   SPECIES   OF    POMATIOPSIS. 

A.  Shell  elongated,  acute,  whorls  six lapidaria 

B.  Shell  conical,  proportionately    wider  than   A,  whorls   four 

cincinnatiensis 

141.     Pomatiopsis  cincinnatiensis  Anthony,  pi.  xxvi,  figs.  8,  9. 

Paludina  cincinnatiensis  ANTHONY,  Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  Vol.  Ill, 
pt.  1  and  2,  p.  279,  pi.  iii,  fig.  3,  1840. 

Shell:  Conrcal,  turreted ;  color  greenish  or  brownish  horn ; 
surface  shining,  lines  of  growth  crowded  together;  apex  well 
rounded,  obtuse,  nuclear  whorls  smooth,  polished;  spire  short 
conic  in  the  male  but  more  elongated  in  the  female;  sutures 
deeply  impressed;  whorls  four,  well  rounded,  somewhat  ven- 
tricose;  aperture  orbicular;  peristome  rather  thin,  continuous, 
appressed  to  the  body-whorl;  last  whorl  very  ventricose  in  the 
male  but  not  so  much  so  in  the  female;  base  of  shell  rounded; 
umbilicus  narrow,  deep. 
Length,  4.50;  width,  2.30;  aperture  length,  1.50;  width,  1.25  mill.  (12478  )  ? 

"       5.00;       "       3.50;          "  "        2.10;        "      1.50    "      (12478.)c? 

"       4.00;       "       2.10;          "  "        1.50;        "      1.25    "      (12478.)$ 


344  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES.  , 

Animal:     Similar  to  that  of  P.  lapidaria. 

Radula:     Not  examined. 

Distribution:  Western  New  York  west  to  Iowa  and  Min- 
nesota, Northern  Michigan  south  to  the  Ohio  River. 

Geological  distribution :     Pleistocene. 

Habitat:  Similar  to  P.  lapidaria,  but  clinging  to  stones 
when  in  the  water. 

Remarks:  Cincinnatiensis  is  more  common  than  lapidaria, 
at  least  in  the  area  under  consideration.  This  species  may  be 
distinguished  from  lapidaria  by  its  fewer  whorls  and  more 
robust  shell;  the  spire  is  also  longer  and  more  attenuated  in 
lapidaria  than  in  the  present  species.  The  male  shell  is  much 
wider  than  that  of  the  female,  the  last  whorl  of  the  former 
being  much  enlarged  to  accommodate  the  extraordinarily  large 
verge.  The  females  have  rather  long  and  elongated  shells. 
(Compare  figures.)  This  species  has  been  found  only  at  Joliet, 
in  the  western  region. 

142.     Pomatiopsis  lapidaria  Say,  pi.  xxx,  fig.  33;  pi.  xxxi,  fig.  12. 
Cyclostoma  lapidaria  SAY,  Journ.  Phil.  Acad.,  Vol.  I,  p.  13,  1817. 
Paludina  histrica  SAY,  Journ.  Phil.  Acad.,  Vol.  II,  p.  175,  1821. 

Shell:  Elongated,  turreted;  color  dark  brownish-horn; 
surface  shining,  lines  of  growth  crowded,  slightly  wrinkled, 
numerous;  apex  rounded  and  depressed,  two  nuclear  whorls 
smooth,  polished,  horn-colored;  spire  long-conic,  turreted;  su- 
tures very  much  impressed;  whorls  six,  well  rounded;  aperture 
roundly  ovate,  dark  colored  inside;  peristome  thin,  continuous, 
reflected  so  as  to  form  a  rounded  rim  for  the  aperture;  the  last 
whorl,  near  the  aperture,  is  almost  free  from  the  body-whorl; 
base  of  shell  rounded;  umbilicus  round  and  deep. 

Length,  7.00;  width,  3.50;  aperture  length,  2.00;  width,  1.75  mill.    (10226.) 
6.50;       "    '3.00;         "  "        2.00;       "      1.50    " 

Animal:  With  a  short,  broad  foot,  slightly  produced  at 
the  anterior  outer  corners;  rounded  behind;  foot  provided  with 
three  sinuses,  of  which  one  separates  the  foot  into  an  anterior 
and  a  posterior  part;  above  this  there  is  a  sinus  at  right  angles 
with  the  first,  which  separates  the  foot  from  the  body,  the  up- 
per fold  of  which  merges  into  the  operculigerous  lobe  poste- 
riorly; above  this  there  are  two  folds,  one  extending  from  the 
lower  base  of  the  rostrum  to  the  base  of  the  tentacle,  and  the 
other  from  the  former  point  to  and  beyond  the  constricted 
portion  called  the  neck;  rostrum  rather  long,  blunt,  containing 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY. 


345 


the  mouth  on  the  lower  side;  tentacles  short,  pointed,  taper- 
ing, carried  resting  by  the  side  or  base  of  the  rostrum,  never 
elevated  as  in  the  pulmonates;  eyes  situated  on  the  outer  side 
of  swellings  at  the  base  of  the  tentacles;  verge  very  large,  sit- 


FIG. 127. 
Animal  of  POMATIOPSIS  LAPIDARIA  Say.     (Binney,  Fig.  187.) 

uated  in  the  middle  of  the  back,  some  distance  behind  the 
head,  coiled  one  and  one-half  times,  end  pointed,  outer  margin 
smooth,  inner  margin  wrinkled  (Fig.  127).  Operculum  thin, 
horny,  subspiral,  not  differing  materially  from  Amnicola  limosa 
Say. 

Radula  formula:  i+i+i+T+u+i+i+HS — *  — 3)l  central 
or  rhachidian  tooth  as  broad  as  high,  tride'ntate,  denticles  on 
base  of  attachment  two  on  each  side,  directed  inward;  inter- 


FIG.  128. 

Radula  of  POMATIOPSIS  LAPIDARIA  Say.    (From  Nature,  after  Stimp- 
son.)     C,  central  tooth;   1,  intermediate  tooth;  2,  3,  lateral  teeth. 

mediate  tooth  longer  than  wide,  four-denticulate;  lateral  teeth 
narrower  than  intermediate,  five-denticulate  the  denticulations 
subequal  (Fig.  128). 

Distribution:  New  York  to  Iowa,  Michigan  to  Missouri  and 
Georgia. 

Geological  distribution:     Pleistocene;  Loess. 

Habitat:  Living,  in  fresh  water  or  on  land  (amphibious), 
frequenting,  when  in  water,  the  vicinity  of  fresh- water  plants; 


346  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

when  on  land  preferring  moist  localities.  Though  essentially 
terrestrial,  the  gills  are  of  the  usual  pectinated  form. 

Remarks:  Pomatiopsis  is  immediately  distinguished  from 
the  allied  group  Amnicola  by  the  peculiar  "stepping"  mode  of 
progression.  This  is  accomplished  as  follows:  The  anterior 
part  of  the  foot  is  placed  firmly  on  the  ground,  then  the  poste- 
rior part  is  pulled  forward;  next  the  rostrum  is  firmly  attached 
to  the  ground  and  the  posterior  part  is  also  attached,  allowing 
the  anterior  part  of  the  foot  to  be  placed  forward.  In  this 
manner  the  mollusk  "steps"  along  at  a  lively  gait.  The  author 
has  seen  this  species  traveling  in  the  water  with  the  rostrum 
bent  downward,  moving  about  like  a  hound  on  the  scent.* 

A  species  of  worm  (Histrionella  pomatiopsidis  Stimpson) 
infests  the  branchial  cavity  of  Pomatiopsis. 

The  species  is  confined  to  the  southern  and  western  regions, 
and  seems  to  be  quite  rare.  It  is  sometimes  found  associated 
with  P.  cincinnatiensis .  See  remarks  under  that  species. 

FAMILY  VALVATIM;. 

"Lingual  membrane  with  teeth  in  seven  series  (3—1—3); 
the  central  tooth  broad,  with  hooked  and  denticulated  apex, 
the  laterals  lanceolate-hooked  and  denticulated.  Rostrum 
produced;  tentacles  cylindrical,  eyes  sessile  at  their  exterior 
bases.  Mantle  simple  in  front;  gill  plumose,  exposed,  the 


FIG. 129. 

Animal  and  operculum  of  VALVATA  TRICARINATA  Say.    (Binney,  L. 
and  Fr.  Wat.  Sh.,  pt.  Ill,  Figs.  10,  11. 

lamina  primate,  spirally  twisted,  protected  by  a  long,  slender 
respiratory  lobe.  Foot  bilobed  in  front.  Operculum  horny, 
orbicular,  spiral,  many  whorled;  whorls  with  a  thin,  elevated 
edge  (Fig.  129).  Shell  spiral,  turbinate  or  discoidal,  covered 
with  an  epidermis;  aperture  with  the  peritreme  entire."  (Bin- 
ney.)t 

*For  a  full  account  of  the  "stepping"  or  "looping"  of  Pomatiopsis,  see  Stimpson's 
"Researches  upon  the  Hydrobiinse  and  Allied  Forms,"  Smithsbnian  Miscellaneous  Collec- 
tions, No.  201,  pp.  29-36. 

tLand  and  Fresh  Water  Shells,  N.  A.,  Part  III,  p.  8. 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY   SURVEY.  347 

The  genitalia  is  very  interesting;  the  ovotestis  is  very  long 
and  is  buried  in  the  folds  of  the  liver;  the  ovisperm  duct  is 
very  long  and  narrow  and  enters  the  uterus  near  the  upper 
part;  the  albuminiparous  gland  is  long-oval  in  shape  and  has  a 
long,  narrow  duct  which  empties  into  the  uterus  near  the  ovi- 
sperm duct;  the  receptaculum  seminis  is  long  and  rather  thick, 


FIG.  130. 

Genitalia  of  VALVATA  CRISTATA.  (Bronn,  Klassen  und  Ordnungen 
der  Weichthiere,  Malacozoa,  pi.  xxxviii,  Fig.  23.)  dal,  duct  from  albu- 
miniparous gland;  dh, ovisperm  duct;  gal, albuminiparous  gland;  gh,ovo- 
testis;  p,  penis;  rs,  receptaculum  seminis;  ut,  uterus;  vd,  vas  deferens. 

and  the  upper  part  is  attached  to  the  albuminiparous  gland; 
the  uterus  is  very  large  and  very  wide,  narrowing  toward  the 
opening  (atrium);  the  vas  deferens  is  very  short,  narrow,  and 
enters  the  uterus  near  the  lower  third;  the  penis  is  very  large, 
long,  thick  and  fleshy,  and  appears  like  a  third  tentacle  on  the 
right  side  of  the  animal,  behind  the  right  tentacle  (Fig.  130). 

GENUS  VALVATA  O.  F.  Muller. 

Shell,  Animal  and  Dentition:     As  in  the  family. 
Distribution:    World-wide. 

KEY  TO   SPECIES   OF   VALVATA. 

a.     Shell  with  rounded  whorls. . , sincera 


348  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

b.     Shell  bi-  or  tricarinate 

1.  Spiie  depressed bicarinata 

2.  Spire  elevated tricarinata 

143.     Valvata  sincera  Say,  pi.  xxx,  fig.  31;  pi.  xxxii,  fig.  15. 

Valvata  sincera  SAY,  Long's  Expedition,  p.  264,  pi.  xv,  fig.  11,  1824. 
Valvata  depressa,  KUSTER  (pars)  in  CHEMN.,  ed.  2,  p.  88,  1852. 
Valvata  striata  LEWIS,  Proc.  Phil.  Acad.,  p.  260,  1856. 
Valvata  lewisii  CURRIER  (descr.?) 

Shell:  Depressed,  more  or  less  discoidal,  rather  solid; 
color  brownish,  transparent  to  opaque;  surface  shining,  lines 
of  growth  numerous,  regular,  crowded,  sometimes  encircled 
by  a  few  spiral  lines;  apex  large,  round,  almost  concealed  in 
the  succeeding  whorls;  spire  very  flat,  almost  discoidal;  whorls 
three  and  one-half,  rounded,  rapidly  increasing,  the  last  consid- 
erably deflected;  sutures  impressed;  aperture  round,  continu- 
ous, whitish  or  brownish  inside;  peristome  rather  thick,  simple, 


FIG. 131 

Radula  of  VALVATA  SINCERA  Say.  (Original.)  C,  central  tooth;  1, 
intermediate  tooth;  2,  3,  lateral  teeth. 

continuous,  the  columellar  portion  being  simply  appressed 
against  the  body-whorl;  base  rounded,  umbilicus  round,  deep, 
exhibiting  all  the  volutions. 

Length,  2.50;  width,  4.50;   aperture  length,  1.60;   width,  1.75  mill.     (10496.) 
2.25;      "       6.00;         "  "        2.10;       "       2.10    "         (12141.) 

2.25;      "       5.00;         "  "        2.00;       "       2.00     "         (12141.) 

Animal:  With  short,  wide  foot,  bifurcated  before  and 
rounded  behind;  head  large;  rostrum  of  good  size,  with  a 
black  line  extending  down  the  center  of  the  upper  surface; 
color  yellowish-white,  transparent;  branchia  plumose,  trans- 
lucent; eyes  black,  situated  at  the  base  of  the  tentacles;  tenta- 
cles long  and  tapering,  terminating  obtusely.  The  branchial 
filament  is  yellowish-white  in  color,  and  is  protected  by  a  re- 
spiratory lobe;  the  branchial  cavity  is  brownish  or  blackish. 

Radula  formula:  l+l+j-i-^+i+i^—i-^);  (Mus.  No. 
12772);  central  tooth  wider  than  high,  concave  on  the  base 
and  with  somewhat  attenuated  ends;  reflection  fifteen-cuspid, 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY   SURVEY.  349 

the  center  cusp  the  largest;  intermediate  tooth  squarish,  much 
produced  at  the  outer,  lower  angle,  and  with  the  cusp  finely 
denticulated;  lateral  teeth  long  and  narrow,  finely  denticulated 
at  the  apex  and  partly  down  the  sides  (Fig.  131). 

Distribution:     New  England  to  Great  Slave  Lake,  south  to 
Georgia  and  Louisiana.     Dredged  in  Lake  Superior  at  four  to 
thirteen  fathoms.    Alaska.    (Randolph.)   Manitoba.  (Hanham.) 
Geological  distribution:     Pleistocene;  Loess. 

Habitat:  Found  plentifully  in  lakes,  ponds  and  rivers, 
where  there  is  little  or  no  current. 

Remarks:  This  is  a  very  common  species,  easily  distin- 
guished by  its  discoidal  form  and  rounded  whorls.  Like  the 
Limnaids  it  delights  to  float  on  the  surface  of  the  water,  shell 
downwards.  It  is  very  active  and  not  at  all  timid  in  activity. 
It  seems  to  be  confined  to  the  southern  and  northern  regions. 
Hundreds  of  this  species,  as  well  as  others,  are  thrown  up  on 
the  shore  in  North  Chicago  after  a  storm  from  the  north. 
144.  Valvata  tricarinata  Say,  pi.  xxxii,  fig.  14. 

Cyclostsma  tricarinata  SAY,  Jour.  Phil.  Acad.,  Vol.  I,  p.  13,  1817. 

Valvata  carinata  SOWERBY,  Gen.  Sh.,  pi.  xli,  fig.  2. 

Valvata  unicarinata  DE  KAY,  N.  Y.  Moll.,  p.  118,  pi.  vi,  fig.  129,  1844. 
(Variety.) 

Valvata  tricarinata  var.  simplex  GOULD,  Invert,  Mass.,  p.  226,  fig.  126, 
1844.    (Variety.) 

Tropidina  carinata  CHENU,  Man.  de  Conch.,  Vol.  II,  p.  312,  fig.  2232. 

Valvata  tricarinata  var.  confusa  WALKER,  The  Nautilus,  Vol.  XV, 
p.  124,  fig.  2,  1902.    (Variety.) 

Shell:  More  or  less  turbinate,  thin;  color  varying  from 
dirty  white  to  horn-colored,  translucent;  surface  shining,  lines 
of  growth  faintly  marked,  crowded;  apex  large,  rounded,  whit- 
ish (or  sometimes  reddish),  almost  concealed  in  some  speci- 
mens by  the  volutions  of  the  post-nuclear  whorls;  spire  gener- 
ally elevated;  whorls  three  and  one-half,  strongly  carinated, 
rapidly  increasing;  the  carinae  are  normally  three  in  number, 
one  on  the  periphery,  one  on  the  shoulder  of  the  whorls  and 
one  on  the  base  of  the  shell,  but  one  or  all  of  these  may  be 
wanting;  sutures  very  pronounced;  aperture  rounded,  in  some 
specimens  angled  by  the  carinae,  made  continuous  by  a  some- 
what elevated  columellar  callus;  columella  straight,  simple; 
base  rounded  or  keeled;  umbilicus  round  and  deep,  funnel- 
shaped  when  the  base  is  carinated. 

Length,  4.00;  width,  4.00;  aperture  length,  2.00;  width,  2.00  mill. 

Animal:     Similar  to  bicarinata. 


350  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

Radula:  Similar  to  that  of  sincera.  The  writer  could  dis- 
cover no  differences  of  importance. 

Distribution:  New  England  to  Iowa,  Michigan  and  Mani- 
toba. 

Geological  distribution:  Pleistocene;  Loess. 

Habitat:     Same  as  sincera. 

Remarks:  This  very  distinct  species  is  easily^known  by 
its  elevated,  tricarinate  whorls.  It  is  very  variable,  and  occurs 
from  barely  unicarinate  to  very  strongly  tricarinate.  The  vari- 
ation, however,  does  not  seem  to  be  confined  to  any  particu- 
lar locality  and  for  this  reason  the  names  given  to  the  different 
degrees  of  carination  cannot  stand,  except  as  varieties. 

This  species  lays  from  ten  to  thirty  eggs  of  a  green  color, 
and  about  fifteen  days  are  required  for  the  development  of  the 
egg-  When  hatched,  the  young  are  very  active  and  float  shell 
downwards  on  the  surface  of  the  water.  Egg  laying  extends 
from  March  to  July.  Tricarinata  is  widely  distributed  in  the 
area  but  is  most  common  in  Lake  Michigan. 

145.     Valvata  bicarinata  Lea.    Unfigured. 

Valvata  bicarinata  LEA,  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  II,  pp.  81, 83, 1841 
WALKER,  The  Nautilus,  Vol.  XV,  p.  122, fig.  6, 1902. 

Shell:  Depressed,  solid,  orbicular;  horn-colored  above 
and  whitish  beneath;  surface  shining,  lines  of  growth  distinct; 
apex  large,  horn-colored;  spire  much  depressed,  flattened; 
whorls  three  and  one-half  to  four,  rapidly  increasing;  the  car- 
inae  are  normally  two  in  number,  but  a  third  is  frequently  de- 
veloped; one  carina  encircles  the  shoulders  of  the  whorls  and 
one  the  middle  of  the  base,  the  periphery  being  sharply 
rounded;  sutures  pronounced;  aperture  rounded,  angled  more 
or  less  by  the  carinae,  continuous  as  in  tricarinata;  base  keeled; 
umbilicus  widely  opened. 

Length,  3.50;  width,  5.00;  aperture  length,  2.00;  width,  2.00  mill.     (12365.) 
3.00;      "       4.00;          "  "        2.00;       "       2.00     "        (12365.) 

3.50;      "       5.00;          "  "        2.00;       "       2.00    "        (12366.) 

Animal:  The  animal  of  bicarinata  differ  considerably  from 
that  of  tricarinata.  Dr.  Lea  described  the  animal  as  follows: 
"Body  rather  short  and  white,  head  large,  tapering,  slightly 
enlarged  at  the  anterior  termination,  with  a  black  mark  pass- 
ing from  the  neck  between  the  eyes,  tapering  off  and  reaching 
nearly  to  the  end  of  the  snout,  where  there  are  two  oblique 
black  marks  bordered  in  front  by  white,  and  accompanied  be- 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  351 

hind  by  several  irregular  white  spots,  the  anterior  ones  being 
the  larger.  Branchia  translucent,  superior  portion  blackish, 
bordered  with  white  spots  and  occasionally  obtruded;  eyes 
round  and  deep  black,  placed  at  the  posterior  base  of  the  ten- 
tacula,  surrounded  by  a  white  area;  tentacula  long,  rather 
tapering,  obtuse  at  the  end;  filament  rather  short,  translucent 
with  longitudinal  white  lines;  foot  wide  and  furcate  anteriorly, 
where  minute  white  spots  may  be  observed.  Operculum  thin, 
semitransparent,  light  horn  color,  increment  circular  and 
rather  coarse." 

"The  head  of  the  tricarinata  is  more  cylindrical  and  en- 
larged at  the  termination,  where  it  somewhat  resembles  the 
snout  of  the  hog,  while  that  of  the  bicarinata  is  more  conical 
and  without  so  sudden  an  enlargement  at  the  end.  The  color 
of  the  bicarinata  is  lighter.  In  the  black  markings  they  also 
differ.  In  the  tricarinata  there  is  a  single  blotch  anterior  to 
the  area  between  the  eyes.  In  the  bicarinata  this  extends  also 
behind  this  area;  and  in  addition  may  be  observed  two  quite 
black  marks  above  the  mouth,  which  the  tricarinata  does  not 
seem  to  have.  The  tentacula  of  the  bicarinata  are  larger  and 
more  filiform.  When  in  motion,  the  anterior  portions  of  the 
lobes  of  the  foot  are  pointed,  and  recurved  or  hooked." 

Radula:     Apparently  not  differing  from  tricarinata. 

Distribution:     Apparently  the  same  as  tricarinata. 

Geological  distribution :     Pleistocene;  Loess. 

Habitat:     Same  as  tricarinata. 

Remarks:  In  a  recent  letter  Mr.  Bryant  Walker  an- 
nounced that  in  his  opinion  bicarinata  should  be  considered  a 
distinct  species  from  tricarinata,  since  the  shells  of  the  two 
forms  are  always  distinguishable.  Upon  receipt  of  Mr.  Walk- 
er's letter,  the  writerexamined  all  of  the  material  in  the  Acad- 
emy's collection,  besides  carefully  reading  the  descriptions 
of  Say  and  Lea.  The  two  species  are  undoubtedly  distinct, 
tricarinata  being  elevated,  the  width  equaling  the  height,  while 
bicarinata  is  depressed  and  the  height  is  four-fifths  of  the 
width.  The  former  is  normally  tricarinate  while  the  latter  is 
bicarinate,  although  both  bi-  and  tri-carinate  forms  occur  in  both 
species.  In  tricarinata  the  upper  surface  slopes  upwards  from 
the  carina  to  the  suture,  while  in  bicarinata  it  slopes  downwards, 
giving  the  upper  surface  a  concave  appearance. 

Bicarinata  is  found  in  the  Desplaines  River  and  in  Lake 


352  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

Michigan.     Beautiful  and  typical  specimens  may  be  collected 
at  Joliet. 

1453.     Valvata  bicarinata  normalis  Walker.    Unfigured. 

Valvata  bicarinata  normalis  WALKER,  The  Nautilus,  Vol.  XV,  p.  125, 
fig.  5, 1902. 

The  shell  in  the  variety  differs  from  bicarinata  in  being 
tricarinate,  the  middle  carina  very  strong  and  placed  on  the 
periphery.  The  variety  occurs  at  Joliet,  111.,  and  at  Miller's, 
Ind. 

The  curious  larva  case  of  Phryganea,  named  by  Mr.  Lea 
Valvata  arenifera,  is  found  in  considerable  numbers  in  various 


A  B 

FIG.  132. 

Genitalia  of  PALUDINA  VIVIPARA  Linne.  (Bronn,  Klass.  und  Ord. 
der  Welch.,  taf.  LXXXVIII,  Figs.  5  ($),  6  (tf).  A,  female;  B,  male;  gal, 
albuminiparous  gland;  ov,  ovaries;  p,  penis;  rs,  receptaculum  seminis;  t, 
testicles;  ut,  uterus;  vd,  vas  deferens;  vg,  vagina;  vs,  seminal  or  genital 
bladder. 

parts  of  the  region.  The  case  is  of  exactly  the  same  shape  as 
that  of  a  Valvata,  and  might  be  mistaken  by  an  amateur  for  V. 
sincera.  For  a  very  interesting  account  of  this  larva  case,  see 
Thos.  Bland,  Ann.  Lye.  N.  H.,  Vol.  VIII,  p.  144. 


FAMILY 

Shell:  Globular  or  conical,  either  banded  or  plain  and 
with  a  greenish  epidermis;  aperture  round;  peristome  con- 
tinuous, entire;  operculum  horny,  annular,  frequently  with  a 
spiral  nucleus. 

Animal:  With  a  large,  simple  foot,  and  short,  simple  ros- 
trum; tentacles  short,  the  right  one,  in  the  male,  modified  to 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY   SURVEY.    '  353 

form  a  verge,  and  very  large;  eyes  situated  on  peduncles  at 
the  outer  bases  of  the  tentacles.  Radula  with  the  formula 
3-1-3;  central  tooth  broad,  with^rounded  edges  on  base,  re- 
flected cusp  denticulated;  lateral  teeth  longer  than  wide,  the 
two  inner  denticulated  on  their  reflected  portions;  and  the 
outer  tooth  simple  or  denticulated. 

The  genitalia  may  be  thus  briefly  described:  In  the  male 
the  penis  is  lodged  in  the  right  tentacle  and  is  large  and  cylin- 
drical; the  seminal  or  genital  bladder  follows,  being  a  very 
large,  cylindrical  sac,  from  the  end  of  which  extends  the  vas 
deferens,  which  terminates  in  two  testicular  lobes,  one  ante- 
rior and  one  posterior.  In  the  female  the  ovaries  are  small 
and  digitiform,  and  lead  by  a  long,  narrow  oviduct  into  the 
uterus;  at  this  point  the  receptaculum  seminis  and  albumin- 


FIG.  133. 

Animal  of  VIVIPARA.    V.  INTERTEXTA  Say,  Binney,  Figs.  30,  31.)    Fe- 
male and  male. 

iparous  gland  are  placed,  both  being  quite  large;  the  uterus 
is  much  swollen  and  gut-like,  and  opens  by  a  contracted  por- 
tion, the  vagina.  The  testes  and  ovaries  are  embedded  in  the 
liver  (Fig.  132). 

GENUS  VIVIPARA  Lamarck. 

Shell:  With  rounded  whorls  frequently  banded;  aperture 
ovately  rounded;  peristome  continuous.  Operculum  annular, 
horny. 

"Animal:  With  a  long  muzzle  and  very  short  eye-pe- 
duncles; neck  with  a  small  lappet  on  the  left  side  and  a  larger 
on  the  right,  folded  to  form  a  respiratory  siphon;  gill  comb- 
like,  single;  tongue  short;  teeth  single,  oval,  slightly  hooked 
and  denticulated;  uncini  3,  oblong,  denticulated.  The  Vivipa- 
rid(B  are  viviparous,  the  young  continuing  for  some  time  after 
they  are  hatched  within  the  parent  shell."  (Tryon).*  (Fig. 
133.) 

*S.  and  S.  Conch.,  Vol.  II,  p.  274. 


354  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

The  number  of  denticles  on  the  cusps  varies  in  different 
species  as  follows:  central,  7-18;  intermediate,  7-12;  inner 
lateral,  5-10;  outer  lateral,  5-16. 

146.     Vivipira  contectoides  W.  G.  Binney,  pi.  xxxvi,  figs.  1,  2,  3. 

Limncea  vivipara  SAY,  Nich.  Encycl.,  Amer.  ed.,   pi.  ii,  fig.  5,  1817. 

(Paludina  of  later  editions.) 

Vivipara  contectoides  W.  G.  BINNEY,  L.  and  Fr.  W.  Sh.,  Part  III,  p.  23, 
figs.  41-44,  1865. 

Shell:  Rather  thin,  rounded,  swollen;  color  greenish- 
horn,  either  plain  or  with  four  revolving  brown  bands,  of 
which  three  are  on  the  body  of  the  whorl  and  one  on  the  base, 
the  upper  whorls  showing  but  two  bands;  surface  shining, 
smooth,  lines  of  growth  numerous,  fine,  crowded,  a  trifle  ob- 
lique; surface  broken  in  one  or  more  places  by  the  mark  of 
the  former  peristome,  which  leaves  a  black  line;  spire  rather 
short,  subconic;  apex  small,  knob-shaped,  elevated;  sutures 
very  deeply  impressed;  whorls  five,  regularly  increasing  in 
size,  swollen;  aperture  nearly  circular,  oblique,  entire,  the  in- 
ner wall  of  the  aperture  being  placed  against  the  body-whorl, 
bluish-white  inside,  showing  the  four  bands  through  the  shell; 
peristome  entire,  thin,  sharp,  bordered  with  black,  reflected 
near  the  umbilicus;  base  of  shell  rounded;  umbilicus  narrow, 
deep,  in  some  examples  almost  covered  by  trie  reflection  of 
the  peristome. 

Length,  28.00;  width,  21.00;  aperture  length,  14.50;  width,  11.50  mill.  (8840.) 

30.00;     "       24.00;        "             "        16.00;      "        13.00    "  (8845.) 

31.00;      "       26.00;        "             "        15.00;     "        12.50    "  (8841.) 

33.00;     "       25.00;        "             "        16.00;     "       13.00    "  (9130.) 

Animal:  With  a  short  and  very  wide  foot,  expanded  lat- 
erally before  and  rounded  behind;  tentacles  short  and  trian- 
gular, the  eyes  situated  on  prominences  on  their  outer  sides; 
color  dark  brown  with  lighter  patches  here  and  there;  rostrum 
short  and  thick,  cylindrical,  blunt;  there  is  a  short  siphon  on 
the  right  side  and  a  small  lappet  on  the  left  side;  operculum 
concentric,  horny,  rather  thin,  concave,  the  nucleus  a  little 
below  the  center  of  left  side  (PI.  xxxvi,  Fig.  2);  operculigerous 
lobe  on  right  side  of  body,  near  the  center  of  the  hinder  end 
of  the  dorsal  surface  of  the  foot.  Length  of  foot,  22.00;  width, 
14.00  mill.  In  the  male  contectoides  the  right  tentacle  is  pro- 
duced into  a  thick,  cylindrical,  copulatory  organ,  or  verge, 
with  a  small  hook  at  the  end. 

Radula  formula:     |+i+i+i+i+i+^  (3-1-3);    central 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY. 


355 


tooth  with  a  quadrangular  base  of  attachment,  rounded  above 
and  below,  reflected  portion  small,  nine-dentate,  the  central 
cusp  the  largest;  intermediate  tooth  longer  than  wide,  some- 
what sole-shaped,  nine-dentate,  cusp  wider  than  high;  lateral 
teeth  longer  than  wide,  the  second  nine-dentate  and  the  third 
seven-dentate.  The  writer  counted  55  rows  of  perfect  teeth  in 
one  membrane  (Fig.  134). 

Distribution:  Eastern  United  States  from  Michigan  to 
New  York  and  Florida,  and  from  South  Carolina  to  Arkansas. 

Geological  distribution :     Pleistocene;  Loess. 

Habitat:  Found  in  lakes  and  rivers,  where  there  is  a 
muddy  bottom,  more  frequently  where  there  is  a  quantity  of 
grass,  in  water  from  a  foot  to  two  or  three  feet  in  depth. 

Remarks:  This  is  a  very  common  and  beautiful  species. 
It  is  unlike  any  other  mollusk  found  in  this  region,  the  four 
spiral  bands  easily  distinguishing  it.  In  some  localities  it  is 


FIG.  134. 

Radula  of  VIVIPARA  CONTECTOIDES,  W.  G.  Binney.    (Original.)    C, 
central  tooth;  1,  intermediate  tooth;  2,  3,  lateral  teeth. 

the  predominating  form,  and  thousands  of  dead  shells  may  be 
found  upon  the  shores  of  such  localities  as  Wolf  and  Calumet 
lakes.  It  is  most  interesting  in  an  aquarium,  and  readily 
moves  about,  its  long  tentacles  and  rounded  rostrum  extended 
to  their  full  length,  the  latter  bent  downward,  the  former  feel- 
ing about  nervously  and  the  shell  swinging  from  side  to  side. 
The  young  have  a  foot  almost  black  in  color,  with  large,  irreg- 
ular white  spots  on  the  under  side;  they  are  very  active.  The 
shell  is  very  variable  in  regard  to  the  presence  of  the  bands, 
some  specimens  being  perfectly  plain  and  others  but  faintly 
banded.  It  seems  to  be  pretty  widely  distributed,  but  is  most 
common  in  the  southern  region,  in  the  chain  of  lakes. 


356  THE    CHICAGO   ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

GENUS  CAMPELOMA  Rafinesque,  1819. 
Paludina,  Vivipara  and  Melantho  of  authors. 

"Shell:  Thick,  solid,  ovate,  imperforate,  spire  produced; 
whorls  rounded,  smooth,  covered  with  an  olivaceous  epider- 
mis; peristome  simple,  continuous."  (W.  G.  Binney.)* 

Animal:  With  a  large,  broad,  rather  thin  foot,  "much 
produced  beyond  the  snout  and  slightly  auricled  in  front. 
Color  rather  light,  in  reddish  (orange)  spots  on  a  palish  white 
ground.  Head  of  moderate  size,  snout  small.  Lingual  teeth 
smooth  or  only  minutely  crenulated  at  their  apices.  Cervical 
lappets  of  moderate  size,  but  not  forming  regular  tubular 
aquiferous  ducts;  the  right  one  plicated.  Branchial  laminae 
elongate-triangular,  equal  in  size  and  arranged  in  a  single 
straight  row  both  at  base  and  tips."  (Stimpson.)f 

"The  operculum  is  elongately-ovate,  somewhat  produced 
anteriorly  and  curved;  thin,  corneous,  subconcentric,  with  sim- 
ple nucleus  near  parietal  wall;  reddish  or  light  brown."  (Call.) 

Disribution:  The  United  States  east  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains. 

KEY   TO   SPECIES   OF    CAMPELOMA. 

A.  Shell  reddish  or  pinkish  under  the  epidermis,  especially  the 

apex rufum 

B.  Shell  dark  olivaceous  or  greenish,  chalky-white  beneath  the 

epidermis. 

a.  Spire  very  short,  stumpy;   aperture  longer  than  spire, 

produced  into  a  sort  of  channel  at  the  upper  (poste- 
rior) part;  shell  very  ponderous ponderosum 

b.  Spire  rather  long,  aperture  and  spire  of   equal  length, 

aperture  not  produced. 

1.  Whorls  rounded;  shell  generally  ovate,  rather  thin, 

spire  somewhat  depressed,  aperture  rounded decisum 

2.  Whorls  rather  flattened;  shell  generally  elongated, 

solid;  spire  produced,  aperture  sigmoid subsolidum 

147.     Campeloma  ponderosum  Say,  pi.  xxxv,  fig.  9. 

Paludina  ponderosa  SAY,  Journ.  Phil.  Acad.,  Vol.  II,  p.  173,  1821. 
Paludina  regularis  LEA,  Trans.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  IX,  p.  13,  1844. 
Melantho  nolani   TRYON,   Con.  Haldeman,  Mon.,  p.    25,  pi.  xii,  figs. 
10-11,  1870. 

Shell:  Very  heavy  and  solid,  globosely  ovate;  color  gen- 
erally greenish,  but  blackish  in  old  specimens  and  showing 
old  peristome  scars;  surface  shining,  polished,  smooth,  lines  of 

*L.  and  Fr.  W.  Sh.,  pt.  3,  p.  36. 

tSee  Bull.  Washburn  Coll.  Lab.  N.  H.,  Vol.  I,  No.  5.  p.  153. 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY   SURVEY.  357 

growth  numerous,  fine,  crowded,  crossed  by  delicate  spiral 
lines;  beneath  the  green  or  black  epidermis  the  shell  is  pure 
white;  apex  always  eroded  in  old  specimens  but  in  young  ones 
showing  a  small,  round,  sunken  nucleus,  which  is  light  horn 
color;  spire  generally  depressed,  short,  conic;  sutures  well  im- 
pressed; whorls  six,  rounded,  bulbous  or  inflated,  the  last 
whorl  very  large,  equaling  over  half  the  length  of  the  entire 
shell;  aperture  elongately-ovate,  rounded  below  and  con- 
tracted above,  where  it  is  produced  into  a  sort  of  canal;  aper- 
ture bluish-white  within;  peristome  sharp,  thick,  simple,  mar- 
gined with  black;  columellar  lip  covered  by  a  thin  coating  of 
callus,  which  is  bordered  with  black  and  which  makes  the  peri- 
stome entire,  joining  the  terminations;  base  of  shell  rounded, 
imperforate. 

Length,  21.50;  width  15.00;  aperture  length,  13.50;  width,  8.00  mill.    (8848.) 
18.00;      "      13.50;        "  "       13.00;       "      8.00    "        (8848.) 

Animal:  Not  examined.  Operculum  longer  than  wide, 
much  narrowed  above,  convex,  horny,  thin  on  the  edges,  sub- 
concentric;  the  nucleus  near  the  left  margin;  reddish  brown 
in  color.  Length  12.50,  width  7.00  mill.  (Shell  21.50  mill,  long.) 

Radula:     Not  examined. 

Distribution:  New  York  west  to  Illinois,  south  to  Ala- 
bama and  Texas. 

Geological  distribution:     Pleistocene;  Loess. 

Habitat:     In  the  larger  rivers  on  a  muddy  bottom. 

Remarks:  Distinguished  by  its  heavy,  solid  shell  and 
peculiar  channeled  aperture.  The  species  is  not  generally 
known  to  inhabit  this  region,  being  usually  found  farther 
south,  but  the  specimens  before  the  writer  are  certainly  pon- 
derosum  and  they  were  said  to  have  been  collected  in  the  Calu- 
met River  some  years  ago  by  Dr.  J.  W.  Velie.  The  specimens 
were  sent  to  Prof.  R.  Ellsworth  Call,  the  well-known  student 
of  this  intricate  genus,  who  wrote  as  follows  concerning  them: 
"The  specimens  are  certainly  Campeloma  ponderosum,  mostly 
juniors,  and  one  about  two-thirds  grown.  They  are  typical  of 
that  form.  I  seriously  question  that  your  collector  found 
them  in  the  place  indicated.  It  will  be  very  interesting  indeed 
to  have  this  settled  by  additional  specimens,  which  will  be  the 
only  proof  beyond  doubt."  The  region  has  been  very  care- 
fully searched  for  additional  specimens  but  up  to  the  present 
time  none  have  been  found.  It  has  been  admitted  to  this  list 


358  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF   SCIENCES. 

only  for  the  reason  that  others  may  identify  it,  if  collected  in 
this  region  by  any  student. 

148.     Campeloma  rufum  Haldeman,  pi.  xxxvi,  figs.  4,  6. 

Paludina  rufa  HALDEMAN,  Mon.,  p.  3  of  wrapper,  pt.  3,  pi.  iii,  fig.  1, 

1844. 
Melantho gibba  CURRIER,  Amer.  Journ.  Conch.,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  112,  pi.  vi, 

fig.  3, 1867. 

Shell:  Thick,  but  not  heavy,  elongately  ovate  or  globose; 
color  olive  green  to  light  horn,  especially  near  the  sutures, 
showing  old  peristome  marks  as  in  ponderosum ;  beneath  the 
epidermis  the  shell  is  pinkish  or  reddish  and  the  apex  is  pink- 
ish; surface  shining,  polished,  smooth,  lines  of  growth  numer- 
ous, raised  into  conspicuous  ridges  here  and  there,  crossed 
by  more  or  less  distinct  spiral  striae;  sometimes  malleated'on 
body-whorl;  apex  small,  rounded,  pinkish,  eroded  in  some 
specimens;  spire  obtusely  conic,  somewhat  elevated;  sutures 
well  impressed;  whorls  five  and  one-half  to  six  and  one-half, 
convex  on  the  sutures  but  rather  flat-sided  on  the  peripheral 
portion  of  the  whorl;  last  whorl  (at  the  aperture)  from  two- 
fifths  to  one-half  the  length  of  the  entire  shell;  aperture  ob- 
liquely ovate,  narrowed  above,  pinkish  within,  bluish-white  on 
the  columella  and  near  the  peristome;  peristome  acute,  sim- 
ple, sigmoid,  terminations  joined  by  a  bluish-white  callus, 
which  is  reflected  over  the  parietal  wall  and  covers  the  umbil- 
icus; base  of  shell  rounded.  Operculum  as  \^  decisum. 

Length,  29.00;  width,  17.00;  aper.  length,  14.00;  width,  9.00  mill.  (8859.)^ 

23.50;      "       14.50;        "          "      13.00;        "      8.00    "  (10111.)c? 

20.00;      "       13.00;        "          "      11.50;        "     8.00    "  (10111.)^ 

20.50;      "       13.00;        "          "      11.50;        "     7.75    "  (10115.)^ 

27.00;      "       19.00;        "          "      14.50;        "   11.00    "  (12866.)$ 

Animal:     Not  differing  materially  from  decisum, 

Radula:     As  in  decisum. 

Distribution:  Connecticut  and  Massachusetts  west  to 
Iowa,  south  to  Tennessee  and  Alabama. 

Geological  distribution:     Pleistocene;  Loess. 

Habitat:  Found  rather  plentifully  on  muddy  bottoms  in 
rivers  and  lakes. 

Remarks:  This  distinct  and  beautiful  species  is  generally 
confounded  with  decisum,  but  may  always  be  distinguished  by 
the  peculiar  pinkish  tinge  of  the  substance  of  the  shell  beneath 
the  epidermis,  and  the  pinkish  apex.  In  form  the  shell  much 
resembles  both  decisum  and  obesum,  as  well  as  some  forms  of 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY   SURVEY.  359 

subsolidum.  The  females  are  very  globose  and  may  easily  be 
distinguished  from  the  males,  which  are  comparatively  slen- 
der. The  interior  of  the  aperture  is  frequently  bluish  or  pur- 
plish, and  the  pinkish  substance  of  the  shell  cannot  be  made 
out  until  the  shell  is  examined  by  transmitted  light.  An  ex- 
cellent method  of  identifying  this  species  is  to  scratch  the  epi- 
dermis from  a  spot  on  the  shell,  when  the  beautiful  pink  tint 
will  be  seen.  This  seems  to  be  a  rather  widely  distributed 
species  and  is  found  in  all  parts  of  the  territory.  Mr.  T.  Jen- 
sen has  a  very  fine,  large,  reversed  specimen  in  his  collection. 

149.     Campeloma  decisum  Say,  pi.  xxxvi,  figs.  5,  7. 
Limncea  decisa  SAY,  Nich.  Encycl.,  ed.  1,  1817. 

Paludina  incrassata  LEA,  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  S'oc.,  Vol.  II,  p.  243,  1842. 
Paludina  decapitata  ANTHONY,  Proc.  Phil.  Acad.,  p.  71, 1860. 
Melantho  melanostoma  CURRIER  (MSS.?) 

Melantho  geniculum  CONRAD,  N.  Fr.  W.  Sh.,  U.  S.,  p.  48,  pi.  viii,  fig.  3, 
1834.     (Variety.) 

Shell:  Elongate-ovate,  rather  solid,  subfusiform;  color 
dark  green,  generally  very  uniform,  but'  with  here  and  there 
a  brown  streak  representing  a  former  edge  of  the  aperture; 
surface  smooth,  shining,  lines  of  growth  numerous,  very  fine, 
crowded,  crossed  by  numerous  microscopic  revolving  lines; 
beneath  the  green  epidermis  the  shell  is  chalky  white,  apex 
(when  present)  very  small,  rounded,  color  light  horn;  spire 
elevated,  conic,  obtuse  near  the  apex,  frequently  truncated; 
sutures  well  impressed;  whorls  six,  rounded,  the  upper  whorls 
of  the  spire  being  frequently  eroded;  aperture  elongately- 
ovate,  very  nearly  entire,  rounded  below  and  a  little  contracted 
above,  bluish-white  within;  peristome  acute,  simple,  a  dark 
brown  band  bordering  it  on  the  outside;  the  columellar  wall 
of  the  aperture  is  covered  by  a  callus  which  is  bordered  with 
dark  brown  and  connects  the  terminations  of  the  peristome; 
the  parietal  wall  and  columella  form  almost  a  straight  line  in 
typical  (male)  specimens;  base  rounded,  made  imperforate  by 
the  reflection  of  the  aperture. 

Lgth., 28.50;  width,  17.50;  aper.lgth.,  15.50;  width,  10.00 mill.  (10110.) 

"     26.00;      "      12.50;      "        "      14.50;  "        9.00    "        (8858.)  Rev      d 

"    23.00;      "      16.00;      "        "     13.00;  "        9.00     "      (8853.) 

"    21.00;       "      15.50;     "        "      12.00;  "        8.50     "      (8856.) 

Animal:  Pale  or  bluish  white,  covered  over  thickly  with 
salmon-colored  spots,  under  portion  of  foot  pale  bluish-white; 
head  small,  distinct;  rostrum  small,  cylindrical;  tentacles 


360 


THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 


rather  long  and  tapering,  the  eyes  situated  on  the  outside  on 
an  enlargement  of  the  tentacles  one-third  the  distance  be- 
tween the  base  and  tip;  in  the  male  the  right  tentacle  is  modi- 


FIG.  135. 
Animal  of  CAMPELOMA  DECISUM  Say.    Female.    (Binney,  Fig.  68.) 

fied  to  form  the  verge;  foot  very  large,  broad,  produced  in 
front,  and  much  in  advance  of  the  head  and  tentacles.  Length 
of  foot,  39.00;  width,  19.00  mill.  Foot  truncated  in  front  and 
slightly  auriculated,  rounded  behind,  translucent  (Fig.  135). 
Operculum  longer  than  wide,  convex,  subconcentric,  with  the 
nucleus  near  the  left  margin;  dark  reddish  brown  in  color. 
Length,  11.00;  width,  6.00  mill. 

Radula  formula:  3-1-3,  central  tooth  very  broad,  the 
lower  corners  of  the  base  of  attachment  attenuated;  reflection 
simply  hooked,  without  denticulations;  intermediate  tooth 


FIG.  136. 

Radula  of  CAMPELOMA  DECISUM  Say.    (Original.) 
lj  intermediate  tooth;  2,  3,  lateral  teeth. 


C,  central  tooth; 


similar  to  central,  but  narrower;  second  and  third  lateral  teeth 
very  long  and  narrow,  somewhat  fang-shaped,  simple  (Fig.  136). 

Distribution:  Massachusetts  to  Illinois  and  Minnesota, 
south  to  Tennessee  and  Virginia.  In  British  America  from 
Nova  Scotia  to  Saskatchewan  River. 

Geological  distribution:     Pleistocene;  Loess. 

Habitat:     Found   generally  on  a  muddy   bottom    almost 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  361 

buried  from  sight.  Sometimes,  when  found  in  a  quiet  nook, 
they  may  be  seen  crawling  over  the  surface  of  the  mud.  They 
seem  to  prefer  large  bodies  of  water. 

Remarks:  This  species  is  rare  in  this  region,  and  the 
specimens  found  are  not  typical.  Professor  Call  remarked  that 
of  a  lot  of  Campeloma  sent  him  only  5  per  cent  were  decisum, 
the  others  being  subsolidum.  Many  specimens  are  similar  to 
rufum,  but  the  pink  shell  will  always  distinguish  that  species. 
It  is  always  confounded  with  subsolidum,  and  many  of  its  va- 
rieties are  difficult  to  distinguish  from  that  species.  Decisum 
has  well-rounded  whorls,  a  somewhat  depressed  spire,  broadly 
conical,  and  the  epidermis  is  of  a  beautiful  green.  Subsolidum 
has  always  a  more  solid  shell,  with  a  longer  spire,  more  flat- 
sided  whorls  and  (in  this  region)  a  greenish  horn-colored  shell. 

In  a  lot  of  specimens  from  Wolf  Lake,  the  females  (July 
16,  1896)  were  filled  with  ova  in  an  advanced  stage  of  devel- 
opment. One  specimen  had  twenty  ova  measuring  5  mill,  in 
diameter,  and  the  yolk  was  of  a  beautiful  transparent  horn 
color. 

The  oviduct  of  this  species  is  infested  by  a  parasite,  Heter- 
ostromum  echinatum  Diesing,  which  is  found  in  considerable 
numbers,  and  the  intestine  is  tenanted  by  another  parasite,  Ano- 
plophrya  vermicularis. 

On  February  23,  1897,  a  specimen  of  this  species  gave 
birth  to  six  young  which  were  very  active.  A  few  days  later 
she  added  twelve  more  to  that  number,  making  eighteen  in  all. 
The  young  all  died  three  weeks  after  birth.  When  born  the 
animal  is  very  transparent  and  vitreous,  with  a  very  large  foot. 
The  shell  is  3  mill,  in  length,  and  consists  of  about  two  whorls. 
The  operculum  is  very  thin  and  transparent,  almost  structure- 
less, and  measures  15^  by  I  mill.  The  shell  might  easily  be 
mistaken  for  Amnicola  limosa.  No  reversed  specimens  occurred 
in  this  brood.  (Mus.  No.  12353.) 

Decisum  is  found,  rather  sparingly,  however,  in  all  parts  of 
the  territory.  On  the  old  lake  beaches  it  may  be  found  in  a 
fossil  condition. 

150.     Campeloma  subsolidum  Anthony,  pi.  xxxvi,  figs.  8-12. 
Paludina  subsolida  ANTHONY,  Proc.  Phil.  Acad.,  p.  71,  1860. 
Pahidina  exilis  ANTHONY,  1.  c.,  p.  71,  1860. 
Paludina  milesii  LEA,  1.  c.,  p.  156,  1863. 

Shell:     Elongate,  very  solid,  more  or  less  malleated;  color 


362  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

horn  or  light  green,  showing  former  peristome  marks  as  in 
decisum;  surface  polished,  smooth  save  for  the  somewhat  ele- 
vated, crowded  growth-lines  which  roughen  the  shell  to  some 
extent;  the  shell  beneath  the  epidermis  is  chalky  white;  apex 
small,  similar  to  decisum,  but  more  prominent;  spire  elevated, 
elongated,  conic;  sutures  impressed,  almost  channeled;  whorls 
six  to  seven  in  fully  adult  specimens,  rather  flat-sided,  sloping 
near  the  sutures,  where  they  are  almost  angular;  the  whorl  oc- 
cupies three-fourths  of  the  entire  length  of  the  shell,  and  the 
periphery  is  perceptibly  flattened;  aperture  broadly  ovate, 
rounded  below  and  contracted  above;  forming  a  sort  of  "bay" 
at  the  columella,  white  or  bluish-white  within;  peristome  thinf 
acute,  simple,  the  terminations  connected  by  a  rather  heavy 
columellar  callus  which  is  reflected  over  the  umbilicus;  the 
parietal  callus  is  bluish-white  and  is  sometimes  bordered  by  a 
black  stripe;  base  rounded,  imperforate,  somewhat  wrinkled. 
Operculum  similar  to  that  of  decisum. 

Length,  32.00;  width,  20.00;  aper.  length,  17.00;  width,  11.00  mill.  (10113.) 

31.00;  "      19.00;        "  "       16.50;  "       11.00     "  (10113.) 

29.00;  "     17.50;        "  "       15.00;  "        10.00     "  (8857.) 

30.00;  "      18.00;        "  "       15.50;  "        10.00     "  (8844.) 

40.00;  "      23.00;        "  "       21.00;  "       13.50     "  (9343.) 

Animal:     Similar  to  decisum. 

Radula:     Same  as  that  of  decisum. 

Distribution:  Massachusetts  to  Illinois  and  Michigan, 
south  to  Central  Ohio. 

Geological  distribution:     Pleistocene;  Loess. 

Habitat:     Similar  to  decisum. 

Remarks:  This  species  is  almost  always  confounded  with 
decisum.  It  is  a  more  heavy  shell,  the  spire  is  more  produced, 
the  aperture  is  more  sigmoid  and  the  whorls  are  more  flat- 
sided.  The  two  species  are  almost  always  found  associated 
together  and  it  is  a  question  whether  they  do  not  interbreed. 
It  is  certainly  very  difficult  to  separate  some  of  the  forms  of 
these  two  species.  This  is  the  most  common  Campeloma  in 
this  region  and  grows  to  a  large  size.  In  Wolf  Lake  it  is  very 
plentiful,  and  in  the  North  Branch  of  the  Chicago  River  it  is 
quite  common  and  very  typical.  It  is  universally  distributed 
and  has  been  found  fossil  on  the  old  lake  beaches  and  by  Mr. 
Jensen  in  sand  banks  on  the  lake  shore  north  of  Graceland 
avenue. 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY   SURVEY.  363 

XI.     CHICAGO  BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

The  writer  has  been  able  to  find  but  three  papers  (besides 
his  own)  relating  to  the  Mollusca  of  the  area  under  considera- 
tion.    All  available  works  have  been  carefully  examined.     The 
Chicago  drainage  area  seems  to  have  been  but  little  studied, 
i.   CATALOGUE  OF  ANIMALS  OBSERVED  IN  COOK  COUNTY,  ILL. 

Prepared  for  the  Illinois  State  Agricultural  Society  by 
Robert  Kennicott,  The  Grove,  West  Northfield,  111.  (Transac- 
tions of  the  Illinois  State  Agricultural  Society,  Vol.  I,  1853- 
1854,  p.  595.) 

MOLLUSCA. 

Unio  alatus  Say.  Helix  monodon  Rackett. 

Unio  costatus  Raf.  Helix  pro funda. 

Unio  iris  Raf.  Planorbis  campanulatus  Say. 

Unio  bullatus  Raf.  Planorbis  trivolvis  Say. 

Uniofragilis  Raf.  Limncea  reflexa  Say. 

Unio  luteolus  Lam.  Limncea  fragilis  Linne. 

Unio  dilatatus  Raf.  Limncea  emarginata  Say. 

Unio  coccineus  Hild.  Physa  heterostropha  Say. 

Unio  cardium  Raf.  Paludina  decisa  Say. 

Unio  parvus  Barnes.  Melania  carinata. 

Alasmodonta  calceolata  Late.  Melania  semicarinata  Say. 
Cyclas  similis  Say. 

Of  the  above,  (J.  costatus  — undulatus  Barnes;  U.  iris=ins 
Lea  (?);  U.  bullatus— pustulosus  Lea;  \3.fragilis=gracilis  Barnes; 
U.  dilatatiis=gibbosus  Barnes;  U.  cardium  =  ventricosus  Barnes; 
A.  calceolata— calceola\^^-A\  \^. fragilis— stagnalis  Linne;  L.emar- 
ginata=catascopium  Say;  M.  carinata= semicarinata  Say,  the 
latter  a  species  not  found  in  the  present  territory.  The  list 
shows  how  little  was  known  at  that  time  concerning  the  varied 
molluscan  fauna  of  this  region. 

2.    NOTES  ON  FRESH-WATER  MOLLUSCA  FOUND  IN  THE  VICINITY 
OF  CHICAGO,  ILL. 

BY  W.  W.  CALKINS. 

Cincinnati  Journal  of  Science,  Vol.  I,  pp.  242-244,  1874. 
This  paper  lists  the  species  of  fresh-water  shells  and  adds 
valuable  notes  on  their  habits  and  variability.     The  following 
species  are  listed: 

Limncea  reflexa  Say.  Sphcerium  simile  Say. 

Limncea  zebra*  Tryon.  Sphcerium  partumeium  Say. 

Limncea  appressa*  Say.  Sphceriitm  transversiim  Say. 


364  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

Limncea  palustris  Muller.  Pisidium  abditum  Prime. 

Limncea  caperata  Say.  Pisidium  compressum  Prime. 

Limncea  umbrosus  *Say.  Unio  cornutus  Barnes. 

Physa  gyrina  Say.  Unio  gracilis  Barnes. 

Physa  heterostropha  Say.  Unio  gibbosus  Barnes. 

Planorbis  campanulatus  Say.  Unio  luteolus  Lam. 

Planorbis  trivolvis  Say.  Unio  occidens*  Lea. 

Planorbis  bicarinatus  Say.  Unio  rectus  Lam. 

Planorbis parvus  Say.  Unio  pustulosus  Lea. 

Segmentina  armigera  Say.  Unio  pustulatus\  Lea. 

Valvata  tricarinata  Say*  Unio  rubiginosus  Lea. 

Valvata  sincera  Say.  Unio  elegans  Lea. 
Vivipara  contectoides  W.  G.  Binney.    Unio  undiilatus  Barnes. 

Melantho*  subsolidus  Anthony.  Unio  verrucosus  Barnes. 

Melanthd*  coarctatcft  Lea.  Unio  ellipsis^  Barnes. 

Bythinella  obtusa  Lea.  Unio  tuberculatus\  Barnes. 

Somatogyrus  depressus*  Tryon.  Margaritana  complanata  Barnes. 
Amnicola  cincinnatiensis  Anthony.     Anodonta  footiana  Lea. 

Pleurocera  subulare  Lea.  Anodonta  imbecilis  Say. 

Goniobasis  livescens  Menke.  Anodonta plana*  Lea. 

3.     PAPER  BY  W.  W.  CALKINS, 

In  Valley  Naturalist,  Vol.  I,  No.  2,  p.  I,   Nov.,   1878,  and  Vol. 
II,  p.  53,  1880,  published  at  St.  Louis,  gives  descriptions  of  the 
following  species  from  the  Chicago  area,  besides  valuable  notes: 
Succinea  calumetensis. 
Zonites  upsoni. 
A  mnicolaferruginea. 

4.     COLLECTING  ABOUT  CHICAGO. 

BY  FRANK  C.  BAKER. 

Sports  Afield,  August,  1897,  Vol.  XIX,  No.  2. 
The  following  species  are  listed  from  the  southern  region: 

Anodonta  footiana  Lea.  Limncea  palustris  Mull. 

Unto  luteolus  Lam.  Limncea  caperata  Say. 

Unio  pustulosus  Lea.  Limncea  reflexa  Say. 

Unio  gibbosus  Barnes.  Limntea  stagnalis  Linne. 

Sphcerium  striatinum  Lam.  Planorbis  trivolvis  Say. 

Vitrea  arborea  Say.  Planorbis  campanulatus  Say. 

Vitrea  indentata  Say.  Planorbis  parvus  Say. 

Conulus  fulvus  Drap.  Segmentina  armigera  Say. 

Pupa  contracta  Say.  Vivipara  contectoides  W.  G.  Binney. 

Campeloma  decisum  Say. 

Campeloma  subsolidum  Anthony. 

Pleurocera  subulare  Lea. 

*For  the  correct  position  of  these  names,  which  are  synonymous,  the  reader  is  referred 
to  the  body  of  this  work. 

fThese  species  have  not  as  yet  been  found  in  the  territory  under  consideration. 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY   SURVEY.  365 

5.     A  DAY  ON  THE  CHICAGO  DRAINAGE  CANAL. 

BY  FRANK  C.  BAKER. 

The  Nautilus,  Vol.  XII,  No.  6,  p.  63,  October,  1898. 

The  following  species  are  enumerated    from   the  western 
region: 

Anodonta  grandis  Say.  Planorbis  trivolvis  Say. 

Anodonta  imbecilis  Say.  Planorbis  bicarinatus  Say. 
Alasmodonta  complanata  Barnes.        Planorbis  campanulatus  Say. 

Alasmodonta  deltoidea  Lea.  Planorbis  truncatus  Miles. 

Lampsilis  hiteolus  Lam.  Planorbis  deflectus  Say. 

Sphcerium  simile  Say.  Physa  heterostropha  Say, 

Sphcerium  stamineum  Conrad.  Aplexa  hypnorum  Linne. 

Calyculina  truncata  Linsley.  Goniobasis  livescens  Menke. 

Succinea  retusa  Lea.  Amnicola  limosa  Say. 

Limncea  desidiosa  Say.  Amnicola  lustrica  Pilsbry. 

Limncza pahtstris  Miill.  Amnicola  cincinnatiensis  Lea. 

Limncea  caperata  Say.  Vivipara  contectoides  W.  G.  Binney. 

Limncea  humilis  Say.  Valvata  tricarinata  Say. 

6.     A  NEW  SPH^RIUM. 

BY  FRANK  C.  BAKER. 

The  Nautilus,  Vol.  XII,  No.  6,  p.  65,  October,  1898. 
Description  of  SphcBriiim  lilycashense  Baker,  from  Lilycash 
Creek,  western  region. 

7.     NOTES  ON  THE  MOLLUSKS  OF  LILYCASH  CREEK. 

BY  FRANK  C.  BAKER. 
The  Nautilus,  Vol.  XIII,  No.  3,  p.  30,  1899. 
The  following  species  are  listed  from  the  western  region: 

Sphcerium  staminium  Conrad.  Pisidiumsp. 

'Sphcerium  lilycashense  Baker.  Pisidium  roperi  Sterki. 

Sphcerium  striatinum  Lam.  Limncea  humilis  Say. 

Sphceriiim  simile  Say.  Limncea  desidiosa  Say. 

Sphcerium  occidentals  Prime.  Planorbis  parvus  Say. 

Calyculina  transversa*  Say.  Physa  heterostropha  Say. 

Calyculina  truncata*  Linsley.  Pleurocera  elevatum  Say. 

Pisidium  abditum  Haldeman.  Amnicola  limosa  Say. 

Pisidium  compressum  Prime.  Amnicola  limosa  var  parva  Lea. 

Pisidium  walkeri  Sterki.  Cincinnatia  cincinnatiensis  Lea. 

Pisidium  cruciatum  Sterki.  Pomatiopsis  cincinnatiensis  Anthony. 

Pisidiitm  punctatum  Sterki.  Campelomarufum  Haldeman. 

Pisidium  fallax  Sterki.  (Reversed.) 

Pisidium  splendidulum  Sterki. 

Pisidium  variabile  Prime. 

*Mr.  Handwerk,  who  sent  the  specimens  for  identification,  says,  in  a  letter  of  recent 
date,  that  the  two  Calyculina  were  from  the  Desplames  River  and  not  from  Lilycash 
Creek. 


366  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENO-ES. 

8.     A  REVISION  OF  THE  PHYS^E  OF  NORTHEASTERN  ILLINOIS. 

BY  FRANK  C.  BAKER. 

The  Nautilus,  Vol.  XIV,  No.  2,  p.  16,  1900. 

The  following  species  are  described  and  figured:     Physa 
heterostropha,  P.  sayii,  P.  integra,  P.  gyrina,  and  variety  elliptica. 

g.     A  REVISION  OF  THE  LIMN^EAS  OF  NORTHERN  ILLINOIS. 

BY  FRANK  C.  BAKER. 

Trans.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Louis,  Vol.  XI,  No.  1,  pp.  1-24,  pi.  i,  1901. 
All  of  the  species  found  in  the  Chicago  area  are  described 
and  figured. 

10.  NEW  VARIETIES  OF  FRESH-WATER  SHELLS. 

BY  FRANK  C.  BAKER. 
The  Nautilus,  Vol.  XV,  p.  17, 1901. 
Description  of  Limn&d reflexajolietensis. 

11.  DESCRIPTION  OF  A  NEW  SPECIES  OF  LIMN^EA. 

BY  FRANK  C.  BAKER. 

Bull.  Chi.  Acad.  Sciences,  Vol.  II,  No.  4,  p.  229,  1901. 
Description  of  Limncea  Woodmffi. 

12.       LlMN^EA  AURICULARIA  IN  AMERICA. 

BY  FRANK  C.  BAKER. 
The  Nautilus,  Vol.  XV,  No.  5,  p.  59,  1901. 

XII.     BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  WORKS  REFERRED  TO  IN 
THIS  PUBLICATION.* 

In  the  following  list  the  abbreviations  used  for  the  author  are  given, 
and  following  this  a  list  of  the  abbreviations  used  for  the  several  publica- 
tions. 

ADAMS,  CHARLES  B.    (C.  B.  Ad.)    Catalogue  of  the  Mollusca  of  Middle- 
bury,  Vt.,  and  Vicinity;  with  Observations.     (From  Amer.  Journ.  Sci.,  I 
series,  Vol.  XL,  pp.  266-267,  1841.) 
....  Descriptions  of  Shells.    (1.  c.,  Vol.  XXXIX,  I  series,  pp.  373-375, 1840.) 

Fresh  Water  and  Land  Shells  of  Vermont.   (From  Thompson's  History 

of  Vermont,  Vol.  I,  1842.) 

....Shells  of  Fresh  Pond.     (From  Amer. Journ.  Sci.,  I  series,  Vol.  XXXVI, 
p.  392,  1839.) 

CHITTY  AND  BLAND.    Contributions  to  Conchology.  Vol.  I,  New  York, 

Oct.,  1849;  Nov.,  1852. 

*The  writer  wishes  to  express  his  appreciation  of  Mr.  W.  G.  Binney's  raphy  of 

North  American  Conchology,  to  which  he  has  made  frequent  reference.  The  catalogue  of 
Corbiculidas  of  Temple  Prime  (Amer.  Journ.  Conch.,  Vol.  V,  pt.  2,  1869-70)  has  also  been  of 
great  service.  The  writer  would  also  express  his  obligations  to  Mr.  Charles  W.  Johnson, 
Curator  of  the  Wagner  Free  Institute  of  Science,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  and  to  Mr.  George  W. 
Clapp,  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  for  very  valuable  assistance  in  making  up  this  bibliography. 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY   SURVEY.  367 

ADAMS  AND  MIGHELS,  J.  W.  (Ad.  &  Migh.)  Descriptions  of  twenty-five 
new  species  of  New  England  Shells.  (From  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  N.  H., 
Vol.  I,  pp.  48-50,  1841.) 

ADAMS,  HENRY  AND  ARTHUR.  (H.  &  A.  Ad.)  Genera  of  Recent  Mollusca. 
Two  Volumes,  London,  1858. 

ADAMS,  HENRY.  (H.  Ad.)  In  the  Proceedings  of  the  Zoological  Society 
of  London,  p.  145  1861. 

ALBERS,  JOHANN  CHRIST.  (Alb.)  Die  Heliceen  Nach  Naturlicher  Ver- 
wamttschaft  systematisch  geordnet.  Leipzig. 

....  Malakozoologische  Blatter,  Vol.  IV,  p.  91,  1857. 

ALDER,  JOSHUA.  (Aid.)  A  catalogue  of  the  Mollusca  of  Northumberland 
and  Durham.  (From  The  Transactions  of  the  Tyneside  Naturalists' 
Field  Club,  Newcastle-on-the-Tyne,  1848.)  (Cat.  North,  and  Durh.) 

ANTHONY,  JOHN  G..  (Anth.)  Descriptions  of  three  new  species  of  shells. 
(From  the  Bost.  Journ.  N.  H.,  Vol.  Ill,  pp.  278-279,  1840.) 

Descriptions  of  New  Species  of  American  Fluviatile  Gastropods. 

(From  Proc.  Phil.  Acad.,  p.  71,  1860.) 

Descriptions  of  two  New  Species  of  Goniobases.  (From  Amer.  Journ. 

Conch.,  Vol.  I,  p.  36,  1865.) 

....  Descriptions  of  New  Species  of  North  American  Unionidae.  (From 
same,  Vol.  I,  pp.  155-164,  1865.) 

....  Descriptions  of  New  American  Fresh-water  Shells.  (From  same,  Vx>l. 
II,  pp.  144-147,1866.) 

..\.ListofLand  and  Fresh-water  Shells  found  chiefly  in  the  vicinity  of 
Cincinnati.  (No  date  or  descriptions.) 

....  In  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  N.  H.,  Vol.  Ill,  pp.  160-163, 1850.) 

ANONYMOUS.  Descriptions  of  some  of  the  Fresh-water  Gastropoda  Inhab- 
iting the  lakes  and  rivers  of  Canada.  (From  the  Canadian  Naturalist 
and  Geologist,  and  Proceedings  of  the.  Natural  History  Society  of 
Montreal,  Vol.  II,  pp.  195-215,  1857.) 

AUGHEY,  SAMUEL.  The  Superficial  Deposits  of  Nebraska.  (From  the 
Report  on  the  Geological  and  Geographical  Surveys  of  the  Territo- 
ries for  1874.  Reprinted,  pp.  1-31.) 

BAIRD, .  In  the  Proceedings  of  the  Zoological  Society  of  London, 

p.  68,  1863. 

BAKER,  FRANK  COLLINS.  A  Catalogue  of  Conchological  Abbreviations. 
(From  The  Nautilus,  Vol.  IV,  pp.  89-91,  1890;  115-117,  1891.) 

...  .A  Day  on  the  Chicago  Drainage  Canal.  (From  the  same,  Vol.  XII, 
No.  6,  p.  63,  October,  1898.) 

....  A  New  Sphaerium.     (From  the  same,  p.  65.) 

....  Collecting  about  Chicago.  (From  Sports  Afield,  Vol.  XIX,  No.  2,  Aug., 
1897.) 

....  Notes  on  Radulse.  (From  Journ.  Cin.  Soc.  N.  H.,  Vol.  XIX,  pp.  81-93, 
1897.) 

On  a  Collection  of  Mollusks  from  Grand  Tower,  111.  (From  The  Nau- 
tilus, Vol.  XI,  No.  3,  p.  28,  July,  1897.) 

....On  the  Correct  Position  of  the  Aperture  in  Planorbis.  (From  The 
Journ.  Cin.  Soc.  N.  H.,  Vol.  XIX,  p.  45,  1896.) 

On  the  Pulsations  of  the  Molluscan  Heart.  (From  the  same,  pp.  73-78, 

1897.) 


368  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

BAKER,  FRANK  COLLINS.     The  Molluscan  Fauna  of  Western  New  York. 

(From  the  Trans.  Acad.  Sci.,  St.  Louis,  Vol.  VIII,  No.  5,  pp.  71-94, 1898.) 
The  Gross  Anatomy   of   Limnaea  Emarginata,  var.  Mighelsi,  Binney. 

(Bull.  Chi.  Acad.  Sci.,  Vol.  II,  No.  3,  pp.  191-211,  1900.) 
Notes  on  the  Mollusks  of  Lily  cash  Creek.     (From  The  Nautilus,  Vol. 

XIII,  No.  3,  p.  30,  1899.) 
...  .A  Revision  of  the  Physae  of  Northeastern  Illinois.     (From  the  same, 

Vol.  XIV,  No.  2,  p.  16,  1900.) 
A  Revision  of  the  Limnaeas  of  Northern  Illinois.     (From  Trans.  Acad. 

Sci.,  St.  Louis,  Vol.  XI,  No.  1,  pp.  1-24, 1901.) 
....  New  Varieties  of  Fresh-water  Shells.    (From  The  Nautilus,  Vol.  XV, 

No.  2,  p.  17,  1901.) 
Description  of  a  New  Species  of  Limnaea.  (From  Bull.  Chi.  Acad.  Sci., 

Vol.  II,  No.  4,  pp.  229-230,  1901.) 
Limnaea  auricularia  in  America.     (From  The  Nautilus,  Vol.  XV,  No.  5, 

p.  59,  1901.) 
Planorbis  bicarinatus  striatus,  n.  var.     (The  Nautilus,  Vol.  XV,  No.  10, 

p.  120,  1902.) 

BARNES,  D.  W.  (Barnes.)     On  the  Genera  Unio  and  Alasmodonta;  with  In- 
troductory Remarks.   (From  Amer.  Journ.  Sci.,  I   series,  Vol.  VI.,  pp. 

118-126,  and  259-279,  1823.) 

BARRATT,  -     -  (In  Amer.  Journ.  Sci.,  I  series,  Vol.  XLVIII,  p.  276, 1845.) 
BECK,  H.  (Bk.)     Index  Molluscorum,  1838. 
BINNEY,  DR.  AMOS.   (Binn.)    A  Monograph  of  the  Helices  inhabiting  the 

United    States.    (From  Bost.  Journ.  N.  H.,  Vol.  I,  pp.  466-494,  1837; 

Vol.  Ill,  pp.  405-436,  1841.) 
Descriptions  of  some  of  the  species  of  naked  Air-breathing  Mollusca 

inhabiting   the  United   States.     ^From  the  same,  Vol.  IV,  pp.  163-174, 

1842.) 
...  .Descriptions  of  two  undescribed  species  of  North  American  Helices. 

(From  same,  Vol.  IV,  pp.  160-161,1843.) 
. . .  .On  some  of  the  species  of  naked  Pneumonobranchous  Mollusca  of  the 

United  States.  (From  the  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  N.  H.,  pp.  51-52, 1841 ) 
AND  A.  A.  GOULD.     (Binney  and  Gould.)     The  Terrestrial  Air-breath- 
ing Mollusks  of  the  United  States,  and  the  adjacent  Territories  of  North 

America,  described  and  illustrated  by  Amos  Binney;  edited  by  A.  A. 

Gould-    Boston,  Vols.  I,  II,  1851;  Vol.  Ill,  1857.    (Terr.  Moll.} 
BINNEY,  W.  G.  (W.  G.  B.)   A  Manual  of  American  Land  Shells.   (Bulletin 

of  the  United  States  National  Museum,  No.  28,  1885.)     (Man.  Amer. 

Land  Shells.} 
Bibliography  of  North  American  Conchology  previous  to  the  year  1860. 

Part  I,  American  authors.     (Smithsonian  Miscellaneous  Collections, 

1863.)    (Bib.  N.  Amer.  Conch.} 
Land  and  Fresh-water  Shells  of  North  America.    Part  II.     Pulmonata 

Limnophila  and  Thalassophila.     (Smithsonian  Miscellaneous  Collec- 
tions, 1865.) 
Land  and  Fresh-water  Shells  of  North  America.     Part  III.    Ampullar- 

iidae.Valvatidae.Viviparidse,  etc.   (Same,  1865.)  (L.  &*  Fr.  W.  S.  N.  A.) 
Notes  on  American  Land  Shells,  No.  III.     (From  Proc.  Phil.  Acad., 

pp.  114-116,  1858.) 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  369 

BINNEY,  W.  G.  On  the  Jaw  and  Lingual  Membrane  of  North  American 
Terrestrial  Pulmonata.  (From  the  same,  pp.  140-243,  1875. 

. .  .  ;The  Terrestrial  Air-breathing  Mollusks  of  the  United  States,  Vol.  IV. 
New  York,  1859;  Vol.  V,  Bulletin  of  the  Museum  of  Comparative 
Zoology  at  Harvard  College,  Vol.  IV,  1878.  Supplements  to  the  above 
have  been  issued  in  the  same  publication  as  follows:  First  supple- 
ment, Vol.  XI,  No.  8,  1883;  Second,  Vol.  XIII,  No.  2,  1886;  Third,  Vol. 
XIX,  No.  4,  1890. 

AND   BLAND,  THOMAS.     (Binney  &  Bland.)     Land  and  Fresh-water 

Shells  of  North  America.    Part  I.    Pulmonata  Geophila.   (Smithsonian 
Miscellaneous  Collections,  1869.) 

BLAND,  THOMAS.  (Bid.)  Descriptions  of  New  Species  of  North  American 
Land  Shells.  (From  Amer.  Journ.  Conch.,  Vol.  II,  pp.  371-374, 1866.) 

. . .  .Note  on  certain  Insect  Larval  Sacs,  described  as  species  of  Valvatse. 
(From  Annals  N.  Y.  Lye.  N.  H.,  Vol.  VIII,  pp.  241-242,  1867.) 

Remarks  on  certain  Species  of  North  American    Helicidae.     (From 

same,  Vol.  VII,  pp.  26-39,  115-142,  420-448,  1862.) 

Bosc,  L.  A.  G.  (Bosc.)     Vers  de  Buffon  de  Deterville. 

BOURGUIGNAT,  J.  R.  (Bourg.)  (Revue  et  Magazin  de  Zoologie,  Paris,  p.  20, 
1857.)  (Rev.  Mag.  de  Zool.) 

BROOKS,  W.  K.  Handbook  of  Invertebrate  Zoology  for  Laboratories  and 
Seaside  Work.  Boston,  1890. 

BROT,  A.  Catalogue  of  the  genera,  species  and  varieties  of  Melanidae. 
New  York,  1868.  (List.) 

BRONNANDKEFERSTEIN.  KlassenundOrdnungenderWeichthiere.  Mala- 
cozoa.  Leipzig,  1861-1866. 

BRUGUIERE,  M.  (Brug.)  Encyclopedic  Methodique.  Paris,  p.  301,  1792. 
(Encycl.  Meth.} 

CALKINS,  WILLIAM  WIRT.  Notes  on  Fresh-water  Mollusca  found  in  the 
vicinity  of  Chicago,  111.  (From  Cin.  Quar.  Journ.  Sci.,  Vol.  I,  pp.  242- 
244,  1874.) 

....  In  Valley  Naturalist,  St.  Louis,  Vol.  I,  p.  1,  1878;  Vol.  II,  p.  53,  1880. 

CALL,  R.  ELLSWORTH.  (Call.)  A  Study  of  the Unionidae  of  Arkansas,  with 
Incidental  Reference  to  their  Distribution  in  the  Mississippi  Valley. 
(From  Trans.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Louis,  Vol.  I,  pp.  1-65,  1895.) 

On  the  Quarternary  and  Recent  Mollusca  of  the  Great  Basin,  with  de- 
scriptions of  New  Forms.  (Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  No.  11,  1884.) 

On  the  Genus  Campeloma,  Rafinesque,  with  a  Revision  of  the  Species, 

Recent  and  Fossil.     (Bull.  Wash.  Coll.  Lab.,  Vol.  I,  pp.  149-165, 1886.) 

....  A  Descriptive  Illustrated  Catalogue  of  the  Mollusca  of  Indiana.  (From 
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CHARPENTIER.  (Charp.)  Nouveaux  Memoires  de  la  Societe  Helvetique 
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CHEMNITZ,  J.  H.  AND  MARTINI.  (Chemn.)  Systematischen  Conchylien 
Cabinet.  Conducted  by  H.  C.  Kuster.  Nurrburg,  18S2-1886.  (Conch. 
Cab.) 

CHENU,  J.  C.  Manual  de  Conchyliologie.  Two  volumes,  1859-1862.  (Man. 
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COCKERELL,  T.  D.  A.  (Ckll.)  A  List  of  the  Mollusca  of  Colorado.  (From 
The  Nautilus,  Vol.  Ill,  pp.  99-103,  1890.) 

. . . .  Agriolimax  campestris  in  New  Mexico.  (From  same,  Vol.  VIII,  p.  57, 
1894.) 

Notes  on  the  North  American  Species  of  Succinea.  (From  the  same, 

Vol.  VI,  pp.  21,  29,  1892;  Vol.  VII,  p.  43,  1893.) 

....  In  the  British  Naturalist,  April,  1893,  p.  81.  Also  The  Nautilus,  Vol. 
XII,  No.  10,  p.  120,  Feb.,  1899. 

....  In  Science  Gossip,  p.  257,  1889. 

Bifidaria  armifera  var.  novruidosensis.  (The  Nautilus,  Vol.  XIII,  p. 

36,  1899.) 

COLLIN,  G.  Sur  la  Limnea  Stagnalis  Linne  et  sur  ses  varietes  observees  en 
Belgique.  (From  Ann.  Soc.  Mai.  Belg.,  Tome  VII,  pp.  81-94,  1872.) 

CONRAD,  TIMOTHY.  (Conr.)  Description  of  Some  New  Species  of  Fresh- 
water Shells  from  Alabama,  Tennessee,  etc.  (From.  Amer.  Journ.  Sci., 
I  series,  Vol.  XXV,  pp.  338-343,  1834.) 

....  Monograph  of  the  Family  Unionidae,  or  Naiades  of  Lamarck,  of  North 
America.  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  1835-1838.  (Man.  Unto.) 

New  Fresh-water  Shells  of  the  United  States,  with  colored  illustrations 

and  a  Monograph  of  the  genus  Anculotus  of  Say;  also  a  Synopsis  of 
the  American  Naiades.  Philadelphia,  1834.  (New  F.  W.  S/z.) 

COOPER,  J.  G.  (Coop.)  On  New  Californian  Pulmonata,  etc.  (From  Proc. 
Phil.  Acad.,  pp.  143-154,  1872.) 

COOPER,  WILLIAM.  (Coop.)  List  of  Shells  Collected  by  Mr.  Schoolcraft  in 
the  Western  and  Northwestern  Territoiy.  (From  Narrative  of  an  Ex- 
pedition through  the  Upper  Missouri  to  Itasca  Lake,  etc.,  under  the  di- 
rection of  Henry  B.  Schoolcraft.  Appendix.  New  York,  1834.)  (A pp. 
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Cox,  E.  T.  Snails  Injurious  to  the  Strawberry.  (From  the  American  Natu- 
ralist, Vol.  II,  No.  12,  Feb.,  1869.) 

CRAGIN,  FRANCIS  W.  A  New  Species  of  Unio  from  Indian  Territory. 
(From  Bull.  Wash.  Coll.  Lab.  N.  H.,  Vol.  II,  p.  6,  1887.) 

CRANDALL,  O.  A.  The  America  Physae.  (The  Nautilus,  Vol.  XV,  Nos. 
3,  4,  5,  6,  1901.) 

CURRIER,  A.  O.  (Curr.)  Descriptions  of  New  Species  of  Fresh-water  Shells 
from  Michigan.  (From  Amer.  Journ.  Conch.,  Vol.  Ill,  pp.  112-113, 
1867.) 

DALL,  WILLIAM  HEALY.  (Dall.)  Contributions  to  the  Tertiary  Fauna  of 
Florida,  with  especial  reference  to  the  Miocene  Silex  beds  of  Tampa 
and  the  Pliocene  beds  of  the  Caloosahatchie  River.  (From  Trans. 
Wag.  Inst.  Sci.,  Vol.  Ill,  part  3,  1895.) 

....Instructions  for  Collecting  Mollusks  and  other  Useful  Hints  for  the 
Conchologist.  (Part  G,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  No.  39,  1892.) 

....  Notes  on  some  Floridan  Land  and  Fresh-water  Shells,  with  a  Revision 
of  the  Auriculacea  of  the  Eastern  United  States.  (From  Prcc.  U.  S. 
Nat.  Mus.,  pp.  255-289,  1885.) 

....  On  the  genus  Pompholyx  and  its  allies,  with  a  revision  of  the  Limnae- 
idse  of  authors.  (From  Ann.  N.Y.  Lye.  N.H.,  Vol.  IX,  pp.  333-361, 1870.) 

...  .Preliminary  Report  on  the  Collection  of  Mollusca  and  Brachiopoda 
obtained  in  1887-1888.  (Scientific  Results  of  Explorations  of  the  U.  S. 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  371 

Fish  Commission  Steamer  Albatross.  (From  Proc.  U.S.  Nat.Mus.,  Vol. 
XII,  pp.  219-360,  1889.) 

DALL,  WILLIAM  HEALY.  In  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  and  Geogr.  Surv.  Terr.,  Vol. 
Ill,  p.  163,  1877.  (Hyalina  rupzcola.) 

DAWSON,  GEORGE  M.  (Dawson.)  Land  and  Fresh-water  Mollusca  col- 
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Parallel,  Lake  of  the  Woods  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  (From  the 
British  North  American  Boundary  Commission;  Report  on  Geology, 
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DE  KAY,  JAMES  E.  Zoology  of  New  York.  Part  V,  Mollusca.  Albany, 
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D'ORBIGNY,  A.  (D'Orb.)    Mollusques  del'Ile  deCuba.     (Moll.  Cuba.) 

DILLWYN,  LEWIS  W.  (Dillw.)  A  Descriptive  Catalogue  of  recent  shells, 
arranged  according  to  the  Linnaean  method.  2  Volumes.  London, 
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DOHERTY,  WILLIAM.  Description  of  two  new  Gasteropods.  (From  Quar. 
Journ.  Conch.,  Vol.  I,  p.  342,  1878.) 

DRAPARNAUD,  J.  PH.R.  (Drap.  or  Drp.)  Histoire  Naturelle  des  Mollusques 
terrestres  et  fluviatiles  de  la  France.  Paris,  1805.  (Moll.  Fr.  or  Hist. 
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Tableau  des  Mollusques  terrestres  et  fluviatiles  de  la  France.  Mont- 

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DREW,  GILMAN  A.  The  Anatomy  of  Sphasrium  sulcatum  Lam.  (From 
Proc.  Iowa  Acad.  Sci.,  Vol.  Ill,  pp.  173-182,  1895.) 

FERUSSAC,  J.  B.  L.  D'AUDEBARD  DE.  (Fer.  or  Feruss.)  Histoire  Naturelle  des 
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....Tableaux  systematiques  des  Animaux  Mollusques  Classes  en  Fam- 
ilies Naturelles,  dans  les  quels  ou  a  etable  la  concordance  de  tous  les 
systems;  suivis  d'un  Prodrome  general  pour  tous  les  mollusques  ter- 
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FISCHER,  PAUL.  (Fisch.)  Manual  de  Conchyliologie;  ou  Histoire  Naturelle 
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FITZNIGER,  L.  T.  (Fitz.)  Systematisches  Verzeichniss  der  im  Erzhorzoz- 
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FRAUENFELD,  GEORG,  RITTER  VON  (Frauen.)  In  Verhandlungen  der 
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GMELIN,  J.  FR.  (Gmel.)  Car.  a  Linne  Systema  Naturae  per  Regna  tria 
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GOULD,  DR.  AUGUSTUS  A.  Monograph  of  the  species  of  Pupa  found  in  the 
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GOULD,  DR.  AUGUSTUS  A.  In  Amer.  Journ.  Sci.  and  Arts,  I  series,  Vol. 
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. .  ..In  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  N.  H.,  Vol.  II,  pp.  142-167,  211-224,  etc.  Vol.  Ill, 
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GREEN,  JACOB.  Description  of  Helix  Pennsylvanicus.  (From  the  Contri- 
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HALDEMAN,  S.  S.  (Hald.)  A  monograph  of  the  Fresh-water  Univalve  Mol- 
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....Description  of  a  New  Species  of  Limnaea.  (From  the  Amer.  Journ. 
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Descriptions  of  four  species  of  Cyclas,  three  of  which  belong  to  the 

subgenus  Pisidium.  (From  Proc.  Phil.  Acad.,  Vol.  I,  p.  53,  1841.) 

HANHAM,  A.  W.  A  list  of  the  Land  and  Fresh-water  Shells  of  Manitoba. 
(From  The  Nautilus,  Vol.  XIII,  p.  1,  1899.) 

HELD,  FRIEDRICH.  Notizen  iiber  die  Weichthiere  Bayerns.  IsisvonOken, 
Heft  XII,  Leipzig,  1837.  (Isis.) 

HEMPHILL,  HENRY.  (Hemp.)  New  Forms  of  Western  Limniades.  (From 
The  Nautilus,  Vol.  IV,  pp.  25-27,  1890.) 

HIGLEY,  WILLIAM  K.,  AND  RADDIN,  CHARLES  S.  The  Flora  of  Cook 
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HYATT,  ALPHEUS.  The  Oyster,  Clam,  and  Other  Common  Mollusks. 
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INGERSOLL,  ERNEST.  Report  on  the  Natural  History  of  the  United  States 
Geological  and  Geographical  Survey  of  the  Territories,  1874.  Special 
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Surv.  Terr.,  1874,  pp.  385-410.) 

Same  as  last.  (From  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  and  Geog.  Surv.  Terr.,  pp.  121- 

142,  1875.) 

JUDGE,  CHARLES  R.  Description  of  a  New  Species  of  Pupa.  (From  Quar. 
Journ.  Conch.,  Vol.  I,  p.  343,  1878.) 

KENNICOTT,  ROBERT.  Catalogue  of  Animals  observed  in  Cook  County, 
Illinois.  (From  Trans.  111.  State  Ag.  Soc.,  Vol.  I,  p.  577.  Mollusca,  p. 
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KIRTLAND,  J.  P.  (Kirtl.)  Report  on  the  Zoology  of  Ohio.  Cincinnati, 
1838.  (Ohio  Rep.} 

LAMARCK,  J.  B.  DE.  (Lam.)  Histoire  Naturelle  des  Animeaux  sans  Ver- 
tebres,  etc.  7  Volumes.  Paris,  1815-1822.  Second  Edition,  10  Vol- 
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LANKESTER,  E.  RAY.  (Lank.)  Zoological  Articles  contributed  to  the  "En- 
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LEA,  H.  C.  Description  of  eight  new  species  of  shells,  native  to  the  United 
States.  (From  Amer.  Journ.  Sci.,  I  series,  Vol.  XLII,  pp.  106-111,  1841.) 

LEA,  ISAAC.  Description  of  six  new  species  of  Succinea  of  the  United 
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THE    NATURAL    HISTORY   SURVEY.  373 

LEA,  ISAAC.    Descriptions  of  Twenty-four  new  Species  of  Physa  of  the 

United  States  and  Canada.     (1.  c.,  1864,  pp.  114-116.) 
Descriptions   of   fourteen    new   species   of  Melanidae  and   one  Palu- 

dina.  (From  same,  1863,  pp.  154-158.) 
....  Description  of  a  New  Genus  (Trypanostoma)  of  the  Family  Melanidae, 

and  of  forty-five  New  Species.     (From  same,  1862,  pp.  169-175.) 
Descriptions  of  Twelve  New  Species  of  Uniones  and  other  Fresh-water 

Shells  of  the  United  States.     (From  same,  1858,  pp.  165-166.) 
....Description    of  Eight  New  Species  of  Naiades  from  various  parts  of 

the  United  States.     (From  same,  1857,  p.  84.) 
....  Description  of  New  Fresh-water  Shells  from  California.    (From  same, 

Vol.  VIII,  pp.  80-81,  1856.) 
....  Description  of  a  new  genus  of  the  family  of  Naiades,  including  eight 

species,  four  of  which  are  new;  also  the  description  of  eleven  new 

species  of  the  Genus  Unio  from  the  rivers  of  the  United  States;  with 

observations  on   some    of    the  characters  of  the    Naiades,    etc.,  etc. 

(From  Trans.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  Ill,  pp.  403-457,  1827.) 
....  Descriptions  of  six   new   species   of  the  genus  Unio,  embracing  the 

anatomy  of  the  oviduct  of  one  of  them,  together  with  some  Anatom- 
ical Observations  on  the  Genus.  (From  same,  Vol.  Ill,  pp.  259-273, 1827.) 
Description  of  new  Fresh-water  and  Land  Shells.     (From  same,  Vol. 

VIII,  pp.  163-252,  1842.) 
....  Description  of  new  Fresh-water    and  Land  Shells.     (From  same,  Vol. 

VI,  pp.  1-154,  1838.) 

Continuation  of  same.     (From  same,  Vol.  IX,  pp.  30-34,  1841.) 

...  .Description  of  new  Fresh-water  and  Land  Shells.     (From  same,  Vol. 

X,  pp.  67-101,  1848;  also  pp.  253-293, 1852.) 

. .  .Descriptions  of  the  Embryonic  forms  of  thirty-eight  species  of  Union- 
ids.     (From  Journ.  Phil.  Acad.,  Vol.  IV,  pp.  43-50,  1858.) 
. . .  .Observations  on  the  Naiades,  and  descriptions  of  new  species  of  that 

and  other  families.     (From  Trans.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  IV,  pp.  63-120, 

1834.) 

Observations,  etc.,  continued.      (From  same,  Vol.  V,  pp.  23-85,  1837.) 

....Observations  on  the  genus  Unio,  etc.    Philadelphia,  13  Vols.,  1834- 

1874.    (Obs.) 
• New  Unionidae  of  the  United  States.    (From  Journ.  Phil.  Acad.,  Vol. 

IV,  pp.  51-94,  1858;  also  pp.  191-233,  1859.) 
Synopsis  of  the  Family  of  Naiades.     (From  the  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol. 

VI,  pp.  113  et  seq.,  1839.)    Second  edition.    (Syn.  Fam.  Naid.} 
....  From  the  Journ.  Phil.  Acad.,  Vol.  VI,  1861,  p.  68;  1862,  p.  196;  1868,  p. 

309;  Vol.  VIII,  1874,  p.  29, 174. 
. . .  .From  the  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  I,  pp.  66,  187,  285-289;  Vol.  II, 

pp.  11-15,  30-34,  81-83,  237-243;  Vol.  IV,  pp,  163-167,  1840-1845. 
LEHNERT,   E.     (Leh.)     Alaskan  Plants  and  Shells.     (From  Science  Rec- 
ord, June  16,  pp.  171, 172,  1884.) 
LEIDY,   DR.  JOSEPH.    On  Flukes  infecting   Mollusks.    (From  Proc.  Phil. 

Acad.,  pp.  200-202,  1877. 

LEVERETT,  FRANK.  The  Pleistocene  Features  and  Deposits  of  the  Chicago 
Area.  (Bulletin  of  the  Natural  History  Survey  of  the  Chicago  Acad- 
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374  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF   SCIENCES. 

LEWIS,  DR.  JAMES.     Descriptions  of  new  species  of  American  Land  and 

Fresh-water  Shells.     (From  Proc.  Phil.  Acad.,  pp.  334-337,  1875.) 
. . . .  List  of  Mollusca  in  Little  Lakes,  Otsego  County,  New  York.     (From 

same,  Vol.  VIII,  pp.  259-260,  1856.) 

On  a  new  Variety  of  Helix.     (From  same,  p.  162,  1874.) 

Observations  on  Melantho.     (From  Amer.  Journ.  Conch.,  Vol.  IV,  pp. 

133-136,  1868.) 
....  In  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  N.  H.,  Vol.  V,  p.  25,  1854;  also  pp.  121-124,  and  296- 

298, 1855.) 
Notes  on  the  Land  Shells  of  Tennessee.     (Anier.  Journ.   Conch.,  Vol. 

VI,  p.  188,  1871. 
LINNE,  (LINNAEUS)  CARL  VON.    (Linn.)     Systema  Naturae,  seu  Regna  tria 

Naturae  systematica  proposita,  per  classes,  ordines,  genera  et  species. 

Edition  X,  2  Vols.  Holm,  1758-1759.     (Syst.  Nat.,  X edit.} 
....  Fauna  Suecica,  1761. 

LINSLEY,  JAMES  H.  (Lins.)     Catalogue  of  the  Shells  of  Connecticut,  col- 
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Sci.,  II  series,  Vol.  VI,  pp.  233-236,  1848.)     (By  Augustus  A.  Gould.) 
LISTER,  MARTIN.     Histoirae  animalium  Anglciae  trastatus  tres,  etc.     Lug- 

duni,  1678;  appendix,  1681,  1695. 

MARSH,  WILLIAM.     A  description  of  two  new  species  of  Unio  from  Ar- 
kansas.   (From  The  Nautilus,  Vol.  V,  pp.  1-2,  1891;  Vol.  VII,  pi.  i,  p. 

1,  1893.) 
MARTENS,  E.  VON.     Biologia  Centrali-Americana;  or,  contributions  to  the 

knowledge  of  the  Fauna  and  Flora  of  Mexico  and  Central  America. 

Edited  by  Godman  and  Salvin.     Terrestrial  and  Fluviatile  Mollusca, 

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MENKE,  CARL  THEODORE.    (Mke.)     Synopsis   methodica  Molluscorum, 

etc.,  quae  in  Museo  Menkeano  adservantur;  cum  synonymia  critica  et 

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MIGHELS,  J.  W.,  M.  D.    (Migh.)     Catalogue  of  the  Marine  Fluviatile  and 

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Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  Vol.  IV,  pp.  312-349,  1843.) 
MILES,  DR.  M.     A  Catalogue  of  the  Mammals,  Birds,  Reptiles  and  Mol- 

lusks    of   Michigan.     Moilusca,  'pp.  235-241.     (From   Annual  Report 

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MORSE,  EDWARD  S.  Observations  on  the  Terrestrial  Pulmoniferaof  Maine. 

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MULLER,  OTTO  FABRI.  (Mull.)  VermiumTerrestriumet  Fluviatilium,  etc., 

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....  Zoologiae  Danicae  Prodromus  seu  animalium  Daniae  et  Norvegiae  Indi- 

genarum  characteres,  nominaetsynonyma  imprimis  popularium.   Hav- 
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NEWCOMB,  DR.  WESLEY.     (Newc.)     Descriptions  of  Nine  New  Species  of 

Helix   inhabiting  California.     (From  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.,  Vol.  Ill, 

pp.  115-119,  1864.) 
...  .Descriptions  of  New  Species  of   Land  Shells.    (From  same,  pp.  179- 

182,  1865.) 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  375 

PFEIFFER,  DR.  Louis.    (Pfr.)    Nebersicht  der  im  Januar,   Februar  und 

Marz,   1839,   auf   Cuba  gesammelten  Mollusken.     (From   Archiv  fur 

Naturgeschicte  in  verbindung  mit  mehrerngelehrten  herausgegeben 

von  Ar.  Fr.  Aug.  Wiegmann,  Berlin,  1840.)     (Wiegm.  Arch.) 
Novitates  Conchologicse  Land-Conchylien.    Cassel.    Various  numbers. 

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..  ..Symbols  ad  Historium  Heliciorum.     Cassel,  1841.     (Symbols.) 
....  In  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  p.  53,  1864. 
....  In  Mai.  Blatt.,  p.  86,  1867. 
PILSBRY,    HENRY   A.  (Pils.)     A   classified  Catalogue  of  American  Land 

Shells,  with  Localities.     (From  The  Nautilus,  Vol.  XI,  pp.  45, 59,  et  seq., 

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A  New  Species  of  Fresh-water  Mollusk.     Review  of  Prof.  B.  Shimek's 

paper  on  Ancylus  obliquus.     (From  same,  Vol.  IV,  No.  4,  p.  48,  1890.) 
Critical  List  of  Mollusks  collected  in  the  Potomac  Valley.   (From  Proc. 

Phil.  Acad.,  pp.  11-31,  1894.) 
. . .  .Contributions  to  the  Zoology  of  Tennessee.     No.  4,  Mollusks.     (From 

same,  pp.  487-506,  1896.) 
....  Descriptions  of  New  Species  and  Varieties  of  American  Zonitidas  and 

Endodontidse.    (From  The  Nautilus,  Vol.  XII,  No.  8,  p.  85,  Dec.,  1898.) 
Descriptive  Notes  on  Certain  Forms  of  Polygyra.    (From  The  Nauti- 
lus, Vol.  VII,  pp.  139-141,  1894.) 
Guide  to  the  Study  of  Helices.     (Vol.  IX,  Series  II,  Tryon's  Manual  of 

Conchology,  1894.) 
Land  and  Fresh-water  Mollusks  collected  in  Yucatan  and  Mexico. 

(From  Proc.  Phil.  Acad.,  pp.  310-334,  1891.) 
. . .  .Littoral  Land  Shells  of  New  Jersey.     (From  The  Nautilus,  Vol.  V,  pp. 

141-142,  1892.) 
New  American    Fresh-water   Mollusks.    (From  same,  Vol.  VIII,  pp. 

114-116,  1895.) 
. . .  .Nomenclature  and  Check-list  of  North  American  Land  Shells.    (From 

Proc.  Phil.  Acad.,  pp.  191-210,  1889.) 
Notes  on  New  and   Little-known  Amnicolidae.     (From  The  Nautilus, 

Vol.  XII,  No.  4,  p.  42,  1898.) 

On  the  Australasian  Gundlachia,  by  C.  Hedley,  with  notes  on  Ameri- 
can forms.     (From  same,  Vol.  IX,  pp.  61-68,  1895.) 
Preliminary  Notices  of  New  Amnicolidse.     (From  same,  Vol.  IV,  pp. 

52-53,  1890.) 
Preliminary  Outline  of   a  New  Classification  of  the   Helices.    (From 

Proc.  Phil.  Acad.,  pp.  387-404, 1892.) 
Remarks  on  the  American  Species  of  Conulus.    (From  The  Nautilus, 

Vol.  XII,  No.  10.  p.  113, 1899.) 
The  Aulacopoda;  a  Primary  Division  of  the  Monotremate  Land  Pul- 

monates.     (From  same,  Vol.  IX,  pp.  109-111,  1896.) 

....  Zonites  ligerus,  var.  Stonei.     (From  The  Nautilus,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  46,  1889.) 
Note  on  some   New  Mexican   Shells.     (From  same,  Vol.  XIII,  p.  79 

1899.) 

A  New  Variety  of  Polygyra  monodon.     (P.  monodon  friersoni.)    (From 

The  Nautilus,  Vol.  XIII,  p.  36,  1899.) 


376  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF   SCIENCES. 

PILSBNY,  HENRY  A.     Mollusca  of  the  Great  Smoky  Mountains.     (From 

Proc.  Phil.  Acad.,  p.  110,  1900.) 
. . .  .New  Species  of  Japanese  Land  Mollusca.     (From  The  Nautilus,  Vol. 

XIV,  p.  79,  1900.     Note  on  Uconulus,  p.  81.) 

...  .Notes  on  the  Mollusca  of   Southeastern  Arkansas.     (From  Proc.  Phil. 

Acad.,  pp.  449^59,  1900.) 
On  the  Zoological  Position  of   Partula  and  Acatinella.     (From  Proc. 

Phil.  Acad.,  pp.  561-567,  1900.) 
....  A  partial  Revision  of  the  Pupae  of  the  United  States.    (From  same,  pp. 

582-611,  1900.) 
...  .The  Subspecies  of  Pyramidula  alternata.     (From  The  Nautilus,  Vol. 

XV,  p.  6,  1901.)      • 

....  Polygyra  thyroides  sanctisimonis,  N.  var.     (From  same,  p.  8.) 

POTIEZ,  V.  L.  V.  et  MICHAUD,  A.  L.  G.  (Pot.  et  Mich.)  Galerie  des  Mol- 
lusques,  ou  Catalogue,  etc.,  etc.,  des  Mollusques  et  Coquilles  du  Museum 
de  Donai.  Paris,  1838.  (Galerie.') 

PRATT,  W.  H.  Description  of  a  Unio  Shell  Found  on  the  South  Bank  of 
the  Mississippi  River,  Opposite  the  Rock  Island  Arsenal,  in  1870- 
(From  Proc.  Dav.  Acad.  Sci.,  Vol.  I,  pp.  167-168,  1870.) 

PRIME,  TEMPLE.  Catalogue  of  the  Recent  Species  of  the  Family  Cor- 
biculidse,  (From  Amer.  Journ.  Conch.,  Vol.  V,  pp.  127-187,  1869-1870.) 

Descriptions  of  Cycladiae.  (From  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  N.  H.,  Vol.  IV,  pp. 

155-165, 1852.) 

....  Descriptions  of  two  new  Species  of  Fresh-water  Shells.  (From  Ann. 
N.  Y.  Lye.,  Vol.  V,  pp.  218-219,  1852.) 

Descriptions  of  three  new  species  of  Pisidium.  (From  same,  Vol.  VI, 

pp.  64-65,  1854.) 

Monograph  of  the  American  Corbiculidae,  Recent  and  Fossil.  (From 

Smithsonian  Miscellaneous  Collections,  1865.) 

Monograph  of  the  species  'of  Pisidium  found  in  the  United  States  of 

North  America,  with  figures.  (From  Bost.  Journ.  N.  H.,  Vol.  VI,  pp. 
348-366, 1852.) 

, . .  .Notes  on  the  species  of  Cyclas  found  in  the  United  States;  with  de- 
scriptions and  wood-cuts.  (From  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  N.  H.,  Vol.  IV,  pp- 
171-285,  1853.) 

RACKETT, .  In  the  Transactions  of  the  Linnaean  Society  of  London, 

Zoology,  Vol.  XIII,  p.  42,  1822. 

RAFINESQUE,  M.  C.  S.  (Raf.)  Enumeration  and  account  of  some  re- 
markable Natural  Objects  in  the  Cabinet  of  Professor  Rafinesque,  in 
Philadelphia,  1831.  (Enumer.  and  Acct.) 

. . .  .General  Account  of  the  Discoveries  made  in  the  Zoology  of  the  West- 
ern States.  (From  the  American  Monthly  Magazine  and  Critical  Re- 
view, Vol.  IV,  p.  107,  1818.)  (Amer.  Mon.  Mag.  Crit.  Rev.) 

. . .  .Monographic  des  Coquilles  bivalves  et  fluviatiles  de  la  riviere  Ohio. 
(Contenant  douze  genres  et  soixante-huit  especes.)  From  Annales 
Generates  des  Sciences  Physiques,  Bruxelles,  Vol.  V,  No.  15, 1820.)  (An. 
Gen.  Sci.  Phys.  et  Nat.) 

REEVE,  LOVELL.  (Rve.)  Conchologia  Iconica.  20  Volumes.  London, 
1843-1878. 

RHOADS,  SAMUEL  N.     Annotated  list  of  Land  and  Fresh-water  Shells  re- 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  377 

cently  collected  in  the  vicinity  of  Miami,  Fla.  (From  The  Nautilus,  Vol. 

XIII,  p.  43, 1899.) 
ROSENBAUM,  DR.  E.    (Rosen.)     In  Nachrichtsblatt  der  Deutschen   Mala- 

kozoologischen  Gesellschaft.    Frankfurt-am-Main,p.  123, 1892.    (Nach. 

D.  Mai.  Gesell.} 
ROSSMASSLER,  E.  A.     (Rossm.)     Iconograph  der   Land  und   Susswasser 

Mollusken  Europas,  Vol.  I,  1837.     (Land  und  Suss  Moll.} 
SAGE,  JOHN  H.     A  Sora  caught  by  a  Mussel.    (The  Nautilus,  Vol.  IX,  p. 

49,  1895,  ex  The  Auk,  July,  1895.) 

SAMPSON,  F.  A.    A  Preliminary  List  of  the  Mollusca  of  Arkansas.    (Ex- 
clusive of  the  Unionidae.)     (From  the  Annual  Report  of  the  Geological 

Survey  of  Arkansas,  pp.  181-199, 1891.)    (Ark.  Geol.  Surv.) 
SAY,  THOMAS.     American  Conchology;  or,  Descriptions  of  the  Shells  of 

North   America.     Illustrated  by  colored  figures  from  original  draw- 
ings executed  from  nature.     New  Harmony,  Ind.,  1830-1834.    (Amer 

Conch.} 

....  Conchology.     (Article  in  Nich.  Encycl.,  Vol.  II.) 
....  Description  of  seven   species    of    American   Fresh-water  and   Land 

Shells,  not  noticed  in  the  systems.    (Journ.  Phil.  Acad.,  Vol.  I,  pp.  13- 

15,  1817.) 
Descriptions  of  new  species  of  Land   and  Fresh-water  Shells  of  the 

United  States.     (From  same.  Vol.  I,  pp.  123-125,  1817.) 
....Descriptions  of   Univalve,   Terrestrial,  and  Fluviatile  Shells  of    the 

United  States.    (From  same,  Vol.  II,  p.  370-380,  1822.) 
....  Descriptions  of  some  new  species  of  Fresh-water  and  Land  Shells  of 

the  United  States.     (From  same,  Vol.  V,  pp.  119-131,  1825.) 
....Descriptions  of  Univalve  Shells  of  the  United  States.     (From  same, 

Vol.  II,  pp.  150-178,  1821. 
....  Descriptions  of  some  New  Terrestrial  and  Fluviatile  Shells  of  North 

America.     (From  New  Harmony  Disseminator  of  Useful  Knowledge, 

Vol.  II,  pp.  229  et  seq.  ad  interim,  1829-183L)     (AT.  Harm.  Dissem} 

Same,  Mrs.  Say's  Reprint,  pp.  1-26,  1840. 

Narrative  of  an  Expedition  to  the  Source  of  the  St.  Peter's  River,  etc., 

etc.,  under  the  command  of  Major  Stephen  H.  Long,  Vol.  1 1,  appendix, 

pp.  256-265,  1824.    (Longs  Exped.} 
....The  Complete  Writings   of  Thomas   Say  on  the  Conchology  of  the 

United  States;  edited  by  W.  G.  Binney.     New  York,  1858. 
SCHACKO,  DR.  G.     In  Malakozoologischer   Blatter,   p.   178,    1872.     (Mai. 

Bldtt.} 
SCHARFF.R.F.    The  Slugs  of  Ireland.    (From  the  Scientific  Transactions 

of  the  Royal  Dublin  Society,  Vol.  IV,  series  II,  No.  10,  pp.  513-562, 

1891.) 
SCHICH,  MORRIS.     Mollusk  Fauna  of  Philadelphia  and  Environs.    (From 

The  Nautilus,  Vol.  VIII,  pp.  133-140,  1895.) 
SCOPOLI,  J.  ANT.    (Scop.)     Introductio  ad  Historicum  Naturalem,  sistens 

genera  Lapidum,  Plantarum  et  Animalium,  etc.,  in  tribus  divisa  sub 

inde  ad  leges  naturae.    Pragae,  1777.    (Introduct.  ad  Hist.  Nat.} 
SHEPPARD,  MRS.,  of  Woodfield,  on  the  recent  shells  which  characterize 

Quebec  and   its   environs.    (From   the  Transactions  of  the  Literary 


378  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

and  Historical  Society  of  Quebec,  Vol.  I,  pp.  188-198,  1829.)     (Trans. 

Lit.  Hist.  Soc.  Quebec.} 

SHIMEK,  B.     A  New  Species  of  Fresh-water  Mollusk.     (From  the  Bulle- 
tin of  the  Laboratories  of  Natural  History  of   the  State  University  of 

Iowa,  Vol.  1,  Nos.  3-4,  p.  214,  1890. 
SHUTTLEWORTH,  R.  J.    (Shutt.)     Notitae  Malacologies,  Beitrage  zur  nahe- 

ren  Kenntniss  der  Mollusken.     (Part  I,  by  Shuttleworth.)     Bern,  1856. 

Part  II,  edited  by  Fischer,  1877.    (Fischer's  Notitce.} 
....  Mittheilungen  der  Naturforschenden  gesellschaft  in  Bern,  1853.    (Bern 

Mitt.} 
SIMPSON,  CHARLES  T.    Notes  on  the  Classification  of  the  Unios.     (From 

The  Nautilus,  Vol.  XI,  No.  2,  pp.  18-23,1897.) 
Synopsis  of  the  Naiades,  or  Pearly  Fresh-water  Mussels.  (From  Proc. 

U.S.  Nat.  Mus.,  Vol.  XXII,  pp.  501-1044,  1900.) 
....On  the  Validity  of  the  Genus  Margaritana.     (From  The  Amer.  Nat., 

pp.  336-344,  July,  1895.) 
....On  the  Mississippi  Valley  Unionidae,  found  in  the  St.  Lawrence  and 

Atlantic  Drainage  Areas.     (From  same,  pp.  379-384,  1896.) 
The  Classification  and  Geological  Distribution  of  the  Pearly  Fresh- 
water Mussels.     (From  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  Vol.  XVIII,  pp.  295-343, 

1895.) 
SMITH,  S.  I.,  AND  VERRILL,  A.  E.    Notice  of  the  Invertebrata  dredged  in 

Lake  Superior  in  1871  by  the  United  States  Lake  Survey,  under  the 

direction  of  Gen.  C.  B.  Comstock,  S.  I.  Smith,  naturalist.     (From  Amer. 

Journ.  Sci.,  third  series,  Vol.  II,  p.  448,  1871.) 

SOWERBY,  G.  B.    (Sowb.)    The  Genera  of  Recent  and  Fossil  Shells.    2  Vol- 
umes.   London,  1820-1824.     (Genera.} 
SOWERBY,  J.  DE  C.     (J.  de  C.  Sowb.)    Fauna  Boreali  Americana.    (Faun. 

Bar.  Amer.} 
STEARNS,  R.  E.  C.     Helix  (Stenotrema)  Hirsuta  Say,  on  the  West  Coast. 

(From  The  Nautilus,  Vol.  Ill,  pp.  81-82, 1889.) 

....  Observations  on  Planorbis.    (From  Proc.  Phil.  Acad.,  pp.  92-110,  1881.) 
STERKI,  DR.  VICTOR.    (Str.)   A  Byssus  in  Unio.    (From  The  Nautilus,  Vol. 

V,  pp.  73-74,  1891.) 
Bifidaria;  a  new  subgenus  of  Pupa.     (From  same,  Vol.  VI,  pp.  99-101, 

1893.) 

....  Descriptions  of  New  Pisidia.    (From  same,  Vol.  IX,  pp.  74-76,  1895.) 
, . . .  New  Pisidia.    (From  same,  Vol.  XI,  pp.  112-114,  124-126,  1898.) 
....  New  Pisidia.    (From  same,  Vol.  XII,  pp.  77-79, 1898.) 

Note  on  Planorbis  Trivolvis  Say.   (From  same,  Vol.  V,  pp.  94-95,  1891.) 

....  Observations  on  Vallonia.     (From  Proc.  Phil.  Acad.,  pp.  234-279,  1893.) 
Preliminary  List  of  North  American  Pupidas.     (From  The  Nautilus. 

Vol.  VI,  pp.  2-7,  18"92.) 

....  Pupa  Holtzingeri,  n.  sp.     (From  same,  Vol.  Ill,  pp.  37-39,  1889.) 
Some  notes  on  the  genital  organs  of  Unionidae,  with  reference  to  sys- 

tematics.    (From  same,  Vol.  IX,  pp.  91-94,  1895.) 
....(The  Land]  and    Fresh-water  Mollusca  of  New    Philadelphia,  Ohio, 

1894. 

....  Pisidium  handwerki,  n.  sp.    (From  The  Nautilus,  Vol.  XIII,  p.  90, 1899.) 
STIMPSON,  WILLIAM.    (Stimp.)  JOn  the  Structural  characters  of  the  so- 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  379 

called  Melanians  of  North  America.  (From  Amer.  Journ.  Sci.,  2d  series 
Vol.  XXXVIII,  p.  41, 1864.) 

STIMPSON,  WILLIAM.  Researches  upon  the  Hydrobiinse  and  allied  forms; 
chiefly  made  upon  the  materials  in  the  Smithsonian  Institution.  (Smith- 
sonian Miscellaneous  Collections,  1865.)  (Res.  Hydrobtn.) 

Shells  of  New  England.  A  revision  of  the  Synonymy  of  the  Testace- 
ous Mollusks  of  New  England.  Boston,  1851.  (Sh.  of  N.  E.} 

STONE,  WITMER.  Limix  Eaten  by  Salamanders.  (The  Nautilus,  Vol.  Ill, 
pp.  19-20,  1889.) 

STRONG,  L.  H.  A  New  Variety  of  Limnaea.  (The  Nautilus,  Vol.  IX,  p.  123 
1896.) 

STUPAKOFF,  S.  H.  Land  and  Fresh-water  Shells  of  Allegheny  County,  Pa 
(The  Nautilus,  Vol.  VII,  pp.  135-136,  1894.) 

TAPPAN,  BENJAMIN.  Description  of  some  New  Shells.  (From  Amer.  Journ. 
Sci.,  Vol.  XXXV,  pp.  268-269,  1839.) 

TRYON,  GEORGE  W.,  JR.  Catalogue  of  the  Species  of  Physa  Inhabiting 
the  United  States.  (From  Amer.  Journ.  Conch.,  Vol.  I,  pp.  165-173, 
1865.) 

....Catalogue  of  the  Species  of  Limnaea  Inhabiting  the  United  States. 
(From  same,  Vol.  I,  pp.  247-258,  1865.) 

Continuation  of  Haldeman's  Monograph  of  the  Fresh-water  Mollusca 

of  the  United  States.  (Four  numbers,  Philadelphia,  1870.)  (Con.  Halde- 
man's Mon.) 

....Descriptions  of  New  Species  of  North  American  Limnaeidae.  (From 
Amer.  Journ.  Conch.,  Vol.  I,  pp.  223-231,  1865.) 

Descriptions  of  new  Fresh-water  Shells  of  the  United  States.  (From 

Amer.  Journ.  Conch.,  Vol.  II,  pp.  4-7,  1866.) 

. . .  .Land  and  Fresh-water  Shells  of  North  America.  Part  IV,  Strepoma- 
tida2.  (Smithsonian  Miscellaneous  Collections,  1873.) 

Monograph  of  the  Terrestrial  Mollusca  of  the  United  States.  (From 

Amer.  Journ.  Conch.,  Vol.  II,  pp.  218-277,  1866,  et  seq.  ad  interim.) 

Notes  on  American  Fresh-water  Shells,  with  descriptions  of  two  New 

Species.  (From  Proc.  Phil.  Acad.,  pp.  451-452,  1862.) 

Structural  and  Systematic  Conchology;  an  Introduction  to  the  Study  of 

the  Mollusca.  3  Volumes.  Philadelphia,  1882-1884.  (Struct,  and  Syst. 
Conch.,  or  S.  S.  Conch.} 

VALENCIENNES,  M.  A.  (Val.)  Coquilles  Marines,  Bivalves  I'Amerique 
Equinoxiale.  (From  Recueil  d'Observations  de  Zoologie  et  d'anatomie 
comparee,  etc.,  etc.,  1833.)  (Rec.  d'Obs.) 

WALKER,  BRYANT.  The  Shell-bearing  Mollusca  of  Michigan.  (From  The 
Nautilus,  Vol.  VI,  pp.  31-35,  42-47,  63-67,  1892.) 

Vallonia  Parvula  and  Pupa  Holznigeri.  (From  The  Nautilus,  Vol.  XI, 

No.  7,  p.  82,  1897.) 

The  Terrestrial  Mollusca  of  Michigan.  (Published  by  the  author,  De- 
troit, Mich.,  1899.) 

The  Synonymy  of  Bythinella  Obtusa  Lea.  (From  The  Nautilus,  Vol. 

XV,  No.  3,  p.  30,  1901.) 

A  Revision  fof  the  Carinate  Valvata  of  the  United  States.  (The  Nau- 
tilus, Vol.  XV,  No.  11,  p.  121,  1902.) 

WESTERLUND,  C.  A.  (West.)     Fauna  der  in  der  palaearktischen  Region 


380  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

lebenden  Binnen-Conchylien.     2  Volumes  with  supplements.     Berlin, 

1886-1890.    (Fauna.) 

Siberien  Land  och  Sotvatten  Mollusker.    (Siberien  L.  och  Sot.  Moll.) 

WETHERBY,  A.  G.     Notes  on  some  New  or  Little  Known  North  American 

LimnEeidte.     (From  Journ.  Cin.  Soc.  N.  H.,  Vol.  II,  pp.  93-100,  1879.) 
WHITEAVES,  J.  F.     On  the  Land  and  Fresh-water  Mollusca  of  Lower  Can- 
ada.   (From  The  Canadian  Naturalist,  Vol.  VIII,  pp.  98-113,  1863.) 
WITTER.     In  Journal  of  Conchology,  Vol.  I,  p.  384,  1878.     (The  author  has 

not  been  able  to  consult  this  reference.) 
WOLF,  JOHN.     Descriptions  of  Three  New  Species  of  Shells.  (From  Amer. 

Journ.  Conch.,  Vol.  V,  p.  198,  1869-1870.) 
WOOD,  WILLIAM.    Supplement  to  the  Index  Testaceologicus.     London, 

1820.     (Index  Test.  Supple.) 
WRIGHT,  BERLIN  H.     New  Varieties  of  Unionid;e.    (From  The  Nautilus, 

Vol.  XI,  No.  11,  pp.  123-124,  1898.) 

The  principal  abbreviations  of  Society  publications,  together  with  the 
full  titles,  are  as  follows: 

Amer.  Journ.  Conch.     American  Journal  of  Conchology. 

Amer.  Journ.  Sci.     American  Journal  of  Science  and  Arts. 

Am.  Nat.    American  Naturalist. 

Ann.  N.  Y.  Lye.     Annals  of  the  New  York  Lyceum  of  Natural  History. 

Ann.  Rep.  U.  S.  Geol.  and  Geog.  Surv.  Terr.  Annual  Report  of  the 
United  States  Geological  and  Geographical  Survey  of  the  Territories. 

Ann.  Soc.  Mai.  Belg.    Annales  de  la  Societe  Malacologique  d.e  Belgique. 

Bost.  Journ.  N,  H.     Boston  Journal  of  Natural  History. 

Bull.  Chi.  Acad.  Sci.     Bulletin  of  the  Chicago  Academy  of  Sciences. 

Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey.  Bulletin  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey. 

Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  and  Geog.  Surv.  Terr.  Bulletin  of  the  United  States 
Geological  and  Geographical  Survey  of  the  Territories. 

Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.     Bulletin  of  the  United  States  National  Museum. 

Bull.  Wash.  Coll.  Lab.  Bulletin  of  the  Washburn  College  Laboratory 
of  Natural  History. 

Can.  Nat.     Canadian  Naturalist  and  Geologist. 

Cin.  Quar.  Journ.  Sci.     Cincinnati  Quarterly  Journal  of  Science. 

Contr.  to  Conch.     Contributions  to  Conchology. 

Gen.  Rec.  Moll.    Genera  of  Recent  Mollusca. 

Geol.  Surv.  Mich.     Geological  Survey  of  Michigan. 

Journ.  Cin.  Soc.  N.  H.  Journal  of  the  Cincinnati  Society  of  Natural 
History. 

Journ.  Phil.  Acad.  Journal  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of 
Philadelphia. 

Journ.  Portl.  Soc.  N.  H.  Journal  of  the  Portland  Society  of  Natural 
History. 

Mai.  Blatt.     Malakozoologische  Blatter. 

Nich.  Encycl.  Nicholson's  Encyclopedia  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  first 
edition,  1816;  sec.  ed.,  1818;  third  ed.,  1819.  Philadelphia. 

Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  N.  H.  Proceedings  of  the  Boston  Society  of  Natural 
History. 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  381 

Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.  Proceedings  of  the  California  Academy  of  Sci- 
ences. 

Proc.  Daven.  Acad.  Sci.  Proceedings  of  the  Davenport  Academy  of 
Sciences. 

Proc.  Iowa  Acad.  Sci.     Proceedings  of  the  Iowa  Academy  of  Sciences. 

Proc.  Phil.  Acad.  Proceedings  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences 
of  Philadelphia. 

Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Proceedings  of  the  United  States  National 
Museum. 

Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  or  P.  Z.  S.  Proceedings  of  the  Zoological  Society  of 
London. 

Quar.  Journ.  Conch.     Quarterly  Journal  of  Conchology. 

Trans.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Louis.  Transactions  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences 
of  St.  Louis. 

Trans.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.  Transactions  of  the  American  Philosophical 
Society,  Philadelphia. 

Trans.  111.  State  Ag.  Soc.  Transactions  of  the  Illinois  State  Agricult- 
ural Society. 

Trans.  Wagn.  Inst.  Sci.  Transactions  of  the  Wagner  Free  Institute 
of  Science,  Philadelphia. 

Ver.  Moll.     Vermont  Mollusca. 


XIII.     GLOSSARY. 

In  the  following  pages  the  technical  and  other  terms  used  in  the  body 
of  this  work  are  defined.  References  are  also  made  to  illustrations  where 
they  will  in  any  way  add  to  the  understanding  of  a  word.  Terms  which 
are  adequately  explained  in  the  text  are  not  here  included: 

Abdominal  sac.  That  portion  of  the  Unionidae  which  contains  the 
stomach  and  to  which  the  gills  are  sometimes  suspended. 

Acephalous.     Headless. 

Acinose.     Full  of  small  bulgings;  resembling  the  kernel  in  a  nut. 

Aculeate.  Very  sharply  pointed,  as  the  teeth  on  the  radula  of  some 
snails. 

Acute.  Sharp  or  pointed,  as  the  spire  of  a  shell  (pi.  xxxv,  fig.  1),  or 
the  lip  of  a  shell  (pi.  xxviii,  fig.  15). 

Acuminate.  Long  and  tapering,  as  the  spire  of  some  shells  (pi.  xxxii, 
fig.  3). 

Admedian.  Next  to  the  central  object,  as  the  lateral  teeth  on  the  lin- 
gual membrane. 

Afferent.  To  bring  in;  when  relating  to  a  vessel  or  duct,  indicating 
that  it  brings  in  its  contents. 

Alate.     Wing-like,  as  the  dorsal  part  of  some  Unios  (pi.  xviii). 

AmoL-boid.     Shaped  like  an  Amoeba,  a  small  animalcule. 

Amorphous.     Without  distinct  form. 

Amphibious.     Inhabiting  both  land  and  water. 

Amphidetic.     With  the  ligament  on  both  sides  of  the  umbones. 

Analogue.  A  likeness  between  two  objects  when  otherwise  they  are 
totally  different,  as  the  wing  of  a  bird  and  the  wing  of  a  butterfly. 

Anastomosing.     Coming  together. 


382  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

Annular.     Made  up  of  rings. 

Anterior.     The  front  or  fore  end. 

Approximate.  Near  together,  as  the  umbones  of  some  Unios  (pi.  xxi 
fig.  1). 

Aquatic.     Inhabiting  the  water. 

Arborescent.     Branching  like  a  tree. 

Arched.     Bowed  or  bent  in  a  curve. 

Arcti-spiral.     Tightly  coiled,  as  some  spiral  shells  (pi.  xxx,  fig.  7). 

Arcuated.  Bent  in  a  bow  or  arched,  as  the  ventral  edge  of  some  bi- 
valves (pi.  viii,  fig.  1). 

Asphyxiating.     Causing  suspended  animation;  apparent  death. 

Assimilation.  Act  of  converting  one  substance  into  another,  as  the 
changing  of  food-stuffs  into  living  bodies. 

Asymmetrical.     Not  symmetrical. 

Atrophied.    Wasted  away. 

Attenuate.     Long  and  slender,  as  in  some  shells  (pi.  xxxv,  fig.  1). 

Auditory.     Connected  with  the  hearing. 

Auricled.     Eared,  or  with  ear-like  appendages. 

Basal.    The  bottom  or  lower  part. 

Biangulate.    With  two  angles. 

Bicuspid  or  bicuspidate.     Having  two  cusps. 

Bifid.     Having  two  arms  or  prongs. 

Bifurcated.     Having  two  branches. 

Bilateral.     With  two  sides. 

Bilobed.     With  two  lobes. 

Bivalve.     A  mollusk  with  two  valves  or  shells,  as  the  Unio. 

Branchial.     Referring  to  the  lower  or  ventral  siphons  in  Pelecypods. 

Bulbous.    Swollen. 

Byssiferous.    Attached  by  a  byssus,  as  in  some  Unios. 

Calcareous.     Composed  of  carbonate  of  lime. 

Callosity.  A  hardened  and  raised  bunch,  as  the  callus  on  the  colu- 
mella  of  some  shells  (pi.  xxxv,  fig.  9). 

Callus.    A  deposit  of  shelly  matter. 

Calyculate.  Cup-like,  as  the  umbo  when  separated  from  the  rest  of  the 
shell  by  a  distinct  mark,  as  in  Calyculina. 

Campanulate.     Formed  like  a  bell. 

Canaliculate.  Resembling  a  canal,  as  the  deep  sutures  in  some  shells 
(pi.  xxxv,  fig.  9). 

Cancellated.  Formed  of  cross-bars,  as  the  longitudinal  and  spiral 
lines  which  cross  in  some  shells. 

Cardiac  pouch.  Containing  the  heart  and  placed  near  the  umb'ones  of 
the  shell. 

Carinate.     Keeled  (pi.  xxvi,  fig.  5). 

Cartilaginous.     Like  cartilage. 

Caudal.     Tail-like,  or  with  a  tail-like  appendage. 

Cellular.     Made  up  of  cells. 

Cerebral.     Pertaining  to  the  brain. 

Channeled.     Grooved  or  formed  like  a  channel. 

Chitinous.     Formed  of  chitin,  as  the  radulas  of  snails. 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY   SURVEY.  383 

Ciliary.     By  means  of  cilia. 

Ciliated.     Having  cilia. 

Cilium  (plural  cilia).  A  lash;  used  to  designate  the  hairs  on  the  man- 
tle, gills,  etc. 

Cirrated.     Having  movable  hairs,  as  the  siphons  of  Unio. 

Clavate.     Club-shaped. 

Cloacal.     Referring  to  the  upper  or  dorsal  siphon  in  pelecypods. 

Coarctate.     Pressed  together,  narrowed. 

Compressed.  Flattened  out,  or  pressed  together,  as  some  bivalves 
(pi.  ix,  fig.  2). 

Concave.     Excavated,  hollowed  out. 

Concentric.  From  the  same  center,  as  the  lines  of  growth  on  Sphae- 
rium,  which  are  parallel  with  the  umbo. 

Confluent.  To  run  together,  or  into  something  else,  as  the  muscle  scars 
of  some  Unios  (pi.  xix,  fig.  1). 

Conic.     Shaped  like  a  cone. 

Connective.  A  part  connecting  two  other  parts,  as  a  muscle  connect- 
ing two  parts  of  the  body,  or  a  nerve  connecting  two  ganglia. 

Constricted.     Narrowed. 

Contractile.  Capable  of  being  contracted  or  drawn  in,  as  the  tentacle 
of  a  snail. 

Convex.     Bulged  out,  as  the  whorls  of  some  snails  (pi.  xxxvi,  fig.  1). 

Convoluted.     Rolled  together. 

Cordate.     Heart-shaped. 

Corneous.     Horn-like,  as  the  opercula  of  some  mollusks. 

Corrugated.  Roughened  by  wrinkles,  as  the  shells  of  some  Unios  (pi. 
ix.fig.  1). 

Costate.     Having  rib-like  ridges. 

Crenulate.     Wrinkled  on  the  edges. 

Crescentic.     Like  a  crescent. 

Cylindrical.     Like  a  cylinder. 

Decollated.  Cut  off,  as  the  apex  of  some  shells  (pi.  xxxvi,  figure  next 
to  fig.  8). 

Decussated.  With  spiral  and  longitudinal  lines  intersecting,  as  the 
sculpture  of  some  shells. 

Deflexed.  Bent  downward,  as  the  last  whorl  in  some  snails  (pi.  xxxii, 
fig.  15). 

Dentate.  With  points  or  nodules  resembling  teeth,  as  the  aperture  of 
some  snails  (pi.  xxx,  fig.  7). 

Denticulate.     Finely  dentate. 

Depressed.     Flattened,  as  the  spire  in  some  snails  (pi.  xxviii,  fig.  4). 

Dextral.     Right-handed  (pi.  xxxii,  fig.  1). 

Digitiform.     Finger-like. 

Dilated.     Expanded  in  all  directions,  as  the  aperture  of  a  shell. 

Dimorphism.     With  two  forms  or  conditions. 

Dimyarian.  Having  two  distinct  adductor  muscle  impressions  or 
scars,  as  in  Unio. 

Dioecious.  Having  the  sexes  in  two  individuals,  one  male  and  one 
female. 


384  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

Distal.     The  farthest  part  from  an  object. 

Discoidal.     Shaped  like  a  flat  disk  (pi.  xxviii,  fig.  25). 

Diverging.  Separating  from  each  other,  as  the  cardinal  teeth  in  some 
Unios  (pi.  xviii). 

Diverticulum.  A  pouch  or  hole,  as  the  pouch  containing  the  radula, 
or  that  containing  the  dart  in  helices. 

Dormant.     In  a  state  of  torpor  or  sleep. 

Dorsal.  The  back.  In  bivalves  the  hinge  portion,  and  in  univalves 
the  opposite  to  the  aperture. 

Ectocone.     The  outer  cusp  on  the  teeth  of  the  radula. 

Edentulous.  Without  teeth  or  folds,  as  the  hinge  plate  in  seme  Unios, 
and  the  aperture  in  some  gastropods. 

Efferent.     Carrying  out. 

Elliptical.     With  an  oval  form  (pi.  xii,  fig.  5). 

Elongated.     Drawn  out,  as  the  spire  of  a  shell  (pi.  xxxii,  fig.  6). 

Emarginate.     Bluntly  notched. 

Encysted.     Enclosed  in  a  cyst. 

Entocone.     The  inner  cusp  on  the  teeth  of  the  radula. 

Entire.  With  even,  unbroken  edges,  as  the  aperture  of  some  shells 
(pi.  xxvi,  fig.  4). 

Epiphallus.  A  portion  of  the  vas  deferens  which  becomes  modified 
into  a  tube-like  organ  and  is  continued  beyond  the  apex  of  the  penis;  it 
frequently  bears  a  blind  duct,  or  flagellum.  (Pilsbry.) 

Epithelium.     All  tissues  bounding  a  free  surface. 

Equidistant.     Equally  spaced,  as  the  spiral  lines  on  some  snail  shells. 

Equilateral.  Equal  sided,  as  in  Unio  or  Sphcerium  when  the  umbones 
are  placed  in -the  center  (pi.  xxvii,  fig.  3). 

Equilibrating.     Balancing  equally. 

Equivalve.     With  both  valves  of  the  same  size  and  shape. 

Eroded.     Worn  away,  as  the  epidermis  on  some  shells. 

Erosive.     Capable  of  erosion. 

Escutcheon.  The  region  behind  the  umbones  in  opisthodetic  pelecy- 
pods. 

Excavated.  Hollowed  out,  as  the  columella  of  some  snails  (pi.  xxxvi, 
fig.  10). 

Excurrent.  Referring  to  the  siphon  which  carries  out  the  waste  matter 
of  the  body. 

Exoskeleton.     The  outer  skeleton;  all  shells  are  exoskeletons. 

Exserted.     Brought  out. 

Expanded.    Spread  out,  as  the  lip  of  some  shells. 

Falcate.    Scythe-shaped. 

Fasciculus.     A  little  bundle. 

Flagellate.     Animals  with  a  flagellum  or  lash. 

Flexuous.  Formed  in  a  series  of  curves  or  turnings,  as  the  columella 
in  some  shells. 

Flocculent.  Clinging  together  in  bunches.  (See  anatomical  portion 
for  the  application  of  this  word.) 

Fluviatile.     Living  in  running  streams. 

Fusiform.     Thick  in  the  middle  and  tapering  at  each  end. 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY   SURVEY.  385 

Gelatinous.     Like  jelly,  as  the  eggs  of  some  mollusks. 

Gibbous.  Very  much  rounded,  as  the  whorls  in  some  snails  (pi.  xxxvi, 
fig.  1). 

Glandular.     Like  a  gland. 

Globose.     Rounded. 

Granulated.    Covered  with  little  grains. 

Gravid.    A  female  mollusk  (as  Unio)  with  ovaries  distended  with  young. 

Gregarious.     Living  in  colonies. 

Gular.  Relating  to  the  windpipe  or  palate.  In  mollusks,  referring  to 
the  innermost  part  of  the  aperture. 

Habitat.     Locality  of  a  species. 

Hasmolymph.     Molluscan  blood. 

Heliciform.     In  form  like  Helix. 

Hemispherical.     Half  a  sphere. 

Herbivorous.     Subsisting  upon  vegetable  food. 

Hermaphrodite.     Having  the  sexes  united  in  the  same  individual. 

Hibernation.  The  act  of  hibernating  or  going  to  sleep  for  the  winter 
months. 

Hirsute.     Covered  with  hairs,  as  some  snails. 

Hispid.     Same  as  hirsute. 

Homologous.  Having  the  same  position  or  value,  as  the  wing  of  a  bird 
and  of  a  bat. 

Hyaline.     Glassy. 

Imperforate.     Not  perforated  or  umbilicated  (pi.  xxix,  fig.  3). 

Impressed.  Marked  by  a  furrow,  as  the  impressed  spiral  lines  on 
some  univalve  shells. 

Inasquipartite.  When  one  end  of  a  shell  is  longer  than  the  other,  as 
the  two  ends  in  Pisidium. 

Incrassate.    Thickened. 

Incurrent.     The  siphon  in  Unio  which  brings  in  the  food-stuffs. 

Incurved.     Leaned  or  bent  over,  as  the  apex  in  some  snails. 

Indented.     Notched. 

Inequivalve.     When  one  valve  is  larger  than  the  other. 

Inflated.     Swollen,  as  some  bivalve  shells  (pi.  iii,  fig.  2). 

Inflected.    Turned  in,  as  the  teeth  of  some  snails. 

Inhalent.     Same  as  incurrent. 

Inoperculate.     Without  an  operculum. 

Intercostate.     Between  the  ribs  or  ridges. 

Invaginate.  One  part  bending  into  another,  as  the  tentacles  of  some 
land  snails. 

Invertible.  Capable  of  being  inverted,  or  drawn  in,  as  the  eye-pedun- 
cles of  a  land  snail. 

Keeled.  With  a  more  or  less  sharp  projection  at  the  periphery  (pi. 
xxvi,  fig.  5). 

Labial.     Pertaining  to  the  lips,  as  the  labial-palpi  in  Unio. 

Lamellated.     Covered  with  scales. 

Lamelliform.     Having  the  form  of  scales. 

Laminated.     Consisting  of  plates  or  scales  laid  over  each  other.  t 


386  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

Lanceolate.     Gradually  tapering  to  a  point  (pi.  xxxii,  fig.  3). 

Lateral.     Pertaining  to  the  side. 

Latticed.    (See  decussated.) 

Lenticular.  Having  the  shape  of  a  double  convex  lens,  as  some  bi- 
valves. 

Lithodesma.  An  accessory  shell  plate  near  the  umbones,  in  those 
shells  having  a  "cartilage"  or  resilium,  as  in  Mactra. 

Lobulate.    Composed  of  lobes. 

Longitudinal.     The  length  of  a  shell. 

Lunate.  Shaped  like  a  half  moon  (pi.  xxxvi,  fig.  7),  as  the  aperture 
in  some  shells. 

Malleated.     Appearing  as  though  hammered  (pi.  xxxii,  fig.  1). 

Manducatory.  Relating  to  the  apparatus  for  masticating  food.  In 
snails,  the  jaws  and  radula. 

Marsupium.  A  part  of  an  animal  used  as  a  pouch  to  contain  the  young, 
as  the  gills  of  Unio. 

Median.     Middle,  as  the  middle  tooth  on  the  radula. 

Mesocene.     The  middle  cusp  on  the  teeth  of  the  radula. 

Monoecius.    Having  the  sexes  united  in  the  same  individual. 

Multifid.  Made  up  of  many  lobes  or  projections,  as  the  cusps  on  some 
radulae. 

Multispiral.  Consisting  of  many  whorls,  as  some  fresh-water  snails 
(pi.  xxxv,  fig.  4). 

Nacreous.     Pearly  or  iridescent,  as  the  interior  of  some  Unios. 

Nave.    The  interior  coating  of  Pisidium  and  Sphaerium. 

Nepionic.  The  second  stage  of  the  embryonic  shell,  as  the  glochidium 
of  Unio. 

Nodulosus.  Provided  with  small  knobs  or  projections,  as  the  surface 
of  some  Unios  (pi.  xx,  fig.  2). 

Notched.  Nicked  or  indented,  as  the  anterior  canal  of  some  gastro- 
pods (pi.  xxxv,  fig.  5). 

Nucleus.  The  first  part  or  beginning,  as  the  apex  in  a  univalve  and 
the  umbo  in  bivalves. 

Nucleated.    Having  a  nucleus. 

Obconic.     In  the  form  of  a  reversed  cone  (pi.  xxxv,  fig.  6). 

Oblique.  Slanting,  as  the  aperture  of  some  shells  when  not  parallel 
to  the  longitudinal  axis  (pi.  xxxiv,  fig.  7). 

Oblor  g.     Longer  than  high,  as  some  Unios  (pi.  x,  fig.  1). 

Obovate.  Reversed  ovate,  as  some  shells  when  the  diameter  is  greater 
near  the  upper  than  at  the  lower  part. 

Obtuse.     Dull  or  blunt,  as  the  apex  of  some  univalves  (pi.  xxxv,  fig.  9). 

Olfactory.     Pertaining  to  the  smell. 

Olivaceous.     Colored  like  an  olive. 

Opisthodetic.     With  the  ligament  behind  the  umbones. 

Orbicular.     Like  an  orb  or  disk,  as  some  Spbseria  (pi.  xxvii,  fig.  10). 

Organism.     An  organized  being,  or  living  object  made  up  of  organs. 

Ovate.     Egg-shaped. 

Ovately  conic.  Shaped  like  an  egg,  but  with  a  somewhat  conic  apex, 
as  some  univalves. 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  387 

Oviparous.  Bringing  forth  young  in  an  egg  which  is  hatched  after  it 
is  laid. 

Ovisac.     A  pouch  in  which  the  eggs  or  embryos  are  contained. 

Ovoviviparous.  In  this  case  the  young  are  formed  in  an  egg  but  are 
hatched  inside  the  parent. 

Papillose.  Covered  with  many  little  bulgings  or  pimples  (pi.  xxiv, 
fig.  2). 

Parallel.  Having  the  same  relative  distance  in  all  parts,  as  when  the 
spiral  lines  in  univalve  shells  are  the  same  distance  apart  all  the  way 
around  (pi.  xxviii,  fig.  25). 

Parivincular.  A  ligament  "which  may  be  compared  to  a  cylinder  split 
on  one  side,  attached  by  the  several  edges,  one  edge  to  each  valve."  (Dall.) 

Patelliform.  Shaped  like  a  flattened-out  cone,  as  an  Ancylus  (pi.  xxx, 
fig.  29). 

Patulous.  Open  and  spreading,  as  the  aperture  in  some  univalves  (pi. 
xxxiv,  fig.  1). 

Paucispiral.     Only  slightly  spiral,  as  some  opercula. 

Pearly.     Having  a  substance  like  pearl,  as  the  interior  of  Unio. 

Pectinate.     Like  the  teeth  of  a  comb,  as  the  gills  of  some  mollusks. 

Pedal.     Pertaining  to  the  foot. 

Pedunculated.  Supported  on  a  stem  or  stalk,  as  the  eyes  of  land 
snails. 

Pellucid.  Transparent  or  clear,  as  the  shells  of  some  snails;  e.  g.Vit- 
rea. 

Penultimate.    The  whorl  before  the  last  in  univalve  shells. 

Pericardium.    The  chamber  containing  the  heart. 

Periostracum.    The  epidermal  covering  of  some  shells,  as  Succinea. 

Pervious.    Very  narrowly  open,  as  the  umbilicus  in  some  snails. 

Phytophagus.    Vegetable-feeding. 

Pilose.     Covered  with  hairs. 

Pinnate.     Branched  like  a  feather,  as  the  gills  of  some  mollusks. 

Plaited.     Folded. 

Planorboid.     Flat  and  orb-like,  as  some  snails  (pi.  xxxii,  fig.  7). 

Pleurae.     Relating  to  the  side  of  a  body. 

Plexus.    A  network  of  vessels,  as  the  form  of  the  lungs  in  snails. 

Plicated.     Made  up  of  folds  (pi.  xxii,  fig.  2). 

Plumose.     Resembling  plumes. 

Polygonal.     Having  many  angles. 

Porcellanous.     Like  porcelain. 

Post-basal.  Beyond  or  near  the  base,  as  the  posterio-ventral  part  of 
Lampsilis. 

Prismatic.     Like  a  prism. 

Prodissoconch.    The  embryonic  shell. 

Prosodetic.  A  term  applied  to  the  area  in  opisthodetic  ligaments, 
lying  in  front  of  the  umbones  and  forming  the  lunule. 

Protoconch.     The  embryonic  shell. 

Protract.     To  push  out. 

Protractor  pedis.     The  foot  protractor  muscle. 

Protrusile.     Capable  of  being  pushed  out. 


388  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

Proximal.     The  nearest  end  of  an  object. 
Pseudocardinals.     False  cardinal  teeth. 
Pseudolaterals.'   False  lateral  teeth. 
Pulsation.     A  throb,  as  the  throbbing  of  the  heart. 
Pupiform.     Like  a  pupa;  one  of  the  stages  in  the  development  of  an 
insect. 

Pustulate.     Covered  with  pustules  or  little  pimples  (pi.  xxiv,  figs.  1,  2). 

Pustulose.    Same  as  above. 

Pyramidal.     Having  the  form  of  a  pyramid. 

Pyriform.     Shaped  like  a  pear. 

Quadrangular.     Having  four  corners,  as  some  Unios. 

Radiated.  Extending  from  a  common  center,  as  the  rays  on  some 
Unios. 

Reflected.  Bent  backward,  as  the  lip  in  some  snails  (pi.  xxviii,  fig.  26), 
or  the  cusps  in  the  lingual  membrane. 

Reflexed.    Same  as  above. 

Renal.     Relating  to  the  kidneys. 

Reticulated.  Resembling  a  network,  as  when  the  longitudinal  and 
spiral  lines  cross  in  a  snail. 

Retractile.  Capable  of  being  drawn  in,  as  the  eye  peduncles  in  land 
snails. 

Retractor  pedis.     Foot  retractor  muscle. 

Revolving  lines.  Spiral  lines  on  a  snail  shell  which  run  parallel  with 
the  sutures  (pi.  xxxv,  fig.  5). 

Rhombic.     Having  four  sides,  the  angles  being  oblique. 

Rhomboid.  Four-sided,  but  two  of  the  sides  being  longer  than  the 
others. 

Rimate.  Provided  with  a  very  small  hole  or  crack,  as  some  snails  in 
which  the  umbilicus  is  very  narrowly  open. 

Roundly  lunate.     Rounder  than  lunate  (which  see). 

Rostriform.     In  the  form  of  a  rostrum. 

Rudimentary.     Not  fully  formed;  imperfect. 

Rugose.     Rough  or  wrinkled,  as  parts  of  some  shells  (pi.  ix,  fig.  1). 

Sacculated.     Somewhat  like  a  sac,  or  composed  of  sac-like  parts. 

Scalar.     Resembing  a  ladder. 

Schizodont.  With  few  teeth,  consisting  of  one  or  two  cardinals  or  lat- 
erals, as  in  Unio. 

Scutellum.  The  projecting  or  pinched  parts  in  front  of  the  umbones 
in  Pisidium. 

Scutum.     The  pinched  parts  behind  the  ligament  in  Pisidium. 

Secreted.  Produced  or  deposited  from  the  blood  or  glands,  as  the 
shell  material  in  mollusks. 

Semicircular.     Half  round  or  circular,  as  the  aperture  in  some  snails. 

Semidentate.     Half  toothed,  as  the  parietal  wall  in  some  land  snails. 

Semielliptic.     Half  elliptical. 

Semiglobose.     Half,  or  not  quite  globose. 

Semilunate.     Half  lunate. 

Semioval.     Half,  or  not  quite  oval. 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  389 

Serrated.     Notched,  like  the  teeth  on  a  saw. 

Serriform.     In  the  form  of  series. 

Sessile.     Attached  without  a  stem,  as  the  eyes  in  some  water  snails. 

Shouldered.     Ridged,  as  the  whorls  in  some  snails  (pi.  xxxv,  fig.  9). 

Sigmoid.     Shaped  like  the  letter  S. 

Siliceous.     Made  up  of  silex. 

Sinistral.     Having  the  aperture  on  the  left  side  (pi.  xxxiv,  fig.  3). 

Sinuous.     Curved  in  and  out,  as  the  edge  of  some  bivalves  and  the  lips 
of  some  snails  (pi.  vii,  fig.  7;  pi.  xxxii,  fip.  6). 

Spatulate.     In  the  form  of  a  spatula,  a  flat-bladed  instrument  used  by 
druggists  in  pulverizing  drugs. 

Spherical.     Shaped  like  a  sphere. 

Spiral.     Wound  about  a  central  cavity,  as  the  whorls  of  snails. 

Striated.     Marked  by  lines  or  striae. 

Subangulated.     Moderately  angled. 

Subcarinated.     Moderately  carinated. 

Subcentral.     Not  quite  in  the  center. 

Subcircular.     Not  quite  circular. 

Subconical.     Moderately  conical. 

Subcylindrical.     Moderately  cylindrical. 

Subequal.     Not  quite  equal. 

Subexcavated.     A  little  excavated. 

Subfusiform.     Moderately  fusiform. 

Subglobose.     Moderately  globose. 

Subglobular.     Moderately  globular. 

Subhyaline.     Moderately  glassy. 

Subimperforate.     Not  much  perforated. 

Suboblong.     Moderately  oblong. 

Subobsolete.     Almost  disappearing. 

Subovate.     Nearly  ovate. 

Subparallel.     Almost  parallel. 

Subperforated.     Almost  perforated. 

Subquadrate.    Almost  four-sided. 

Subreflected.     Moderately  turned  back. 

Subrotund.     Moderately  round. 

Subspiral.     Moderately  spiral. 

Subtriangulate.     Moderately  or  almost  triangular. 

Subtrigonal.     Moderately  three-angled. 

Subtruncate.     Moderately  cut  off. 

Subumbilicated.     Moderately  umbilicated. 

Sulcated.     Grooved. 

Sulcus.     A  longitudinal  furrow. 

Superanal.     Above  the  anus. 

Supra-peripheral.     Above  the  periphery. 

Symmetrical.     Alike  on  both  sides  or  uniform  in  all  parts. 

Symphynote.     Having  the  posterio-dorsal  portion  of   the   shell   flat- 
tened and  produced,  as  in  Symphynota  complanata. 

Terrestrial.     Living  on  the  land. 
Testaceous.     Composed  of  shelly  matter. 


390  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

Torsion.     A  twisting  around. 

Tortuous.    Twisted  or  winding. 

Torpid.     Half  unconscious  or  asleep,  as  a  snail  during  hibernation. 

Translucent.  Not  quite  transparent;  light  is  seen  through  the  thin 
edges  of  the  object. 

Transparent.    Objects  may  be  seen  through  the  substance. 

Transverse.  Referring  to  the  form  of  a  shell  when  it  is  wider  than 
high. 

Tricuspidate.     Having  three  cusps. 

Trifid.     Having  three  branches. 

Trigonal.     Having  three  angles. 

Trilobate.     Having  three  lobes. 

Tripartite.     Divided  into  three  parts,  as  the  foot  of  some  snails. 

Truncate.  Having  the  end  cut  off  squarely,  as  some  Unios  (pi.  xiv, 
fig.  1). 

Tuberculate.    Covered  with  tubercles  or  rounded  knobs  (pi.  xiv,  fig.  1). 

Turbinate.     Having  the  form  of  a  top. 

Turriculated.     Having  the  form  of  a  tower. 

Turreted.     Having  the  form  of  a  tower. 

Umbilicated.  Having  an  opening  in  the  base  of  the  shell  (pi.  xxviii, 
fig.  21). 

Undulated.  Having  undulations  or  waves,  as  the  surface  of  some 
Unios  (pi.  xxii,  figs.  1,  2). 

Univalve.     Having  the  shell  composed  of  a  single  piece,  as  a  snail. 

Varicose.    Swollen  or  enlarged. 

Vascular.    Containing  or  made  up  of  blood  vessels. 

Vermiform.     Formed  like  a  worm. 

Ventral.     The  lower  border  or  side. 

Ventricose.    Swollen  or  inflated  on  the  ventral  side. 

Vibratile.     Moving  from  side  to  side. 

Vitreous.    Resembling  glass,  as  some  snails. 

J1  Male.     The  astronomical  sign  for  the  planet  Mars. 

9   Female.     The  astronomical  sign  for  the  planet  Venus. 


.      APPENDIX. 

The  following  pages  include  a  number  of  species  which 
have  been  added  to  our  fauna  since  the  foregoing  pages  were 
put  in  print.  Several  of  these  are  old  species  recorded  for  the 
first  time  within  the  limits  of  the  area,  while  others  are  new 
species  recently  discovered.  Several  additions  and  corrections 
are  also  made  to  the  introductory  and  other  portions  of  Part  I. 
The  writer  is  indebted  to  the  following  persons  for  addi- 
tional information:  Dr.  W.  H.  Dall,  United  States  National 
Museum,  Washington,  D.  C.;  Mr.  George  H.  Clapp,  Pittsburg, 
Pa.;  Mr.  Bryant  Walker,  Detroit,  Mich.;  Mr.  Edward  W.  Roper, 
San  Diego,  Cal.  (now  deceased). 

p.  ii.  Lower  part  of  page.  The  last  sentence  should  be 
changed  so  as  to  read:  "In  all  groups  except  the  Pelecypoda 
the  mouth  is  provided  with  a  manducatory  apparatus  (odonto- 
phore,  radula  or  tooth-bearer"). 

p.  12.  The  sentence  stating  that  "the  subkingdom  is  of 
quite  recent  date  geologically"  should  be  changed  to  read,  "is 
geologically  of  very  ancient  date,"  as  the  Mollusca  are  known 
as  far  back  as  the  Cambrian. 

p.  1 6.  Planorbis  bicarinatus  has  been  found  in  the  North 
Branch  of  the  Chicago  River  by  Mr.  Jensen,  thus  bringing  it 
in  the  northern  region. 

p.  1 8.  Lampsilis parvtis  has  been  found  in  the  North  Branch 
of  the  Chicago  River  and  in  the  Little  Calumet  River,  and 
hence  belongs  to  the  three  regions  of  the  area.  Calyculina 
tramversa  has  also  been  found  at  Edgebrook  and  at  Blue  Island, 
and  belongs  with  the  universally  distributed  species.  Alasmo- 
donta  rugosa  has  been  found  in  the  North  Branch  of  the  Chicago 
River,  and  should  be  placed  among  the  species  common  to  all 
regions.  The  following  species  are  to  be  added  to  the  univer- 
sally distributed  species: 

Alasmodonta  deltoidea.  North  Branch  Chicago  River  and 
Edgewater. 

Polygyra  monodon.     Wolf  Lake. 

Polygyra  leaii.     Evanston,  Bowmanville,  Edgebrook,  etc. 

Bifidaria  armifera.     Edgebrook. 

Circinaria  concava.     Wolf  Lake,  Hammond,  Roby,  etc. 


392  THE    CHICAGO   ACADEMY    OF   SCIENCES. 

Planorbis  deftectus.     Bowmanville. 

Planorbis  bicarinatus.  Edgebrook,  Avondale,  Lincoln  Park, 
etc. 

Somatogyrus  subglobosus.     Lincoln  Park. 

Valvata  sincera.     Maywood,  Riverside  and  Salt  Creek. 

p.  33.  ECONOMY  OF  THE  MOLLUSCA.  Leucochila  fallax  SAY 
has  been  found  injurious  to  the  strawberry,  eating  the  stems 
and  crowns,  rasping  off  the  outer  coating  (epidermis)  and  suck- 
ing the  juices,  thus  causing  the  fruit  to  decay.  Several  thou- 
sand specimens  were  picked  from  a  patch  of  strawberries,  and 
forty  specimens  were  found  upon  one  plant.* 

p.  34.  Under  STATISTICS.  No.  4.  Comparison  with  Penn- 
sylvania. Mr.  Clapp  writes  the  author  that  the  number  of  spe- 
cies quoted  from  Allegheny  County,  Pa.,  is  much  too  small.  Mr. 
Clapp  has  very  kindly  forwarded  a  complete  list  of  the  Mol- 
lusks  of  Allegheny  County,  and  the  figures  on  page  34  must  be 
changed  to  read  as  follows:  families,  23;  genera,  46;  species, 
131;  varieties,  4. 

p.  54.  Anodonta  footiana  is  now  considered  a  variety  of 
Anodonta  grandis. 

p.  57.  Alasmodonta  rugosa  Barnes  should  now  be  called 
Symphynota  costata  Rafinesque  (Ann.  Gen.  Sci.  Brux.,  Vol.  V, 
p.  318,  pi.  Ixxxii,  figs.  15,  16,  1820);  vide  Simpson. 

p.  58.  Alasmodonta pressa  should  be  called  Symphynota  com- 
press a  Lea. 

p.  60.  Alasmodonta  complanata  should  be  called  Symphynota 
complanata.  Alasmodonta  should  be  changed  to  Alasmodonta,  as 
spelled  by  Say  in  Journ.  Phil.  Acad.,  Vol.  I,  p.  459,  1818. 

p.  62.  Alasmodonta  marginata  Say  should  be  changed  to 
Alasmidonta  tnmcata,  B.  H.  Wright.  (See  The  Nautilus,  Vol. 
XI,  p.  124,  1898.)  The  true  marginata  is  confined  to  the  Atlan- 
tic drainage. 

p.  63.  Alasmodonta  deltoidea  should  be  called  Alasmidonta 
calceola,  the  reference  being  Trans.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  Ill, 
p.  265,  pi.  iii,  fig.  i,  1830. 

p.  71.  Unio  hildrethianus  Lea  should  be  changed  to  Hemi- 
lastena  ambigua  Say.  The  genus  Hemilastena  (Agassiz,  1852) 
Simpson,  differs  from  Unio  in  the  sculpture  of  the  umbones 
and  in  the  teeth.  The  gills  are  united  to  the  mantle  posterior 
to  their  ends.  The  name  ambigua  was  used  by  Say  in  Journ. 

*Vide  E.  T.  Cox,  in  the  Amer.  Nat.,  Vol.  II,  No.  12.  p.  666,  Feb.,  1869. 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  393 

Phil.  Acad.,  Vol.  V,  p.  131,  1825,  and  must  displace  that  of  Lea 
published  in  1834. 

p.  71. 
iia.     Unio  gibbosus  delicatus  Simpson,  pi.  xv,  figs.  2,  4. 

Unio  gibbosus   var.  delicatus   SIMPSON,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  Vol- 
XXII,  p.  704,  1901. 

Differs  from  typical  gibbosus  in  being  thin,  greatly  com- 
pressed andwith  an  evenly  elliptical  outline  and  very  dark  nacre. 

p.  74-  Anodontoides  subcylindraceus  is  a  variety  of  ferussaci- 
anus. 

p.  79.  Quadrula  cocciuea  should  be  credited  to  Conrad,  who 
described  it  in  his  monograph,  p.  29,  pi.  xiii,  fig.  I,  in  1836. 
Lea's  name  not  appearing  until  June  15,  1838.  (Vide  Simpson, 
in  letter.) 

p.  80.  Quadrula  plicata  Lesueur  should  be  credited  to  Say, 
who  really  described  the  species.  (Unio  plicata  Say,  Nich. 
Encyc.,  Vol.  II,  pi.  iii,  fig.  I,  1816.) 

p.  85.  Quadrula  verrucosa  Barnes  should  be  called  Quad- 
rula tuberculata  Rafinesque,  the  reference  being  Obliquaria  (Ro- 
lundarid)  tuberculata  RAF.,  Ann.  Gen.  Sci.  Brux.,  Vol.  V,  p.  103, 
1820. 

p.  100.    The  following  species  is  distinct  from  a?wdontoides, 
which  is  figured  on  plate  x,  figs.  I,  2. 
150.     Lampsilis  fallaciosus  (Smith)  Simpson,  pi.  x,  fig.  3. 

Lampsilis  fallaciosus  SMITH,  Bull.  U.  S.  Fish  Com.,  1899,  p.  291,  pi. 
Ixxix. 

Figured  and  name  given,  but  not  described  nor  authority  given. 
Lampsilis  fallaciosus  (Smith)  SIMPSON,  Proc.  Phil.  Acad.,  p.  74,  pi.  ii, 
fig.  5,  1900. 

"Shell  elongate  elliptical,  subsolid,  inflated,  rounded  in 
front,  and  ending  in  a  rather  sharp  point  behind,  at  two-thirds 
the  height  of  the  shell,  with  a  moderate,  rounded  posterior 
ridge;  beaks  not  prominent,  their  sculpture  consisting  of  a  few 
delicate  parallel  ridges,  somewhat  doubly  looped,  the  hinder 
loops  generally  open  behind;  epidermis  very  smooth  and  shin- 
ing, ashy  straw  color,  often  brownish  on  the  back  of  the  shell, 
generally  feebly  rayed  with  green;  female  shell  decidedly 
swollen  in  the  postbasal  region,  so  that  the  base  line  is  often 
incurved  in  front  of  the  swelling;  teeth  rather  delicate,  there 
being  one  compressed  pseudo-cardinal  and  one  lateral  in  the 
right  valve,  and  two  pseudo-cardinals  and  two  laterals  in  the 
left;  beak  cavities  not  deep;  nacre  brilliant,  silvery." 
"Length,  90;  height,  40;  diameter,  32  mill." 


394  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

"Upper  Mississippi  drainage;  south  to  the  Cumberland 
and  Arkansas  rivers;  Red  River  of  the  North." 

"This  species  has  generally  been  confounded  with  its  near 
ally,  Lampsilis  anodontoides  Lea.  It  is  a  smaller,  more  inflated, 
and  in  every  way  a  more  delicate  form  than  the  latter,  is  not  so 
high,  the  epidermis  is  brighter  and  more  glossy,  and  generally 
rayed.  The  postbasal  inflation  of  the  female  is  usually  more 
pronounced,  and  the  posterior  point  is  higher  than  in  anodon- 
toides. The  latter  is  usually  more  yellow  or  tawny  than  falla- 
ciosus,  and  is,  on  the  whole,  a  heavier  shell." 

"In  L.  fallaciosus  there  is  a  horny,  brown,  raised  streak  on 
the  inside  of  the  mantle  behind,  that  I  do  not  find  in  auodon- 
toides,  and  the  palpi  of  the  former  are  shorter."  (Simpson.) 
It  is  confined  to  the  western  region,  and  has  been  collected 
only  in  Hickory  Creek,  near  Joliet. 

p.  1 06.  Lampsilis  spatulatus  Lea  should  be  called  Lampsilis 
ellipsiformis  Conrad  (Unto  ellipsiformis  CONRAD,  Monograph, 
Vol.  VIII,  p.  60,  pi.  xxxiv,  fig.  i,  1836). 

p.  log.  Lampsilis  parvus  Barnes.  This  species  has  been 
found  in  the  Little  Calumet  River  and  is  abundant  in  a  creek 
near  Blue  Island.  Mr.  Jensen  has  given  the  following  measure- 
ments of  a  specimen  in  his  collection:  length,  41.00;  height,  24; 
breadth,  19.50  mill. 

p.  113.     Species  No.  37  should  be  changed  as  follows: 
37.     Sphserium  vermontanum  Prime,  pi.  xxvii,  fig.  4. 

Spharium  vermontamtm  PRIME,  Proc.  Phil.  Acad.,  p.  128,  1861. 

Shell:  The  description  on  pages  113  and  114  holds  good. 
The  following  additional  measurements  have  been  made: 

Length,  12.00;  height,  10.00;  breadth,  7.00  mill.    (Lyon  coll.) 
11.50;        "        9.00;        "         6.50    "  "      " 

11.50;        "        9.00;        "         7.50    "  "      " 

13.50;        "      10.50;        "         8.00    "  "      " 

Animal:     Not  observed. 

Distribution:  Lakes  Champlain  and  Memphremagog,  Ver- 
mont (Prime);  Shoreham,  Vt.,  and  Holland,  Mich.  (E.  W.  Roper, 
in  letter);  Michigan  (Bryant  Walker,  after  DeCamp);  Lake 
Michigan,  at  Miller's,  Ind.,  and  Chicago,  111.  (Dr.  H.  N.  Lyon); 
Hickory  Creek  (J.  H.  Ferriss). 

Geological  distribution:     Pleistocene. 
Habitat:     Found  generally  in  the  larger  lakes. 
Remarks:     This  species  was  at  first  identified  as  solidulum 
Prime,  but  specimens  submitted  to  Mr.  E.  W.  Roper,  a  short 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY   SURVEY.  395 

time  before  his  death,  were  pronounced  by  him  to  be  vermon- 
tanum.  It  is  one  of  the  commonest  Sphaeria  found  in  the  area, 
ranking  next  to  fabale  in  this  respect.  It  is  easily  distinguished 
from  the  related  species  by  its  triagonal  form  and  less  dis- 
tinctly marked  umbones. 

p.  1 13  et  al.  All  references  iQsolidulum  should  be  changed 
to  vermontanum. 

p.  114. 
38.     Spharium  stamineum  Conrad. 

This  species  is  very  common  in  Lilycash  Creek,  near  Joliet, 
111.,  where  it  has  been  collected  by  Mr.  J.  H.  Handwerk.  The 
specimens  from  this  locality  are  very  variable,  some  being  typ- 
ical in  form,  yellowish  in  color  and  with  the  ends  of  the  shell 
broadly  rounded,  while  others  are  very  dark  horn  color,  the 
ends  more  rounded,  and  the  ventral  part  more  regularly  in- 
flated; the  umbones  are  more  coarsely  sulcated.  Some  speci- 
mens from  this  locality  have  a  wholly  inversed  hinge.  5.  stria- 
tinum  and  S.  simile  have  also  been  found  in  large  numbers  in 
Lilycash  Creek. 

p.  117.     After  5.  simile  add  the  following: 

151.     Sphserium  lilycashense  Baker.    Text  figure  137. 

Sphcerium  lilycashense   BAKER,  The  Nautilus,  Vol.  XII,  No.  6,  p.  65, 
Oct.,  1898. 

Shell:  Of  good  size,  inflated,  rather  solid,  although  not 
so  solid  as  either  staminium,  striatinum  or  simile,  subequilateral, 
indistinctly  quadrangular;  umbones  slightly  elevated,  well 
rounded,  a  little  anterior  of  the  center  of  the  shell,  marked 
by  numerous  rather  heavy  ridges,  the  beaks  closely  approxi- 
mate; dorsal  and  ventral  margins  slightly  curved;  anterior  end 
rounded,  posterior  end  very  broadly  rounded;  umbonal  slopes 
very  much  rounded;  surface  shining,  growth  lines  numerous, 
coarse,  closely  set;  color  varying  from  light  yellowish  horn  to 
rather  dark  horn,  with  an  occasional  zone  of  yellowish;  liga- 
ment weak,  light  brownish  in  color;  cardinal  teeth  small,  simi- 
lar in  shape  and  position  to  those 'of  striatinum;  lateral  teeth 
quite  solid,  double  in  the  right  and  single  in  the  left  valve, 
short,  lamellar,  nearly  straight,  the  single  left  valve  teeth  much 
more  elevated  than  the  double  right  valve  teeth;  muscle  scars 
and  pallial  line  faintly  visible;  nacre  bluish,  the  portion  near 
the  umbones  transparent;  cavity  of  the  beaks  rather  deep. 
Length,  14.00;  height,  11.00;  breadth,  8.50  mill. 
13.00;  "  10.00;  "  8.00  " 
12.50;  "  9.75;  "  7.50  " 


396  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

Animal:     Not  examined. 

Distribution:  Lilycash  Creek,  near  Joliet.  (Collected  by 
J.  H.  Handwerk.) 

Geological  distribution :     Unknown. 

Habitat:     In  a  small  creek,  in  soft  mud. 

Remarks:  This  variety  was  referred  to  Dr.  V.  Sterki  by 
Mr.  Handwerk,  and  considered  by  him  to  be  an  unusual  form  of 
striatinum,  but  he  did  not  consider  it  distinct  from  the  typical 
form.  After  examining  a  large  number  of  specimens,  the  writer 
has  concluded  that  it  is  a  form  distinct  enough  for  a  specific 
name.  Its  beautiful  polished  surface  and  inflated  shell  will  at 


FIG.  137. 
SPH/ERIUM  LILYCASHENSE  Baker.     Natural  size. 

once  distinguish  it  from  striatinum.     It  is  shaped  differently 
from  stamineum  and  the  beak  sculpture  is  very  much  finer. 

Another  form  is  found  associated  with  the  variety  which 
is  in  a  sense  intermediate  between  the  typical  form  and  the 
variety,  having  a  more  oval  shell  than  the  type,  but  not  being 
so  much  inflated;  it  is  very  dark  chestnut  or  dark  brown  in  color. 
Several  specimens  of  this  form  had  the  hinge  wholly  or  partly 
inverse. 

p.  120. 
43.     Calyculina  transversa  Say. 

This  species  has  been  found  abundantly  in  the  Desplaines 
River  (J.  H.  Handwerk),  and  in  Lake  Michigan  (Dr.  H.  N. 
Lyon). 

p.  126. 
47.    Pisidium  abditum  Haldeman. 

This  species  has  been  found  in  large  numbers  in  Lilycash 
Creek  and  at  Smith's  Bridge,  eleven  miles  southwest  of  Joliet. 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  397 

The  specimens  from  these  localities  are  exceedingly  variable 
as  to  size,  shape,  color,  shape  of  beaks,  etc.  (vide  Sterki). 
p.  127. 

48.  Pisidium  virginicum  Gmelin  (not  Bourguignat). 

Large  specimens  of  this  species  have  been  collected  in 
Lilycash  Creek. 

Length,  7.50;  height,  6.00;  breadth,  4.50  mill. 
7.00;       "       5.50;        "        4.50     " 
8.50;       "        7.00;        "        5.50    " 

p.  128. 

49.  Pisidium  compressum  Prime. 

This  species  has  been  found  abundantly  in  Lilycash  Creek 
and  a  few  specimens  in  Lake  Michigan.  Dr.  Sterki  says  that 
it  varies  very  much  in  size,  shape,  prominence  of  beak,  and  in 
their  ridges,  striation,  etc. 

p.  129. 

50.  Pisidium  politum  Sterki,  pi.  xxxi,  fig.  13. 

Dr.  Sterki  has  very  kindly  forwarded  figures  of  this  spe- 
cies. He  also  remarks  that  the  specimens  from  Joliet  are  the 
most  beautiful  ones  he  has  thus  far  seen. 

The  following  species  have  been  described  or  collected 
since  the  publication  of  Part  I: 

152.     Pisidium  variabile  Prime,  pi.  xxxi,  fig.  19. 

Cyclas  nitida  MIGHELS,  Linsley,  Amer.  Journ.  Sci.,  Vol.  XLVIII,  p. 

276,  1845.  . 

Pisidium  variabile  PRIME,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  N.H.,  Vol.  IV,  p.  163,  1851. 
Pisidium grande  WHITTEMORE,  in  litt.,  1855.  (vide  Prime). 

Shell:  Small,  solid,  inflated,  inequilateral,  oblique;  um- 
bones  very  much  elevated;  full,  very  prominent,  placed  poste- 
riorly, smooth  and  polished  to  the  naked  eye  but  marked  by 
fine  lines  when  viewed  with  a  lens;  all  margins  rounded,  the 
anterior  being  somewhat  pointed  or  triangular  and  quite  long, 
while  the  posterior  is  short  and  very  broadly  rounded ;  umbonal 
slopes  rounded,  the  anterior  subexcavated;  surface  shining, 
marked  by  rather  heavy,  regular  growth  lines;  color  varying 
from  light  yellow  or  straw  to  greenish  or  brownish,  with  a  zone 
of  light  or  dark  color  near  the  ventral  margin;  in  some  speci- 
mens two  zones  are  present,  while  in  others  the  zone  is  hardly 
visible;  ligament  small  and  weak;  cardinal  teeth  small,  a  sin- 
gle long,  arched  tooth  in  the  right  valve,  and  two  more  or  less 


398  THE    CHICAGO   ACADEMY    OF   SCIENCES. 

pyramidal  teeth  in  the  left  valve;  the  right  valve  tooth  is  con- 
stricted in  the  center  of  the  arch  and  gradually  enlarges  to- 
ward the  distal  end  of  the  arch,  the  right  arm  of  arch  being 
the  longer  and  reaching  nearly  to  the  base  of  the  hinge  plate; 
the  upper  left  valve  tooth  is  somewhat  gourd-shaped,  begin- 
ning small  at  the  upper  margin  of  the  hinge  plate  and  gradu- 
ally enlarging  to  about  the  center  of  the  plate;  the  lower  left 
valve  tooth  is  large,  solid  and  pyramidal;  lateral  teeth  elevated 
above  the  valve  edge,  triangular;  the  entire  hinge  plate  about 
the  lateral  teeth  is  enlarged,  thick  and  heavy;  cavity  of  the 
beaks  deep  and  full;  nacre  bluish-white,  shining. 

Length,  4.50;  height,  4.50;  breadth,  3.10  mill. 
"       4.00;        "      4.00;        "          3.00    " 

Animal:     Not  observed. 

Distribution:  New  England  west  to  Washington,  Michi- 
gan south  to  Virginia  and  Kansas.* 

Geological  distribution :         Pleistocene;  Loess. 

Habitat:     In  soft  mud  in  creeks,  rivers  and  lakes. 

Remarks:  Variabile  does  not  appear  to  be  common  in 
this  region,  although  it  has  been  found  rather  widely  distrib- 
uted, specimens  having  been  collected  in  Lake  Michigan,  Lily- 
cash  Creek,  Du  Page  River  and  Rock  Run.  It  is  therefore 
found  in  the  southern  and  western  regions.  It  is  quite  a  dis- 
tinct shell,  distinguished  from  compressum  by  its  less  trigonal 
form,  and  being  more  oblique  than  virgmicum.  Some  speci- 
mens are  higher  than  others  and  in  this  form  approach  com- 
pressum. 

3.     Pisidium  cruciatum  Sterki,  pi.  xxxi,  figs.  20,  21. 
Pisidium  cruciatum  STERKI,  The  Nautilus,  Vol.  VIII,  p.  97,  pi.  ii,  figs. 
1-6, 13,  13a,  1895. 

Shell:  "Minute,  inequipartite,  oblique,  subtriangular  in 
outline,  high,  ventricose,  regularly  and  comparatively  coarsely 
striated,  straw-colored;  anterior  part  moderately  long  with 
an  oblique,  nearly  straight  edge  above  and  the  end  rounded; 
posterior  part  short,  the  end  somewhat  obliquely  truncate, 
superior  margin  rather  strongly  curved,  scutum  scarcely,  scu- 
tellum  little  marked,  the  latter  forming  a  rather  distinct  angle; 
inferior  part  moderately  curved;  beaks  prominent,  each  with 
two  ridges  diverging  at  nearly  right  angles,  together  forming 
a  cross  on  the  upper  aspect  of  the  shell,  each  of  the  ridges 

*The  writer  has  not  been  able  to  satisfactorily  trace  the  distribution   of  this  species  in 
the  South. 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  399 

ending  in  a  nodule  of  which  the  posterior  is  larger  and  more 
prominent;  nave  rather  thick,  whitish;  hinge  very  stout,  list 
strong;  cardinal  teeth  rather  large,  and  strongly  projecting  in- 
ward from  the  hinge  list;  in  the  right  valve  one,  strongly 
curved,  posterior  part  thick,  anterior  thin,  lamellar,  the  ends 
united  by  a  lamella  so  as  to  form  a  deep  groove  into  which  the 
posterior  tooth  of  the  left  valve  articulates;  in  the  left  valve 
two,  the  posterior  (inferior)  stout,  massive,  the  other,  superior 
and  a  little  anterior,  rather  short,  fine,  lamellar,  oblique,  little 
curved;  lateral  teeth  large,  high  and  pointed  in  the  left, 
strongly  projecting  inward  in  the  right  valve,  the  latter  with 
no  (or  only  traces  of)  outer  teeth,  and  a  deep  groove;  between 
the  cardinal  and  the  lateral  teeth  the  hinge-list  is  rather  deeply 
excavated,  so  that  all  teeth  are  markedly  isolated;  muscle  in- 
sertions visible;  ligament  short,  strong."  (Sterki.) 

Length,  1.90;  height,  1.90;  breadth,  1.40  mill. 
"       2.10;        "      2.10;          "       1.60      " 
"       1.70;        "      1.70;          "        1.30      " 

Animal:     "Soft  parts  slightly  yellowish."     (Sterki.) 

Distribution:  Tuscarawas  River,  New  Philadelphia,  Ohio 
(Sterki);  Joliet,  111.  (Ferriss);  Lilycash  Creek  (Handwerk). 

N     Geological  distribution:     Pleistocene;  Lower  Loess  of  Illi- 
nois.    (Sterki.) 

Habitat:  "Living  in  mud  among  aquatic  plants  and  dead 
leaves,  and  as  a  rule  covered  with  a  black  or  brown  coat,  some- 
times so  thick  that  they  appear  to  be  globules  of  dirt."  (Sterki.) 

Remarks:  "The  singular  shape  of  the  umbones  is  so  char- 
acteristic that  this  species  will  be  recognized  at  once,  and  can- 
not be  mistaken  for  any  other.  And  also  in  the  formation  of 
the  hinge  it  is  quite  unlike  any  other  Pisidium,  so  that  it  holds 
a  peculiar  position  in  the  genus.  In  the  hinge  structure  it  is 
very  illustrative  and  instructive  for  the  understanding  of  the 
different  forms  of  teeth."  .... 

"Our  species  is  rather  variable,  even  so  that  all  specimens 
from  one  place  in  the  river  are  different  in  size  and  shape 
from  those  of  another  place  scarcely  half  a  mile  distant.  It 
measures  from  1.60  to  2.10  mill.,  1.90  being  about  the  aver- 
age; the  margins  may  be  rather  obtuse  or  somewhat  acute, 
the  beaks  more  or  less  prominent,  and  the  anterior  nodule 
more  or  less  marked.  As  a  rule  there  are  no  outer  lateral  teeth 
in  the  right  valve,  yet  traces  of  them  may  be  seen  in  some  spec- 


400  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

imens.  Also  in  the  formation  of  the  cardinal  teeth  there  is 
some  variation,  as  the  one  in  the  right  valve  may  be  indented 
in  its  middle  at  the  angle,  and  so  there  are  apparently  two 
teeth."  (Sterki.)  « 

154.  Pisidium  splendidulum  Sterki,  pi.  xxxi,  fig.  23. 

Pisidium  splendidulum  STERKI,  The  Nautilus,  Vol.  XI,  p.  113,  1898. 

Shell:  "Mussel  small,  well  inflated,  rather  ovoid  in  out- 
line, scutum  and  scutellum  rather  well  marked,  the  former 
often  prominent;  beaks  slightly  posterior,  somewhat  promi- 
nent, moderately  large,  rounded;  color  pale  to  deep  horn,  sur- 
face polished,  with  very  fine,  somewhat  irregular  striae;  shell 
thin,  transparent;  hinge  rather  fine  but  well  formed,  plate  nar- 
row; cardinal  teeth  longitudinal,  lamellar,  the  right  one  rather 
long,  slightly  curved,  most  so  at  both  ends,  more  or  less  thick- 
ened at  the  posterior  end,  and  often  with  a  groove;  the  two  in 
the  (left)  valve  nearly  equal,  parallel,  little  curved,  the  superior 
is  anterior  for  about  one-third  of  its  length;  lateral  teeth  com- 
paratively strong,  all  projecting  into  the  interior  of  the  mus- 
sel, pointed;  ligament  rather  long."  (Sterki.) 

Length,  2.80;  height,  2.40;  breadth,  1.70  mill.    (Sterki.) 

Animal:     Unknown. 

Distribution:  Caribou,  Saco  and  Old  Orchard,  Maine; 
Grand  Rapids,  Mich.;  Washington,  D.  C.;  Virginia,  near  Wash- 
ington (Sterki);  Lilycash  Creek,  near  Desplaines  River,  Illi- 
nois (Handwerk). 

Habitat:     In  creeks,  brooks  and  rivers,  buried  in  soft  mud. 

Remarks:  "Our  species  cannot  be  mistaken  for  any  other 
Pisidium.  In  shape  it  has  some  resemblance  with  P.  abditum 
undpolitum;  but  its  small  size,  the  color  and  transparency  of 
the  shell,  and  the  shape  of  the  cardinal  teeth,  will  readily  distin- 
guish it.  In  size,  color  and  transparency  of  the  shell,  and  the 
polished  surface,  it  resembles  P.  ventricosum  and  vesiculare ;  but 
both  the  latter  are  much  more  inflated,  their  beaks  are  quite 
posterior  and  larger.  It  is,  however,  rather  variable  in  size  and 
coloration,  and  in  the  striation  of  the  surface."  (Sterki.) 

This  new  species  is  very  common  wherever  it  has  been 
found  in  the  Eastern  states,  and  it  may  be  looked  for  in  con- 
siderable quantities  in  our  Western  states. 

155.  Pisidium  fallax  Sterki,  pi.  xxxi,  fig.  16. 

Pisidium  fallax  STERKI,  The  Nautilus,  Vol.  X,  p.  20,  1896. 
Pisidium  fallax  var.  septentrionale  STERKI,  The  Nautilus,  Vol.  XII, 
No.  7,  p.  78,  1898.     (non  Prime.) 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY   SURVEY.  401 

Pisidium  fallax  var.  boreale  STERKI,  The  Nautilus,  Vol.  XIII,  p.  12, 
1899. 

Shell:  "Mussel  rather  small;  it  is  of  the  same  type  with 
P,  compressum  Prime,  but  smaller,  more  rounded  in  outline,  the 
upper  margin  is  less  strongly  curved,  not  angular,  the  ridges 
on  the  beaks  are  comparatively  larger  and  situated  less  high 
up;  the  striation  is  finer,  crowded,  somewhat  irregular  and 
sharp;  the  color  commonly  greenish  or  yellowish-horn  in  the 
younger,  more  yellow  in  older  specimens;  the  hinge  is  strong, 
more  regularly  curved  than  in  compressum,  the  hinge  plate 
broad,  the  cardinal  tooth  of  the  right  valve  more  oblique,  the 
lateral  teeth  strongly  projecting  inward;  nacre  more  glassy- 
whitish;  ligaments  strong."  (Sterki.) 

Length,  3.20;  height,  2.90;  breadth,  2.10  mill. 

Animal:     Unknown. 

Distribution:  Tuscarawas  River  and  Sugar  Creek,  Ohio 
(Sterki);  Joliet,  111.  (Ferriss);  Lilycash  Creek,  111.  (Hand- 
werk);  Wisconsin,  Michigan,  Maine  (Sterki). 

Habitat:  Found  in  company  with  P.  compressum  and  cru- 
ciatum. 

Remarks:  This  is  a  distinct  little  species.  Dr.  Sterki  says 
it  has  been  found  in  the  stomach  of  the  fish  known  as  "Buffalo 
Sucker,"  with  P.  cruciatum  and  other  shells.  "Old  specimens 
of  P.  fallax  are  almost  always  badly  eroded,  and  covered  with 
a  thick,  blackish  coat,  while  Pis.  compressum  from  the  same 
places  were  intact  and  clear."  (Sterki.) 

This  species  is  common  about  Joliet,  but  has  not  been 
found  in  any  other  part  of  the  area.  Specimens  of  compressum 
should  be  carefully  compared  with  the  above  description  to 
separate  the  two  species. 

156.     Pisidium  walker!  Sterki,  pi.  xxxi,  fig.  15. 

Pisidium  walkeri  STERKI,  The  Nautilus,  Vol.  IX,  p.  75,  1895. 

Pisidium  ivalkeri  var.  mainese  STERKI,  1.  c.,  Vol.  XII,  p.  79,  1898. 
Shell:  "Mussel  of  medium  size,  elongated,  rather  inflated, 
resembling  P.  abditum,  but  is  smaller  than  good-sized  -exam- 
ples of  that  species;  it  is  also  more  elongated,  and  the  smaller 
and  moderately  prominent  beaks  are  more  posterior;  thus  the 
anterior  part  is  comparatively  long,  with  the  end  rounded,  the 
posterior  quite  short,  truncated  at  the  end;  scutum  and  scutel- 
lum  well  marked.  The  shell  is  very  thin,  translucent,  the  sur- 
face very  finely,  and  sharply  striated,  often  somewhat  scaly, 
dullish,  or  with  a  silky  gloss;  color  grayish,  along  the  margin 


402  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF   SCIENCES. 

more  or  less  yellowish-horn.  Hinge  moderately  strong,  of  the 
same  type  as  in  Pis.  abditum;  cardinal  tooth  of  the  right  valve 
moderately  curved,  its  posterior  part  thickened  and  with  a 
deep  furrow;  below  this  tooth,  there  is  a  deep  groove  formed 
by  the  inferior  edge  of  the  hinge  list  raised;  and  the  same 
formation  is  in  the  left  valve  below  the  deep  groove  be- 
tween the  two  cardinal  teeth;  ligament  comparatively  strong." 
(Sterki.) 

Length,  4.50;  height,  3.70;  breadth,  2.80  mill. 

"In  outline  our  species  has  some  resemblance  with  P.  vir- 
ginicum,  by  its  elongate  shape,  the  beaks  situated  posteriorly, 
the  long  and  below  somewhat  sacciform  anterior  part.  But  it 
is  much  smaller,  its  shell  quite  thin,  the  hinge  finer,  the  stria- 
tion  finer,  and  the  beaks  are  much  smaller."  (Sterki.) 

Animal:     Not  known. 

Distribution:  Northeastern  Maine  (Nylander);  Kent 
County,  Utica,  Grand  Rapids,  Mich.;  Columbia,  Pa.;  Mohawk, 
N.  Y.;  Clearwater  and  Mississippi  rivers,  Minn.  (Sterki);  Du- 
Page  River,  111.  (Ferriss);  Lilycash  Creek,  111.  (Handwerk); 
Francis  Creek,  Joliet  (Ferriss). 

Geological  distribution:     Pleistocene;  Loess. 

Habitat:  Found  on  a  muddy  bottom  in  company  with 
P.  compressum  and  P.  abditum. 

Remarks:  This  is  a  rare  species  and  has  been  found  only 
in  the  western  region.  It  may  be  looked  for  from  both  south- 
ern and  western  regions. 

157.     PLsidium  scutellatum  Sterki,  pi.  xxxi,  fig.  14. 

Pisidiu-m  scutellatum  STERKI,  The  Nautilus,  Vol.  X,   No.  6,  p.  66,  Oct., 

1896. 

Shell:  "Mussel  of  medium  size,  rather  high,  oblique, 
markedly  protracted  downward  in  its  anterior  part,  well 
rounded,  rather  strongly  inflated;  beaks  much  posterior,  rather 
large,  prominent,  rounded;  superior  margin  short,  little  curved, 
or  almost  straight,  scutum  and  scutellum  well  marked,  form- 
ing projecting  angles;  the  other  margins  well  curved,  or  the 
posterior  very  slightly  truncated,  anterior  end  well  rounded, 
or  with  a  slight  indication  of  an  angle;  surface  polished,  with 
irregular  striae  and  some  coarse  lines  of  growth;  shell  thin, 
transparent,  of  a  yellowish-horn  to  amber  color,  often  gray- 
ish or  brownish-horn  in  older  specimens,  and  whitish  on  the 
beaks;  nacre  glassy,  inner  surface  microscopically  rugulose; 
hinge  fine,  short,  cardinal  teeth  lamellar,  the  one  in  the  right 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  403 

valve  moderately  curved,  its  posterior  end  thicker;  the  infe- 
rior in  the  left  valve  curved,  the  superior  little  so  or  almost 
straight;  lateral  teeth  very  short,  very  abrupt,  pointed,  thin,  lit- 
tle projecting-  into  the  cavity  of  the  mussel;  ligament  small. 
(Sterki.) 

Lgth.,  4.00;  height,  3.60;  breadth,  2.80  mill. 

"     3.30;      "        2.80;        "        2.40     "    or  less  (deep  water  form).    Sterki. 

Animal:     Not  examined. 

Distribution:  "Pine  Lake,  5-11  meters;  Lake  Michigan, 
off  New  York  Point,  24  meters;  also  taken  from  the  stomachs 
of  whitefish  of  Lake  Michigan;  various  parts  of  Michigan  and 
Minnesota"  (Sterki);  Lake  Michigan  near  Chicago  (Baker); 
-Huntley,  111.  (Ferriss).  "Sterki  says  of  these  specimens  that 
they  are  smaller  and  much  less  full  than  the  typical  examples 
from  Lake  Michigan"  (in  letter). 

Geological  distribution:     Pleistocene. 

Habitat:  Collected  at  considerable  depths  in  the  larger 
lakes,  and  in  numerous  small  lakes  and  rivers. 

Remarks:  "This  is  one  of  our  most  characteristic  Pisidia, 
distinguished,  besides  its  surface  features,  color,  and  the  con- 
figuration of  the  hinge,  by  its  oblique  shape  and  the  much 
larger  anterior  part.  This  character  it  has  in  common  with 
Pis.  virginicum  Gmel.  and  walkeri;  the  former  of  these  is  out  of 
the  question;  the  latter  species  is  much  more  angular  and  the 
surface  dull,  from  microscopic  lamellae,  but  even." 

tfpis.scutellatwnis  somewhat  variable;  the  largest  speci- 
mens seen,  from  Orchard  Lake,  Mich.,  are  4.5  mill.  long.  Those 
from  deep  water  are  the  smallest  and  most  inflated,  and  their 
beaks  are  commonly  more  prominent;  some  of  them  have 
crowded  striae  of  growth."  (Sterki.) 

The  specimens  from  Chicago  were  found  in  drift  along 
the  lake  shore  at  Miller's,  Ind.,  and  were  probably  washed  up 
from  deep  water. 

158.     Pisidium  punctatum  Sterki,  pi.  xxxi,  figs.  17,  18,  22. 

Pisidium punctatum  STERKI,  The  Nautilus,  Vol.  VIII,  No.  9,  p.  99,  Jan. 
1895. 

Shell:  "Minute,  inequipartite,  high,  oblique,  strongly  ven- 
tricose,  almost  globular,  regularly  and  sharply  striated,  micro- 
scopically rugulose,  whitish;  anterior  part  moderately  long, 
the  edge  above  oblique,  almost  straight,  end  slightly  angled, 
rather  inferior;  anterior  part  short,  truncate,  slightly  angular 


404  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

above,  rounded  below;  superior  and  inferior  margins  moder- 
ately curved,  th*e  former  rather  short,  the  latter  long;  scutum 
little,  scutellum  moderately  marked,  both  forming  slight  an- 
gles; vertical  section  heart-shaped,  horizontal,  short,  lanceo- 
late-rhombic; margins  very  slightly  acute;  beaks  moderately 
full  and  prominent,  with  a  longitudinal,  slightly  oblique  ridge 
(sometimes  obsolete)  below  the  culmination;  nave  moderately 
thick,  whitish,  with  crowded,  small  pits,  from  which  it  appears 
as  if  dotted;  hinge  moderately  strong;  cardinal  teeth  fine,  in 
the  left  valve  two,  lamellar,  longitudinal,  about  equally  long, 
a  little  curved,  almost  parallel,  the  upper  little  anterior;  in  the 
right  valve  one,  longitudinal,  little  curved,  lamellar,  the  poste- 
rior end  slightly  thickened;  lateral  teeth  rather  small  and  thin, 
in  the  left  valve  one,  pointed,  in  the  right  valve  two,  the  outer 
quite  small;  hinge-list  fine,  rather  regularly  formed;  ligament 
rather  long  and  fine."  (Sterki.) 

Length,  1.80;  height,  1.60;  breadth,  1.30  mill.     (Sterki.) 

Animal:     "Soft  parts  colorless,  rest  whitish."     (Sterki.) 

Distribution:  "Ohio;  Tuscarawas  River,  Bear  Run,  tribu- 
tary to  the  Mahonig  River,  Portage  County,  a  spring  brook 
at  Rootstown  Station,  Portage  County,  emptying  into  Cuya- 
hoga  River  (Lake  Erie  and  St.  Lawrence  drainage)  (Sterki); 
Lilycash  Creek,  near  Joliet,  111.  (Mississippi  drainage)  (Hand- 
werk). 

Geological  distribution :     Pleistocene;  Loess. 

Habitat:     In  creeks,  pools  and  rivers. 

Remarks:  "This  species  resembles  somewhat  Pis.  com- 
pressum  Prime,  in  having  a  ridge  or  appendage,  but  not  in  the 
same  place,  as  it  stands  on  the  outside,  below  the  culmination 
of  the  beaks,  while  in  the  mature  P.  compressum  it  has  its  place 
rather  on  top.  The  shape  of  the  shell  is  different  and  the  size 
is  very  much  smaller,  its  bulk  being  only  about  one-tenth  of 
that  shell.  And  while  the  upper  part  of  the  posterior  margin 
in  P.  compressum.  is  rounded  or  flattened,  it  is  sharp,  somewhat 
"pinched"  in  P.  punctatum.  In  this  the  shell  is  purely  whitish, 
or  light  straw-colored,  the  latter  more  so  when  dry,  while  the 
mature  P.  compressum,  is  always  more  or  less  grayish.  A  marked 
feature  is  the  finely  and  densely  pitted  interior  surface  of  the 
shell,  the  dots  being  distinctly  perceptible  through  the  shell 
from  the  outside.  Yet  this  is  not  unique,  as  I  have  also  seen 
it  in  other  Pisidia.  Some  specimens  show  not  a  trace  of  the 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  405 

appendages  on  the  beaks,  yet  they  are   evidently  identical." 
(Sterki.) 

This  Pisidium  is  not  common  in  this  area,  and  only  a  few 
specimens  have  been  found  in  Lilycash  Creek,  near  Joliet, 
(western  region)  by  Mr.  Handwerk.  Further  search  will  proba- 
bly bring  more  to  light,  not  only  in  that  locality,  but  in  others. 
Heretofore  it  has  been  found  only  in  the  Ohio  and  St.  Lawrence 
drainages,  but  we  must  now  add  the  drainage  of  the  Mississippi. 

159.     Pisidium  roperi  Sterki.    Unfigured. 

Pisidium  roperi  STERKI,  The  Nautilus,  Vol.  XII,  No.  7,  p.  77,  Nov., 
1898. 

Shell:  "Mussel  rather  large,  strongly  inflated  when  ma- 
ture, very  little  so  when  young;  oblong  to  ovoid  in  outline, 
margins  regularly  curved  with  no  projecting  angles  (in  the 
adult);  scutum  and  scutellum  scarcely  marked;  beaks  moder- 
ately posterior,  very  broad,  surface  somewhat  glossy,  with  ir- 
regular, not  sharp,  striae  and  some  strongly  marked  lines  of 
growth;  color  of  the  dry  shell  straw  to  yellowish-horn,  often 
with  one  to  seven  fine,  concentric  lines  of  purple;  shell  rather 
thin,  nacre  whitish,  muscle  insertions  scarcely  marked,  hinge 
comparatively  fine  and  short;  cardinal  teeth  quite  small,  the 
right  one  moderately  curved,  slightly  thickened  at  the  poste- 
rior end;  the  left  ones  very  short;  the  inferior  slightly  angular, 
truncated  or  pointed  on  top,  the  superior  sometimes  almost 
obsolete;  lateral  teeth  short,  small,  scarcely  projecting  into 
the  interior;  ligament  rather  fine."  (Sterki.) 

Length,  5.50 ;  height,  4.40;  breadth,  3.80  mill.    (Sterki.) 
4.50;      "        3.70;        "        3.00    " 

Animal:  "Soft  parts  pink,  especially  so  the  foot  and  man- 
tle edges;  the  living  mussel  appears  pale  red,  but  the  color 
soon  fades  away  after  the  death  of  the  animal;  it  is  also  very 
pale,  scarcely  noticeable  in  the  young,  becoming  more  intense 
with  the  age  of  the  animal."  (Sterki.) 

Distribution:  "Maine,  Rhode  Island,  Indiana,  Illinois  and 
Minnesota;  probably  also  Utah,  California  and  Washington." 
(Sterki.) 

Geological  distribution:     Pleistocene;  Loess? 

Habitat:  "The  largest  and  most  beautiful  specimens  were 
collected  in  Higginbotham's  Spring,  near  Joliet,  111.,  by  Messrs. 
J.  H.  Ferriss  and  J.  H.  Handwerk."  (Sterki.) 

Remarks:     "Pis.  roperi  cannot  be  mistaken  for  any  other 


406  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF   SCIENCES. 

species,  except  some  forms  of  P.  abditum  Hald.;  but  it  is  at 
once  distinguished  from  the  latter  species  by  its  comparatively 
very  broad  beaks,  the  more  elongated  and  more  regular  out- 
line, the  different  appearance  of  its  surface,  usually  the  lighter 
color,  the  comparatively  fine  and  shorter  hinge,  and,  in  the  liv- 
ing animal,  by  the  pink  color  of  the  soft  parts  shining  through 
the  shell.  It  is  the  only  species  in  which  that  color  has  been 
noticed  so  far,  yet  it  remains  to  ascertain  whether  this  be  a 
constant  character.  But,  however  that  may  be,  the  species  is 
valid.  From  several  places  specimens  were  obtained  in  com- 
pany with  P.  abditum,  and  at  once  recognized  as  distinct." 
(Sterki.) 

Thus  far  this  species  has  been  found  in  this  area  only  at 
Higginbotham's  Spring,  near  Joliet,  in  the  western  region.  Ad- 
ditional localities  will  undoubtedly  be  found  when  the  streams 
and  springs  are  more  carefully  searched. 

160.    Pisidium  handwerki  Sterki.    Unfigured. 

Pisidium  handwerki  STERKI,  The  Nautilus,  Vol.  XIII,  p.  90,  1899. 

"Mussel  small,  rather  rounded  in  outline,  rather  high, 
moderately  inflated;  beaks  moderately  large,  somewhat  papil- 
liform;  superior  margin  strongly,  inferior  moderately  curved; 
posterior  rounded  or  slightly  truncated,  anterior  end  rounded 
or  with  a  slight  indication  of  an  angle;  surface  with  dense, 
almost  regular  and  sharp  striae,  and  with  a  silky  gloss,  tops  of 
beaks  smooth  and  shining,  slightly  flattened;  color  of  epiconch 
pale  to  yellowish-horn;  shell  rather  strong,  nacre  colorless  or 
whitish,  hinge  stout,  strongly  curved,  plate  moderately  broad, 
lateral  teeth  stout,  rather  high,  short;  cardinal  teeth  small,  fine; 
the  right  one  angular,  with  the  posterior  part  somewhat  thicker, 
inserted  in  a  longitudinal  groove  on  the  hinge  plate;  posterior 
cardinal  tooth  of  the  left  valve  rather  long,  longitudinal,  nearly 
straight,  its  ends  sloping;  anterior  oblique,  quite  small  or  almost 
obsolete;  ligament  rather  small."  (Sterki.) 

Length,  2.40;  height,  2.20;  breadth,  1.70  mill.     (Sterki.) 

Animal:     Not  examined. 

Distribution:    Lilycash  Creek,  Joliet,  111.  (J.  H.  Handwerk). 

Geological  distribution :     Pleistocene? 

Habitat:     Living  in  soft  mud  with  P.  compressum,  etc. 

Remarks:  "Probably  it  has  been  overlooked  in  materials 
from  other  places,  owing  to  its  resemblance  to  immature  speci- 
mens of  some  forms  of  P.  compressum  Pr.  When  once  known 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  407 

it  will  always  be  recognized.  It  also  resembles  some  forms  of 
P.  pauperculum  Sterki,  in  size  and  shape,  but  its  comparatively 
coarse  striation  will  distinguish  it  at  once.  Pis.  handwerki  is 
not  a  showy  Pisidium,  with  striking  features,  but  nevertheless 
a  good  species."  (Sterki.) 

161.     Pisidium  kirklandi  Sterki.    Unfigured. 

Pisidiiim  kirklandi  STERKI,  The  Nautilus,  Vol.  XIII,  p.  11, 1899. 

"Mussel  of  medium  size,  somewhat  oblique,  well  inflated 
when  mature,  very  little  so  in  the  young,  high,  rather  oval  in 
outline;  superior  margin  strongly,  inferior  moderately  curved; 
posterior  slightly  truncated,  passing  into  the  superior  by  an 
obtuse,  rounded  angle,  antero-superior  slightly  curved  or  al- 
most straight,  sloping  toward  the  rounded  anterior  end;  scutum 
well,  scutellum  slightly  marked;  beaks  somewhat  posterior, 
high  and  prominent  in  the  mature,  low  in  the  young  mussel, 
with  stout  ridges,  highest  at  the  posterior  and  slanting  toward 
the  anterior  ends,  slightly  sinuous  on  the  outer  sides;  surface 
with  very  coarse,  rather  regular  striation,  dull,  rugulose,  straw 
colored  in  young,  slightly  grayish  in  the  adult  with  a  light  zone 
along  the  margin;  shell  rather  thick,  nacre  almost  glossy,  ap- 
pearing bluish  in  old  specimens,  muscle  insertions  distinct; 
hinge  stout,  hinge  plate  broad;  cardinal  teeth  of  moderate  size, 
rather  high  upon  the  plate,  the  right  one  angular,  its  posterior 
plate  thickened,  with  or  without  a  groove;  below  it  is  a  deep 
excavation;  left  cardinal  teeth:  the  anterior  rather  stout  but  its 
edge  acute,  the  posterior  oblique,  slightly  curved;  lateral  teeth 
stout,  the  outer  ones  of  the  right  valve  quite  small;  ligament 
strong."  (Sterki.) 

Length,  4.00;  height,  3.80;  breadth,  2.70  mill. 

Animal:     Not  examined. 

Distribiition :     Michigan,  Illinois  and  Ohio. 

Geological  distribution :     Unknown. 

Remarks:  "Pis.  kirklandi  is  related  to  P.  compressbm  Pr., 
and  more  so  to  fallax  St.  From  the  former  it  is  at  once  dis- 
tinguished by  the  more  rounded  outlines  of  the  adult  speci- 
mens; the  young  are  higher  in  the  anterior  part  and  the  mussel 
is  nearly  square,  while  the  young  of  compressum  are  more  tri- 
angular; and  in  the  latter  the  beaks  are  higher,  the  (young) 
mussel  is  of  comparatively  larger  diameter.  From  P.  fallax  it 
differs  by  its  large  size,  the  coarse  striation,  the  shape  of  the 
ridges  and  the  grayish  color."  (Sterki.) 


408  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

This  species  is  known  only  from  Berry  Lake,  in  the  south- 
ern region. 

Dr.  Sterki  reports  that  among  fossils  from  the  lower  Loess 
at  Freeport,  111.,  he  found  Pisidium  virginicum,  variabile,  com- 
pressum,  fallax,  cruciatum,  punctatum,  walkeri  and  (?)  abditum. 
Pisidium  virginicum,  P.  abditum  and  P.  compressum  have  been 
dredged  in  Lake  Superior  at  depths  ranging  from  four  to  four- 
teen fathoms. 
162.  Limiuea  auricularia  Linne.  Text  fig.  138. 

*Limncea  auricularia  LINNE,  Syst.  Nat.,  Ed.  XII,  p.  1249. 
Shell:     Roundly  ovate,  inflated,  thin;  color  horny  to  pale 
gold;  nucleus  consisting  of  one  and  a  half  spermaceti-colored, 
smooth,  rapidly  increasing  whorls;  surface  shining,  lines  of 


FIG.  138. 
LIMN^EA  AURICULARIA  Linne.    Natural  size. 

growth  fine,  wavy,  crowded,  with  occasionally  a  heavy  ridge 
representing  a  rest  period;  whorls  four,  convex,  inflated,  the 
last  large  and  spreading;  spire  short,  conic,  very  small  com- 
pared with  the  body  whorl;  sutures  deeply  impressed,  chan- 
neled in  some  specimens;  aperture  very  large,  ovate,  occupy- 
ing four-fifths  of  the  length  of  the  entire  shell,  rounded  above 
and  flaring  in  old  specimens  below;  peristome  thin,  sharp; 
columella  sigmoid  with  a  plait  across  the  middle,  which  is 
reflected  over  the  umbilicus;  umbilicus  narrow,  deep,  nearly 
closed.  The  epidermis  is  sometimes  marked  by  light  and  dark 
lines  of  color,  alternating. 

Length,  23.00;  breadth,  17.00;  aperture  length,  18.00;  breadth,   11.00  mill. 
20.00;        "          15.50;          "  "         15.50;        "  9.50    " 

18.00;        "          12.50;          "  "         13.50;        "  8.50    " 

Animal.     Body  flecked  with  small  white  spots  on  back  of 
head  and  tentacles,  but  not  on  foot;  mantle  marked  by  many 

*No  attempt  has  been  made  to  include  the  synonymy  of  this  species. 


THE    NATURAL    HISTORY    SURVEY.  409 

black,  irregular  spots  which  show  through  the  shell;  foot 
roundly  elongated,  18  by  11  mill.,  head  broad,  auriculated;  ten- 
tacles large,  flat,  long,  triangular;  heart  pulsations  slow  and 
regular;  thirty-four  per  minute.  The  animal  is  slow  and  de- 
liberate in  its  movements. 

Jaw  and  radula:     Not  examined. 

Genitalia:     Not  examined. 

Distribution:  European;  greenhouse  and  lily-pond  in  Lin- 
coln Park,  Chicago. 

Geological  distribution:     Pleistocene. 

Habitat:     Similar  to  that  of  the  larger  Limnaeas. 

Remarks:  Some  time  ago  Mr.  Herbert  E.  Walter,  In- 
structor in  biology  in  the  North  Division  High  School,  Chi- 
cago, brought  to  the  writer  several  specimens  of  a  Limnaea 
which  was  new  to  the  fauna  of  the  United  States.  Upon 
inquiry  the  locality  was  given  as  the  propagating  greenhouse 
in  Lincoln  Park.  Several  days  later  Miss  Marie  La  Grange,  a 
pupil  in  the  North  Division  High  School,  found  a  number  of 
the  same  species  in  a  lily  pond  in  the  Park,  the  water  of  which 
was  artificially  heated  to  give  the  necessary  warmth  for  certain 
tropical  plants,  the  temperature  being  above  90°  Fahr. 

Comparison  with  the  shells  in  the  Academy's  collection 
showed  the  species  to  be  Limntza  auricularia,  and  an  inquiry  of 
the  park  gardener  brought  to  light  the  fact  that  certain  plants 
had  been  recently  imported  from  Belgium.  This  information 
at  once  removed  the  mystery  surrounding  the  sudden  appear- 
ance of  this  shell  in  the  Park,  and  shows  how  easy  it  is  at  the 
present  time  to  transport  a  species  from  one  continent  to  an- 
other, especially  if  it  be  a  pulmonate.  The  shells  of  auricularia 
are  about  an  inch  in  length,  of  a  deep  corneous  color,  and  are 
rather  thin.  When  alive,  the  mantle  of  the  animal  is  seen 
through  the  shell  to  be  made  up  of  dark  and  light  spots  ar- 
ranged irregularly.  The  animal  appeared  rather  active,  mov- 
ing about  the  aquarium  with  a  steady,  gliding  motion. 

163.     Amnicola  walker!  Pilsbry. 

Amnicola  walkeri  PILSBRY,  The  Nautilus,  Vol.  XII,  p.  43,  1898. 

Shell:  "Thin,  narrowly  umbilicate,  conic,  shaped  like  Lyo- 
gyrus  brownii  Carpenter;  slightly  yellowish  corneous;  thin, 
smooth,  with  faint  growth-lines.  Whorls  four,  very  convex,  sep- 
arated by  deeply  constricting  sutures,  the  last  whorl  rounded 
below;  apex  obtuse.  Aperture  oblique,  rather  small,  mainly 


410  THE    CHICAGO    ACADEMY    OF   SCIENCES. 

basal,  a  little  longer  than  wide,  but  nearly  circular,  the  inner 
margin  a  trifle  straightened  above;  peristome  continuous,  in 
contact  with  the  preceding  whorl  for  an  extremely  short  dis- 
tance above.  Operculum  Amnicoloid." 

Alt.  3,       diam.  2;      length  of  aperture,  1#;   width  ll/i  mm. 

"     2K,       "      21A\       "  "          1.08;       "      1         "       Pilsbry. 

Animal:     Not  examined. 

Radula  :     Amnicoloid.     (Pilsbry.) 

Distribution:  "Lake  Michigan  at  High  Island  Harbor, 
Beaver  Island,  at  19  meters  depth;  Reed's  Lake,  Grand  Rap- 
ids, Mich.;  River  Rogue,  Wayne  Co.,  Mich.;  the  types  from  the 
first  locality  mentioned."  (Pilsbry.)  Joliet,  111.  (J.  H.  Fer- 
riss.) 

Geological  distribution:     Pleistocene. 

Habitat:     Similar  to  other  Amnicola. 

Remarks:  This,  one  of  the  smallest  of  Amnicolae,  has  re- 
cently been  found  at  Joliet  by  Mr.  J.  H.  Ferriss.  It  will  be 
easily  known  by  its  small  size  and  peculiar  shape. 


INDEX. 

Synonyms  are  printed  in  italics ;  genera,  subgenera,  families,  etc.,  in 
SMALL  CAPITALS;  the  page  number  indicating  reference  to  a  diagnosis  is 
in  italics. 


AGNATHA,  i6g. 
AGNATHOMORPHA,  777. 
AGRIOLIMAX,  195,  ig8, 
Agriolimax  campestris,  194,  195,  799. 
ALASMIDONTA,  392 
Alasmidonta  truncata,  392. 
ALASMODONTA,  56,  100. 
Alasmodonta  complanata,  57,  58,  60. 
deltoidea,  57,  63,  64. 
marginata,  57,  62,  63,  64. 
pressa,57,j<S,  60,  73. 
rhombica,  67. 
rugosa,  57,  58,  59,  60. 
ALBINULA,  232. 
ALEXIA,  256. 
AMNICOLID^E,  327. 
AMNICOLA,  330,  331,  339,  343,  346. 
Amnicola  attenuata,  338. 

cincinnatiensis,    331,  ??5, 

336,  337. 

emarginata,  331,  j>jd. 
ferniginea,  331. 
depressa,  341. 
limosa,  33,  ??  7-336,  361. 
lustrica.331,  334,  335,  337. 
orbiculata,  334. 


sayana,  d3o. 
porata,  331,  334. 
shrokingeri,  331. 
walkeri,  409. 
ANCYLID^E,  302. 
ANCYLUS,  302,  303,306,  307. 
Ancylus  fluviatilis,  303. 
obliquus,  306. 
rivularis,  303,  304,  305,  306, 

307. 

shimekii,  303,  306. 
tardus,  303.JW. 
Anatomy  of  the  shell,  36. 
Anguispira,  204. 
Angustula,  241. 
ANISOPLEURA,  138. 
ANODONTA,  48,  49,  50,  69,  100. 
Anodonta  annu/ata,  67. 

arkansasensis,  67. 

decli-uis,  51. 

decora,  51. 

footiana,  51,53,5^,  55. 

gigantea,  51. 

grandis.49,50,57,54,  55,73. 

harpethensis  ,  51. 


Anodonta  hordea,  55. 

imbecilis, 

incerta,  55. 

inornata,  51. 

me  neilii,  54. 

marryattana,  54. 

opalina,  54. 

ovata,  51. 

plana,  51,  307. 

salmonia,  51. 

shajferiana,  67. 
'  subangulata,  54. 

tetragona,  67. 

ivardiana,  69. 
ANODONTOIDES,  75. 
Anodontoides  ferussacianus,  65, 7^,  74, 

75. 

subcylindraceus,  65, 7/. 
Anodontopsis,  72. 
Anoplophrya  vermicularis,  361. 
APLEXA,  j>77. 

Aplexa  hypnorum,  J77,  318. 
Appendix,  391. 
Anon,  208. 
Aspidogaster  conchicola,  48. 

AULACOPOUA,  77^f. 

AURICULID.E,  253. 

BASOMMATOPHORA,  253. 
Bibliography,  366. 
BIFIDARIA,  229,  231. 
Bifidaria  armifera,  228,  232,  233,  236, 
237. 

contracta,  228,  234,  235,  236, 
237. 

corticaria,  227,  229,  230. 

cristata,  231. 

curvidens,  185,  228,  2W,  240. 

holzingeri,  228,  236,  237. 

pentodon,  228,  238,  239,  240. 

procera,  227,  231,  232. 

ruidosensis,  232. 
Bulimnea,  260. 
Bulimus  lubricoides,  246. 
Bulinus  tryoni,  317. 
Bullafluviatilis,  288. 
BYTHINIA,  328,  330. 
Bythinia  tentaculata,  328,  329. 
Bythinella  nickliniana,  33. 

CALYCULINA,  120. 

Calyculina  partumeia,  113,  123,  124. 


INDEX. 


Calyculina  securis,  113,  122. 

transversa,  113,  120,  122, 

396. 

truncata,  113, 121,  123. 
CAMPELOMA,  j>jd. 
Campeloma  decisum,  356,  358,  JJQ, 

360,  362. 
ponderosum,    356,    357, 

358,  359,  361. 
rufum,  356,  jj,?,  361. 
obesum,  358. 
subsolidum,  356,  j><5/. 
CARUNCULINA,  109. 
CARYCHIUM,  253. 
Carychium  euphceum,  254. 

exiguum,  254,  255,  256. 
exile,  255,  256. 
existelium,  254. 
jamaicenseis,  255. 
mexicanum,  254. 
Chicago  bibliography,  363. 
Chrysemys  marginatus,  33. 
CINCINNATIA,  j>j>j. 
Cionella  morseana,  246. 

ClRCINARIA,  /7/,  174. 

Circinaria  concava,  139,  171,  172,  173, 
174. 

ClRCINARIID^E,  /7/. 
COCHLICOPA,  245. 

Cochlicopa  lubrica,  246,  247. 

COCHLICOPID^E,  245. 
CONULUS,  7<?j>. 

Conulus  alaskensis,  183. 
chersinus,  185. 
mortoni,  183. 
Cotylaspis  insignis,  48. 
CTENOBRANCHIATA,  379. 
Cyclas,  111. 
Cyclas  acuminata,  117. 

albula,  117. 

altilis,  128. 

bulbosa,  114. 

caerulea,  123. 

calyculata,  121. 

cardissa,  122. 

castanea,  118. 

constricta,  120. 

cornea,  123. 

crocea,  122. 

detruncata,  120. 

distorta,  113. 

dubia,  127. 

eburnea,  123. 

edentula,  117. 

fuscata,  114. 

gigantea,  116. 

gracile,  120. 

inornata,  117. 

lasmampsis,  116 

lenticula,  121. 

•major,  126. 

mirabilis,  123. 


Cyclas  modesta,  117. 

nilida,  397. 

orbicularia,  123. 

ovalis,  119. 

pellucida,  121. 

ponderosd,  116. 

sarratogea,  116.  « 

simplex,  117. 

solida,  116. 

sulcata,  116. 

sulcosa,  118. 

tenuistriata,  117. 
CYRENACEA,  777. 

CYRENIDJi,  777. 

Diplodontus,  52. 

Zto««,  204. 

Distoma  appendiculata,  189. 

ascoidea,  299. 

macrostomum,  222. 

.ELASMOGNATHA,  ,?7<5. 
Elimia,  325. 
ENDODONTID^E,  .?oj. 
,  Enbifidaria,  231. 

EUCONULUS,  7551. 

Euconulus  fulvus,  7<?j,  184,  227. 

EURYNIA,  100. 
EUTHYNEURA,  Ij8. 

Ferussacia  subcylindracea,  246. 

GASTRODONTA,  790. 
Gastrodonta  arborea,  167. 

brittsii,  192. 

demissa,  191,  192. 

gularis,  190. 

ligera,  190,  797,  192,  193. 

stonei,  191. 
GASTROPODA,  7^7. 
Geographical  Distribution,  16. 
Geological  Distribution,  23. 
GEHYDROPHILA,  253. 
Glochidium,  49. 
Glossary,  381. 
GLYPHYALINIA,  177, 182. 
GoNioBASis,  325. 
Goniobasis  depygis,  j>^7. 

livescens,  ^,326,327,  330. 
milesii,  325,  326. 
translucens,  325. 

GONYODISCUS,  210. 

Gundlachia,  307. 
GYRAULUS,  297. 

Haplotrema,  171. 
HELICID^:,  140. 
HELICODISCUS,  204,  212. 
Helicodiscus  lineatus,  205,  212,  213. 
HELISOMA,  287. 
HELIX,  137,  217. 
Helix  alba,  206. 
apex,  189. 


Helix  breiveri,  187. 

bucculenta,  156,  158. 
bulbina,  148. 
capillacea,  176. 
cincta,  165. 
clausa,  143. 
convexa,  165. 
costata,  206. 
cronkhitei,  210. 
crystallina,  249. 
dissidens,  172. 
z,  206. 


egena,  183. 
elec 


ectrina,  180. 

fallax,  146,  147. 

fereusoni,  206. 

fraterna,  163. 

hydrophila,  186. 

infecta,  206. 

ingallsiana,  158. 

isognomostomos,  163. 

laevipata,  249. 

lavelleana,  189. 

leaii,  765.  167. 

major,  151. 

mauriniana,  189. 

mimita,  249. 

minutilis,  189. 

minutissima,  215. 

mordax,  206. 

nitidosa,  180. 

0//0XZJ,  187. 

patudosa,  249. 

planorboides,  172. 

porcina,  163. 

/»ra,  180. 

radiatula,  180. 

rafinesquea,  191. 

richardi,  148. 

ntderata,  210. 

r///rt,  151. 

rca£r<z,  206. 

sinuata,  163. 

striatula,  180. 

strongylodes,  206. 

transversensis,  151. 

viridula,  180. 

wardiana,  191. 

zaleta,  154. 
HEMILASTENA.J^. 
Hemilastena  ambigua,  j>9^. 
Heterostromum  echinatum,  361. 
HETERURETHRA,  ^/d. 
Histrionella  pomatiopsidis,  346. 

HOLOPODA,  7/0. 

Hyalinia,  177. 
Hyalina  pellucida,  180. 

subrupicola,  182. 

•viridula,  187. 
HYGROPHILA,  .?j<5. 

Instructions  for  collecting  mollusks,  25 


LAMPSILIS,  91,  95-,  94. 

Lampsilis  alatus,  48,  65,  97,  98,  100. 

anodontoides,  65,  700,  101, 
105,  394. 

ellipsiformis,  394. 

fallaciosus,  5>(y. 

gracilis,  65,  pp. 

iris,  65,  96,  705,  107. 

ligamentinus,    48,    66,  70(5", 
109. 

luteolus,  65,73,  101,  /oj,  109. 

multiradiatus,  66,  95. 

parvus,  66,  73,  709,  394. 

rectus,  48,  65,  71,  707. 

spatulatus,  65,  7O<5,  107. 

ventricosus,  65,  p/. 
Leucochloridium  paradoxum,  222. 


,        . 

LIMAX,  7pj>,  195,  199,  203. 
Limax  agrestis,  194,  195. 

antiquorum,  195. 

castaneus,  199. 

cellarius,  195. 

flavus.  33,  194,  195,  797,  198. 

hyperboreus,  199. 

intermedius,  199. 

maculatus,  195. 

marmoratus,  201. 

maximus,  33,  194,  795,  196,  198, 
200. 

montanus,  199. 

occidentalis,  199. 

togata,  201. 

/m/&,  199. 

iiariegatus,  197. 

•vulgaris,  195. 
LIMN^A,  256,  257,  759.  ^ 
Limnaea,  acuminata,  260. 
265. 


a/*«.  283. 

ayVrta,  283. 

appressa,  ^j>,  286. 

aquarii,  283. 

arenaria,  283. 

attenuata,  280,  281. 

auricularia.  408,  409. 

biplicata,  283. 

caperata,  139,  159,  269,  '270, 

271,  262,  273. 
casta,  260. 
catascopium,    259,  2<5j,  264, 

265. 

chalybea,  260. 
coarctata,  260. 

columella,  259,  260,  261,  262. 
columellaris,  260. 
cornea,  263. 
costulata,  283. 
cubensis,  139,  272,  273. 
curta,  268. 
decampii,  265. 
decollata,  265. 


INDEX. 


Limnsea  desidiosa,  259,  261,  265,  266 

Limnaea  strigosa,  260. 

267,  268,  270,  273. 

subfusca,  283. 

distorta,  283. 

succiniformis,  260. 

distortus,  277. 

sufflatus,  277. 

elodes,  273. 

sumassi,  273. 

elongatus,  277. 
emarginata,  257,  260,  265. 

turgida,  283. 
umbilicata,  27.?,  273. 
umbrosa,  273. 

erosa,  283. 
exigua,  268. 

vivipara,  354. 
walkeri,  257. 

exilis,  282. 

woodruffi,  259,  *&/,  265. 

expansa,  277,  283. 
ferrissi,  259,  ^77. 

j«£r«,  273,  277. 

fragilis,  273,  283. 
fusiformis.  267. 
gibbosa,  283. 

Limnophysa,  260. 
Localities  of  special  interest,  13. 

griffithiana,  268. 
holbollii,  277. 

Macrocyclis,  171. 
Margaritana  calceola,  63,  64. 

humilis,  259,  «5£,  269,  273. 

katherince,  60. 

illaqueata,  283. 
intertexta,  263. 

Melampus,  256. 
Melania  correcta,  325. 

jamesii,  265. 

cuspidata,  325. 

jolietensis,  ^o,  281. 

elongata,  323. 

jugularis,  283. 

nape  I  la,  325. 

kirtlandiana,  ,?<$/. 

niagarensis,  325. 

lanceata,  277. 

occulta,  327. 

lecontii,  268. 

/m^/a,  322. 

linsleyi,  268. 

Melantho,  356. 

/wfefl,  283. 

Melantho  geniculum,  359. 

major,  283. 

Melantho  -gibba,  358. 

maxima,  283. 

melanostoma,  359. 

michiganensis,  ^76. 

nolani,  356. 

mighelsi,  257,  260,  265. 

MENETUS,  ^pd. 

minima,  283. 

Mesodon,  140. 

modicella,  265. 

Mesomphix,  175. 

navicula,  260. 

METAPTERA,  97. 

nuttalliana,  -?7<5. 

Monostoma  lucanica,  299. 

obrussa,  267. 

MONOTREMATA,  7^O. 

occidentalis,  283. 

palustris,  139,  259,  263,  269, 

NAIADACEA,  /d. 

*7j,  275-280,  285. 

Neohelix,  140. 

parva,  268. 
pellucida,  260. 
philadelphica,  265. 
pinguis,  263,  ^,  265. 
planulata,  265. 
Plebeia,  273. 
plica  265 

OBLIQUARIA,  <?5. 
Obliquaria  reflexa,  66,  84,  85,  Sp,  90. 
tuberculata,  393. 
OMPHALINA,  775,  177. 
Omphalina  cuprea,  176. 
fuliginosa,  175,  776,  178. 

producta,  283. 
pumila,  283. 

polita,  176. 
ORTHURETHRA,  2^5. 

quadrangulata,  283. 
reflexa,  139,  257,  259,  275,  277, 
279-283. 

Paludina,  356. 
Paludina  decapitata,  359. 
*j«7w,  361. 

regularis,  283. 

incrassata,  359. 

r«<?«,283. 

lustrica,  344. 

roseolabiata,  283. 

milesii,  361. 

rustica,  265. 

obtusa,  336,  337. 

sanctaemariae,  283. 

pallida,  340. 

scalaris,  279,  *£/,  283. 

regularis,  356. 

sericata,  263. 

vivipara,  352. 

sinistrosa,  283. 
speciosa,  283. 

PALUDESTRINA,  jj7. 
Paludestrina  nickliniana,  337,  j.?5,  339. 

stagnalis,  259,  279,  284,  285. 

thermalis,  338. 

INDEX. 


PATULA,  204,  205,  217. 
Patula  albina,  208. 
PELECYPODA,  ^5. 
PHILOMYCUS,  200. 
Philomycus  carolinensis,  201,  202. 
PHILOMYCID^E,  200. 
Phryganea,  352. 
Physemoda  cequalis,  127. 
PHYSA,  256, 307,  308,  317,  318. 
Physa  alba,  308. 

altonensis,  315. 

ampullacea,  311,  315. 

aurea,  315. 

cylindrica,  311. 

elliptica,j>/5. 

elongata,  317. 

elongatina,  317. 

febigerii,  315. 

fontana,  308. 

gabbi,  314,  315. 

glabra,  317. 

gyrina.j//,  308-316. 

haivnii,'S\.\. 

heterostropha,  139,?o5, 309, 310, 
314,  316. 

hildrethiana,  311. 

integra,  308,  310,  314, 315. 

minor,  315. 

nicklinii,  315. 

oleacea,  315. 

/»«rt/«,  311. 

plicata,  311. 

sayii,  308,  j/o,  311,  314,  316. 

striata,  311. 

troostiana,  315. 

turrita,  317. 

virginea,  315. 

warreniana,  310. 
PHYSID/E,  307. 
PISIDIUM,  113,  7*4  125. 
Pisidium  abruptum,  127. 

abditum,  7^5,  129,  130,  396, 

400,  401, 402,  406,  408. 
arcuatum,  126. 
boreale,  401. 
deer,  128. 

compressum,  125,   126,  128, 
397,  398,  401,  404,  406-408. 
cruciatum,  398,  401,  408. 
fallax,  400,  401,  407, 408. 

£ande,  397. 
ndwerki,  406,  407. 
kirklandi.  707. 
kurtzi,  126. 
mainese.  401. 
minus,  126. 
notatum,  126. 
obscurum,  126. 
pauperculum,  407. 
plenum,  126. 

politum,  126,  759,  397,  400. 
punctatum,  ./o?,  404,  408. 
resartum,  126. 


Pisidium  roperi,  yoj. 

rubellum,  126. 
rubrum,  126. 
regulars,  126. 
septentrionale,  400. 
scutellatum,  ^OP,  403. 
splendidulum,  /oo. 
tenellum,  126.      . 
variabile,  130,  ?p7,  398,  408. 
ventricosum,  400. 
vesiculare,  400. 
virginicum,  125, 126, 127,  397, 

398,  402,  403,  408. 
walkeri,  401,  403,  408. 
zonatum,  126. 
PLAGIOLA,  75,  go. 
Plagiola  donaciformis,  66,  97,  92. 

elegans,  66,  92,  93. 
PLANORBIS,  256,  257,  286,  305. 
Planorbis  angulata,  292,  294. 
antrosits,  292. 
aroostookensis,  292. 
&?//«*,  294. 
bicarinatus,  287,  292,  293- 

296. 

billingsii,  297. 
brogniartiana,  |296. 
campanulatus,  287,  ^/,  295, 

296. 

circumstriatus,  297. 
concavus,  297. 
corneus,  286,  287. 
corrugatus,  292. 
deflectus,  287,  2Q<). 
distortus,  288-290. 
engonatus,  292. 
exacutus,287,  296. 
fallax,  288. 
hyalina,  296. 
laulus,  292. 
/^«5,  296. 
lenticularts,  296. 
/,?«/?«,  288. 

macrostomus,  288,  290. 
major,  292. 
megastoma,  288. 
minor,  294. 
obliquus,  299. 
parallelus, 2\Z. 
parvus,  287,  ^97,  298,  299, 

300. 

planorbula,  288. 
plexata,  288,  290. 
regularis,  288. 
striatus,  292. 
trivolvis,  286,  55*,  291,  293, 

295,  296. 
truncatus,  286,  290,  291,  295, 

296. 

vermicularis,  297. 
PLANORBULA,  300. 
Plethodon  erythronotus,  33. 
PLEUROCERA,  319,  325, 326. 


Pleurocera  elevatum,  320, 321, 322, 324, 

325,330. 
intensum,  322. 

subulare,  320,  322-326. 
PLEUROCERID^;,  319. 
Polita,  177. 

POLYGYRA,  140,  141,  142. 
Polygyra  alba,  148,  iji,  163. 

albida,  165. 

albolabris,  39,  41,  139,    142, 
757,  153-156. 

alicse,  165. 

alleni,  151. 

altispira,  163. 

andrewsi,  142. 

bidentata.  144. 

clausa,  142,  143,  158,  161. 

complanata,  144. 

dentata,  154. 

edentilabris,  144. 

exoleta,  142, 134,  155. 

fraterna,  167,  168. 

fraudulenta,   143,     144,  146, 
147. 

friersoni,  165. 

hirsuta,  143,  163,  164. 

imperforata,  165. 

inflecta,  143,  146. 

introferens,  147,  148. 

juxtigens,  144. 

maritima,  151. 

minor,  151. 

monodon,  139,  143,  164, 165, 
166,  167. 

multilineata,  142,  151,  161. 

pennsylvamca,  142,  759,  160. 

pilula,  163. 

profunda,  139,  142,  148,  149, 
150,  151,  161,  162,  163. 

pulchella,  151,  156. 

sanctisimonis,  156. 

rubra,  163. 

thyroid.  ?,  139,  142,  152, 153, 
j56,  157,  158, 159,  168. 

tridentata,  42,  143,  144,  145, 
146,  147.  152. 

uncifera,  163. 

unidentata,  144. 
POMATIOPSIS,  269,  343,  346. 
Pomatiopsis  cincinnatiensis,  335,  343, 

344,  346. 
lapidaria,  336,    343,  344, 

345. 

PRIONODESMACEA,  46. 
PRIVATULA,  229. 
PSEUDOHYALINA,  189. 

PUNCTUM,  214. 

Punctum  minutissima,  215,  216. 

pygmaeum,  185,  215,  216. 
PULMONATA,  138. 
PUPA,  225, 240. 


Pupa  arizonensis,  228. 
armigera,  232. 
carinata,  231. 
curta,  238. 
deltostoma,  234. 
fallax,  228. 
fordiana,  236. 
floridana,  239. 


gracilis,  239. 
hordeacea,  231. 
minuta,  231. 
modes  ta,  242. 
montanella,  238. 
ovulum,  242. 
pellucida,  231. 


tappaniana,  238. 


PUPOIDES,  228. 

Pupoides  marginatus,  227,  228. 
PYRAMIDULA,  204,  205,  225. 
Pyramidula  alba,  210. 

alternata,   151,  168,   189, 
205,  206,  207,  211,  212. 

carinata,  206. 

catskillensis,  210. 

fergusoni,  208. 

knoxensis,  206. 

limitaris,  208. 

mordax,  208. 

occidentalis,  208. 

perspectiva,  212. 

rarinotata,  206. 

solitaria,  204,  208,  209. 

striatella,  167,   205,  210, 
214. 

eUADRULA,  7J. 
uadrula  coccinea,  66,  78,  79,  80,  393. 
lachrymosa,  66,  83. 
plicata,  66,  50,81,83,  96,393. 
pustulosa,  48,  66,  86. 
rubiginosa,  66,  77,  80. 
trigona,  66,  76,  77,  78,  80. 
tuberculata,  38,  393. 
undulata,  48,  66,  81,  82,  83. 
verrucosa,  66,  5j;393. 

Radix,  260. 

SEGMENTINA,  300. 

Segmentina  armigera,  300,  301,  303. 

SlGMURETHRA,  140. 

Selenites,  171. 

SOMATOGYRUS,  339. 

Somatogyrus  integer,  341,  342. 
isogona,  339,  340. 
subglobosus,    339,   340, 
341. 


SPH^RIUM,  ///,  112,  113,  125. 


INDEX. 


Sphserium  fabale,  113, 118,  119. 
lilycashense,  jpj,  396. 
occidental,  113, 119,  124. 
simile,  113, 116. 
solidulum,  //j>,  115,  117. 
stamineum,  113,  //./,  116, 

117,  118,395. 
striatinum,  112,  113,  114, 

117. 

vermontanum,  jp/,  395. 
Spirogyra,  298,  299. 
Statistics,  33. 
STENOTREMA,  140, 163. 
STREPTODONTA,  jjg. 
STREPTONEURA,  ?/o. 
Strobila,  225. 
Strobila  morsei,  225. 
strebeli,  225. 
STROBILOPS,  225,  228. 
Strobilops  labyrinthica,  225,  226. 
STROPHITUS,  66. 
Strophitus  edentulus,  65,  67,  6S,  73. 

pavonius,  65,  68,  69. 
STYLOMMATOPHORA,  JJQ. 
SUCCINEA,  217,  218. 
Succinea  alba,  223. 

avara,  223,  224. 
calumetensis,  220. 
compacta,  223. 
decampi,  220. 
forsheyi,  220. 
magister,  223. 
major,  223. 
obltgua,  218,  220. 
oval  is,  217,  218,  219,  220,  224 
Pellucida,  260. 
peoriensis,  220. 
retusa,  220,  222,  224,  260. 
totteniana,  218,  220. 
vermeta,  223. 
•wardiana,  223. 
ivihoni,  220. 

SUCCINID/E,  2l6. 

SYMPHYNOTA,  392. 
Symphynota  complanata,  392,     . 

compressa,  58,  392. 

costata,  392. 

TjENIOGLOSSA.J/?. 

Tebennophorus,  200. 
TELEODESMACEA,  ///. 
Tellina  pusilla,  127. 
TESTACELLA,  i6g,  170. 
Testacella  haliotoidea,  269, 170. 
TESTACELLID.E,  i6g. 
Topography,  12. 
TRIODOPSIS,  140, 14.3. 
Triodopsis  lunula,  144. 

UNIO,  48,  49,  65,  69 
Unio  aesopus,  48. 

affinis,  103. 

approximus,  103. 


Jnio  arctior,  70. 
asperatus,  86. 
asperrimus,  83. 
bullatus,  86. 
canadensis,  94. 
cardium,  94. 
carinatus,  108. 
chunii,  76. 
cormttus,  89. 
costatus,  82. 
crassus,  108. 
delicatus,  j>pj. 
dilatatus,  70. 
distans,  103. 
dolosus,  99. 
dorfeuillianus,  86. 
ellipticus,  108. 
fasciatus,  108. 
flaws,  77. 
floridensis.  100. 
fragilis,  99. 
gibbosus,  66,  70,  83. 
gouldianus,  79. 
gouldii,  79. 
hildrethianus,  65,  77. 
hippopeeus,  80. 
inflates,  103. 
latecostatus,  82. 
leprosus,  101. 
lunulatus,  83. 
luteolus,  30,  33,  36. 
mortoni,  86. 
novieboraci,  105. 
occidens,  94. 
pernodosus,  86. 
pilsbryi,  82,  83. 
prcelongus,  101. 
prasinus,  86. 
quadrates,  83. 
rariplicata,  80. 
riddellii,  76. 
^a^rz,  101. 
jtf  tor,  94. 

schoolcraftensis,  86. 
schoolcraftii,  86,  88. 
siliquoideus,  103. 
subovatus,  94. 
/^r^,  100. 
truncates,  92. 
upsoni,  108. 
zigzag,  91. 


Utricularia  vulgaris,  299. 

VALLONIA,  ^5. 
Vallonia  americana,  252. 

amurensis,  251. 

costata,  251,  252,  253. 

enniensis,  249. 

helvetica,  251. 

hispanica,  249. 

montana,  251. 

parvula,  ^5^. 


INDEX. 


Vallonia  persica,  249. 

pulchella,  248,  249,  250,  251, 
252. 

pyrenaica,  251. 

rosalia,  251. 
VALLONIID^E,  248. 
VALVATA.J^/. 
Valvata  arenifera,  352. 

bicarmata,  348,  349,  jjo,  351. 

carinata,  349. 

confusa,  349. 

cristata,  347. 

depress,  348. 

lewisii,  348. 

normalis,  ?J2. 

simplex,  349. 

sincera,  347, 348,  350,  352. 

striata,  348. 

tricarinata,  346,  348, 340,  350, 
351. 

unicarinata,  349. 


Ventridens,  190. 
VERTIGO,  240,  242. 

Vertigo  milium,  228,  239,  241,  242,  243. 
ovata,  228,  242,  243,  244. 


VERTIGOPSIS,  238. 
VERTILLA,  241. 
VITREA,  777, 178, 180. 
Vitrea  cellaria,  33,  177. 

draparnaldi,  178,  179,  180,  197' 
electrina,  167,  212. 
hammonis,  178,  180.  181,  182, 

183. 
indentata,   178,   180,  182,  183, 

190. 

VIVIPARA,  j>jj,  356. 
Vivipara  contectoides,  139, 354,  355. 
intertexta,  353. 

VlVIPARID^E,  352. 

Zonites  alachuana,  189. 
alliarius,  180. 
umbilicatus,  182. 
upsoni,  242,  244. 
ZONITID.E,  174. 
ZONITOIDES,  180, 186. 
Zonitoides  arboreus,  178,  180-186, 187, 

188, 190,  211,  214. 
minusculus,  180, 186,  i8g. 
nitidus,  186. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XXVIII. 

Figure  1.    PISIDIUM  ABDITUM  Hald.  Prime,  Monog.,  fig.  72.   Enlarged. 
"      2.    PISIDIUM    VIRGINICUM     Bourg.    Prime,     Monog.,    fig.    61. 

Enlarged. 
"      3.     LIMAX   MAXIMUS   Linne.     Shell.  Tryon,  Mon.  Terr.  Moll.,. 

pi.  xvi,  fig.  2. 

"        4.      ClRCINARIA  CONCAVA  Say. 
"        5.      VlTREA  DRAPARNALDI  Beck. 

"      6.    GASTRODONTA  DEMISSA  Binney. 

"      7.    PISIDIUM  COMPRESSUM  Prime.    Monog.,  fig.  67.    Enlarged. 

"      8.    LIMAX  MAXIMUS  Linne.    Tryon,  Mon.  Terr.  Moll.,  pi.  xvi, 

fig.  2. 
"      9.     ZONITOIDES  ARBOREUS  Say.    Binney,  Man.  Am.  Land  Sh., 

fig.  13.    Enlarged. 
"     10.    VITREA  HAMMONIS   Strom.      Binney,  Man.  Am.  Land  Sh., 

fig.  21.     Enlarged. 
"    11.    VITREA  INDENTATA  Say.      Binney,  Man.  Am.    Land   Sh., 

fig.  15.     Enlarged. 
"     12.     ZONITOIDES  MINUSCULUS  Binney.    Binney,  Man.  Am.  Land 

Sh.,  fig.  18.     Enlarged. 

"     13.    AGRIOLIMAX     CAMPESTRIS    Binney.      Tryon,    Mon.    Terr- 
Moll.,  pi.  xvii,  figs.  12,  13. 
"    14.    GASTRODONTA  LIGERA  Say. 
"    15.    OMPHALINA  FULIGINOSA  Griff. 
"     16     ZONITOIDES  NITIDUS  Muller.    Binney,  Mon.  Am.  Land  Sh., 

fig.  12.     Enlarged. 
"    17.     EUCONULUS  FULVUS  Drap.      Binney,  Mon.  Am.  Land  Sh., 

fig.  26.    Enlarged. 
"    18.    PYRAMIDULA  STRIATELLA  Anth.    Binney,  Mon.  Am.  Land 

Sh.,  fig.  28.     Enlarged. 

"    19.    PYRAMIDULA  ALTERNATA  Say.    Juvenile. 
"    20.    PUNCTUM   PYGM^EUM   Drap.      Binn.,  Man.   Am.   Land  Sh., 

fig.  31.     Enlarged. 

"    21.    PYRAMIDULA  ALTERNATA  Say.    Albino. 
"    22.    PYRAMIDULA  ALTERNATA  Say.    Eggs. 

"    23.    PYRAMIDULA  ALTERNATA  Say.     Variation  in  height  of  spire. 
"    24.    PYRAMIDULA  ALTERNATA  Say. 
"    25.    PYRAMIDULA  LINEATA  Say.    Binney,  Man.  Am.  Land  Sh., 

fig.  37.     Enlarged. 
"    26.    VALLONIA  PULCHELLA   Muller.     Binney,  Man.  Am.  Land 

Sh.,  fig.  39.     Enlarged. 
"    27.     LIMAX   FLAVUS   Linne.     Tryon,  Mon.  Terr.  Moll.,  pi.   xvi, 

fig.  3. 

All  natural  diameter,  except  where  otherwise  mentioned. 


PLATE  XXVIII. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XXIX. 

Figure  1.  PYRAMIDULA  SOLITARIA  Say. 

"        2.  POLYGYRA  THYROIDES  Say. 

"      3.  POLYGYRA  PENNSYLVANIA  Green. 

"      4.  POLYGYRA  CLAUSA  Say. 

5.  POLYGYRA  EXOLETA  Binney. 

"      6.  POLYGYRA  ALBOLABRIS  Say. 

7.  POLYGYRA  THYROIDES  Say.    Juvenile. 

"      8.  POLYGYRA  PROFUNDA  Say.    Deformed. 

"      9.  POLYGYRA  HIRSUTA  Say. 

"    10.  POLYGYRA  PROFUNDA  Say. 

"    11.  POLYGYRA  PROFUNDA  Say.    Juvenile  and  adult. 

All  natural  diameter. 


PLATE  XXIX. 


11 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XXX. 

Figure  1.     PHILOMYCUS    CAROLINENSIS    Binney.     Tryon,  Mon.   Terr. 
Moll.,  pi.  xvi,  fig.  6. 

"        2.      POLYGYRA  MULTILINEATA  Say. 

"      3.    POLYGYRA  MONODON  FRATERNA  Say. 

"      4.    POLYGYRA  MONODON  Rackett. 

"      5.    POLYGYRA  INFLECTA  Say. 

"      6.    POLYGYRA  TRIDENTATA  Say 

"      7.    POLYGYRA  FRAUDULENTA  Pilsbry. 

8.     BIFIDARIA  CONTRACTA  Say.     Tryon,  Mon.  Terr.  Moll.  pi. 

xv,  fig.  16.    Enlarged. 
"      9.     PUPOIDES  MARGINATUS  Say.     Tryon,  Mon.  Terr.  Moll.,  pi. 

xv,  fig.  10.     Enlarged. 
"    10.    BIFIDARIA  CORTICARIA  Say.    Tryon,  Mon.  Terr.  Moll.,  pi. 

xv,  fig.  18.    Enlarged. 
"    11.     BIFIDARIA  PROCERA  Gould.     Tryon,  Mon.  Terr.  Moll.,  pi. 

xv,  fig.  17.     Enlarged. 
"    12.    BTFIDARIA  PENTODON  Say.    Tryon,  Mon.  Terr.  Moll.,  pi.  xv, 

fig.  5.     Enlarged. 
"     13.    VERTIGO  OVATA  Say.    Tryon,  Mon.  Terr.  Moll.,  pi.  xv,  fig. 

22.     Enlarged. 
"    14.    STROBILOPS  LABYRINTHICA  Say.     Binney,  Man.  Am.  Land 

Sh.,  fig.  150.     Enlarged. 
"    15.    BIFIDARIA  ARMIFERA  Say.    Tryon,  Mon.,  Terr.  Moll.,  pi. 

xv,  fig.  15.     Enlarged. 
"    16.     VERTIGO  MILIUM  Gould.    Tryon,  Mon.  Terr.  Moll.,  pi.  xv, 

fig.  21.     Enlarged. 
"     17.     COCHLICOPA   LUBRICA    Muller.   Tryon,    Mon.   Terr.    Moll., 

pi.  xiv,  fig.  14.     Enlarged. 

"      18.      LlMN^EA   CAPERATA   Say. 

"      19.      LlMN^A   CAPERATA   UMBILICATA   Adams. 

"      20.      LlMNyEA   DESIDIOSA   Say. 

"    21.     LiMNvEA  HUMILIS  Say.     Haldeman,  Mon.,  pi.  xiii,  figs.  4,  5. 

A  little  enlarged. 
"    22.    SUCCINEA  OVALIS  Say. 
"    23.    SUCCINEA  OVALIS  near  TOTTENIANA  Lea. 
"    24.    SUCCINEA  RETUSA  Lea. 
"    25.    SUCCINEA  AVARA  Say. 

"      26.      LlMN/EA    COLUMELLA   Say. 

"      27.      LlMN/EA   CATASCOPIUM  PINGUIS  Say. 

"    28.    PLANORBIS  TRUNCATUS  Miles. 

"    29.    ANCYLUS  RIVULARIS  Say.    Haldeman,  Mon.,  pi.  i,  fig.  1.    En- 
larged. 

"    30.    ANCYLUS  TARDUS  Say.     Haldeman,  Mon.,  pi.  i,  fig.  3.    En- 
larged.   Outline  figures  are  lateral  views. 

"    31.    VALVATA  SINCERA  Say.     Haldeman,  Mon.,  pi.  i,  figs.  7,8. 

"    32.    SEGMENTINA  ARMIGERA  Say.     Haldeman,  Mon.,  pi.  iv,  figs. 
12,  13. 

"    33.    POMATIOPSIS  LAPIDARIA  Say.     Haldeman,  Mon.,  pi.  i,  fig.  10. 

"    34.    BYTHINIA  TENTACULATA  Linne. 

"    35.    AMNICOLA  LIMOSA  Say. 
All  figures  natural  diameter  except  where  otherwise  mentioned. 


PLATE  XXX. 


3  4  5 


4 


22  23         24         25 


11 


if 


29       30 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XXXI. 

Figure  1.     LIMN.EA  REFLEXA  Say.     Near  WALKERI  Baker. 

"      2.     LIMN/EA  REFLEXA  WALKERI  Baker.     Only  the  center  fig- 
ure is  typical. 

"      3.    LIMN/EA  REFLEXA  EXILIS  Lea.    Variety. 
"      4.    LIMN/EA  REFLEXA  KIRTLANDIANA  Lea. 
5.    LIMN/EA  CATASCOPIUM  Say. 

"        6.      LlMN/EA    PALUSTRIS    NUTALLIANA    Lea. 

7.     LIMN/EA  DESIDIO.SA  Say.     Variety  with  rounded  whorls. 

"      8.    LIMN/EA  WOODRUFFI  Baker. 

"      9.    ANCYLUS  SHIMEKII   Pilsbry.     Not  so  oblique  as  the  type. 
Enlarged. 

"    10.    ANCYLUS  SHIMEK.II  Pilsbry.    Type  form.     Enlarged. 

"    11.    AMNICOLA  LIMOSA  PARVA  Lea.    Enlarged. 

"     12.     POMA'TIOPSIS  LAPIDARIA  Say.     Enlarged. 

"     13.     PISIDIUM  POLITUM   Sterki.     Lateral,   posterior,  and  dorsal 
views. 

"    14.    PISIDIUM  SCUTELLATUM  Sterki.    Lateral,  posterior,  and  dor- 
sal views. 

"     15.     PISIDIUM  WALKERI  Sterki.     Lateral,   posterior,  and  dorsal 
views. 

"    16.    PISIDIUM   FALLAX   Sterki.     Lateral,    posterior,  and   dorsal 
views. 

"    17.    PISIDIUM  PUNCTATUM  Sterki.    Hinge.    (The  Nautilus,  Vol. 
VIII,  pi.  ii.)    Enlarged. 

"    18.    PISIDIUM  PUNCTATUM  Sterki.    The  Nautilus,  Vol.  VIII,  pi 
ii.)    Enlarged. 

"    19.    PISIDIUM  VARIABILE  Prime.     Mon.  Am.  Corbie.,  fig.  69.    En- 
larged. 

"    20.     PISIDIUM  CRUCIATUM  Sterki.    Hinge.    The   Nautilus,   Vol. 
VIII,  pi.  ii.     Enlarged. 

"    21.    PISIDIUM    CRUCIATUM    Sterki.    The   Nautilus,    Vol.   VIII, 
pi.  ii.     Enlarged. 

"    22.    PISIDIUM  PUNCTATUM  Sterki.    Young  specimen. 

"    23.    PISIDIUM   SPLENDIDULUM  Sterki.    Lateral    and  posterior 
views. 

"    24.    TESTACELLA  HALIOTOIDEA  Fer.    Shell,  enlarged. 

"    25.    LIMN/EA  PALUSTRIS  MICHIGANENSIS  Walker. 

"    26.     LIMN/EA  FERRISSI  Baker. 
Figures  13-16  and  22-23  are  outline  drawings  by  Dr.  Sterki,  xlO. 

All  others,  except  where  otherwise  designated,  are  natural  diameter. 


PLATE  XXXI 


it  4  urn 


iff* 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XXXII. 
Figure  1.    LIMN/EA  PALUSTRIS  Muller. 

"        2.      LlMN^EA   PALUSTRIS   EXPANSA  Lea.      (SUFFLATUS  Calkins). 

"        3.      LlMNiEA   REFLEXA   EXILIS    Lea. 

"        4.      LlMN^EA   REFLEXA  JOLIETENSIS    Baker. 

"  5.  LIMN^EA  PALUSTRIS    MiCHiGANENSis    Walker.     Large    va- 
riety. 

"  6.  LIMN^A  REFLEXA  Say. 

"  7.  PLANORBIS  TRIVOLVIS  Say.    Age  variation. 

"  8.  PLANORBIS  TRIVOLVIS  Say. 

"  9.  PLANORBIS  TRIVOLVIS  Say. 

"  10.  PLANORBIS  TRIVOLVIS  Say.    (DISTORTUS  Calkins). 

"  11.  PLANORBIS  CAMPANULATUS  Say. 

"  12.  PLANORBIS  BICARINATUS  Say. 

"  13.  PHYSA  SAYII  Tappan.     Short  spired  variety. 

"  14.  VALVATA  TRICARINATA  Say.    Enlarged. 

"  15.  VALVATA  SINCERA  Say.    Enlarged. 

"  16.  APLEXA  HYPNORUM  Linne. 

All  figures  natural  diameter  except  where  otherwise  mentioned. 


PLATE  XXXII. 


V 


13 


14  15          16 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XXXIII. 

A,  B,  C.  Animal  of  Limn&a  emarginata  Say,  var.  mighels,  Binney. 
A,  from  above;  B,  from  below;  C,  from  the  right  side,  showing 
extended  velum. 

D.  Genitalia  (principally  female). 

A,  atrium  or  vestibule  of  vagina;  AL,  albuminiparous  gland; 
O,  ovotestis;  OD,  ovisperm  duct;  PD,  duct  of  prostate  gland; 
PR,  prostate;  S,  spermatheca  or  receptaculum  seminis; 
SD,  duct  of  spermatheca;  V,  vagina;  VM,  retractor  muscles  of 
vagina;  U,  uterus. 

E.  Male  organs. 

CG,  cerebral  ganglion;  CM,  columella  muscle;  F,  vas  deferens; 
P,  penis;  PG,  pleural  ganglion;  PN,  nerve  to  penis;  PS,  penis 
sac;  PSM, penis  sac  protractor  muscles;  PSN,  penis  sac  nerve; 
RM,  retractor  muscle  of  penis;  VD,  penis  retractor  muscle; 
G,  visceral  ganglion;  VN,  nerve  to  vagina. 

F.  Portion  of  ovotestis,  showing  blood  vessels  (x  519). 

G.  Cells  from  the  albuminiparous  gland  (x  519). 

H.  Diagrammatic  section  of  intestine;  BLV,  branch  of  lateral  blood 
vessel;  ELO,  epithelial  layer  of  oesophagus;  1C,  intestinal  cav- 
ity; LV,  lateral  blood  vessel;  ML, muscular  layer  of  oesophagus. 

I.  Portion  of  lung,  showing  two  main  vessels  and  several  connective 
vessels  (x  519). 

J.  Portion  of  lateral  blood  vessel  with  one  branch  with  its  connective 
plexus  (x  519). 

(Bull.  Chi.  Acad.  Sci.,  Vol.  II,  No.  3,  pi.  iii.) 


PLATE  XXXIII. 


FRANK  C.  BAKER,  del. 


1  7  1978 


DATE  DUE 


001  358710    o 


